Harvard University

Harvard University is a private Ivy League research

Harvard University
university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United
States. Founded October 28, 1636, and named for its
first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard,
it is the oldest institution of higher learning in the
United States. Its influence, wealth, and rankings
have made it one of the most prestigious universities
in the world.[11]

Harvard was founded and authorized by the Coat of arms

Massachusetts General Court, the governing Latin: Universitas Harvardiana[1]
legislature of colonial-era Massachusetts Bay
Former names Harvard College
Colony.[12] While never formally affiliated with any
denomination, Harvard trained Congregational clergy Motto Veritas (Latin)[2]
until its curriculum and student body were gradually Motto "Truth"
secularized in the 18th century. in English
Type Private research university
By the 19th century, Harvard emerged as the most Established 1636[3]
prominent academic and cultural institution among
Founder Massachusetts General
the Boston elite.[13][14] Following the American Civil
Court
War, under Harvard president Charles William Eliot's
long tenure from 1869 to 1909, Harvard developed Accreditation NECHE
multiple professional schools, which transformed it Academic AAU · COFHE · NAICU ·
into a modern research university. In 1900, Harvard affiliations UArctic · URA · Space-grant
co-founded the Association of American Endowment $50.7 billion (2023)[4][5]
Universities.[15] James B. Conant led the university
President Alan Garber
through the Great Depression and World War II, and
liberalized admissions after the war. Provost John F. Manning[6]
Academic staff ~2,400 faculty members
The university has ten academic faculties and a (and >10,400 academic
faculty attached to Harvard Radcliffe Institute. The appointments in affiliated
Faculty of Arts and Sciences offers study in a wide teaching hospitals)[7]
range of undergraduate and graduate academic Students 21,613 (fall 2022)[8]
disciplines, and other faculties offer graduate degrees,
Undergraduates 7,240 (fall 2022)[8]
including professional degrees. Harvard has three
campuses:[16] the main campus, a 209-acre (85 ha) in Postgraduates 14,373 (fall 2022)[8]
Cambridge centered on Harvard Yard; an adjoining Location Cambridge, Massachusetts,
campus immediately across Charles River in the United States
Allston neighborhood of Boston; and the medical 42°22′28″N 71°07′01″W
campus in Boston's Longwood Medical Area.[17] Campus Midsize city[9], 209 acres
(85 ha)
Harvard's endowment, valued at $50.7 billion, makes Newspaper The Harvard Crimson
it the wealthiest academic institution in the Colors Crimson, white, and black[10]
world.[4][5] Harvard Library, with over 20 million
volumes, is the world's largest academic library.
Nickname Crimson
Harvard alumni, faculty, and researchers include 188 Sporting NCAA Division I FCS – Ivy
living billionaires, eight U.S. presidents, 24 heads of affiliations League · ECAC Hockey ·
state and 31 heads of government, founders of notable NEISA · CWPA · IRA ·
companies, Nobel laureates, Fields Medalists, EAWRC · EARC · EISA
members of Congress, MacArthur Fellows, Rhodes Mascot John Harvard
Scholars, Marshall Scholars, Turing Award Website harvard.edu (https://harvard.
Recipients, Pulitzer Prize recipients, and Fulbright edu)
Scholars; by most metrics, Harvard University ranks
among the top universities in the world in each of
these categories.[Notes 1] Harvard students and alumni
have also collectively won 10 Academy Awards and
110 Olympic medals, including 46 gold.

History

Colonial era
Harvard was founded in 1636 during the colonial, pre-
Revolutionary era by vote of the Great and General Court of
Massachusetts Bay Colony, one of the original Thirteen Colonies
of British America. Its first headmaster, Nathaniel Eaton, took
office the following year. In 1638, the university acquired British
North America's first known printing press.[18][19] The same year,
on his deathbed, John Harvard, a Puritan clergyman who
emigrated to the colony from England, bequeathed the emerging
A 1767 engraving of Harvard
college £780 and his library of some 320 volumes;[20] the
College by Paul Revere
following year, it was named Harvard College.

In 1643, a Harvard publication defined the college's purpose:

"advance learning and perpetuate it to posterity, dreading to leave
an illiterate ministry to the churches when our present ministers
shall lie in the dust."[21] In its early years, the college trained many
Puritan ministers[22] and offered a classical curriculum based on
the English university model many colonial-era Massachusetts
leaders experienced at the University of Cambridge, where many
of them studied prior to immigrating to British America. Harvard
never formally affiliated with any particular Protestant
The John Harvard statue in Harvard
denomination, but its curriculum conformed to the tenets of Yard
Puritanism.[23] In 1650, the charter for Harvard Corporation, the
college's governing body, was granted.
From 1681 to 1701, Increase Mather, a Puritan clergyman, served as Harvard's sixth president. In 1708,
John Leverett became Harvard's seventh president and the first president who was not also a
clergyman.[24] Harvard faculty and students largely supported the Patriot cause during the American
Revolution.[25]

19th century
In the 19th century, Harvard was influenced by Enlightenment Age ideas, including reason and free will,
which were widespread among Congregational ministers and which placed these ministers and their
congregations at odds with more traditionalist, Calvinist pastors and clergies.[26]: 1–4 Following the death
of Hollis Professor of Divinity David Tappan in 1803 and that of Joseph Willard, Harvard's eleventh
president, the following year, a struggle broke out over their replacements. In 1805, Henry Ware was
elected to replace Tappan as Hollis chair. Two years later, in 1807, liberal Samuel Webber was appointed
as Harvard's 13th president, representing a shift from traditional ideas at Harvard to more liberal and
Arminian ideas.[26]: 4–5 [27]: 24

In 1816, Harvard University launched new language programs in the study of French and Spanish, and
appointed George Ticknor the university's first professor for these language programs.

From 1869 to 1909, Charles William Eliot, Harvard University's 21st president, decreased the historically
favored position of Christianity in the curriculum, opening it to student self-direction. Though Eliot was
an influential figure in the secularization of U.S. higher education, he was motivated primarily by
Transcendentalist and Unitarian convictions influenced by William Ellery Channing, Ralph Waldo
Emerson, and others, rather than secularism. In the late 19th century, Harvard University's graduate
schools began admitting women in small numbers.[28]

20th century
In 1900, Harvard became a founding member of the Association
of American Universities.[15] For the first few decades of the 20th
century, the Harvard student body was predominantly "old-stock,
high-status Protestants, especially Episcopalians,
Congregationalists, and Presbyterians", according to sociologist
and author Jerome Karabel.[30]
A 1906 aerial watercolor portrait of
Over the 20th century, as its endowment burgeoned and prominent Harvard University[29]
intellectuals and professors affiliated with it, Harvard University's
reputation as one of the world's most prestigious universities grew
notably. The university's enrollment also underwent substantial growth, a product of both the founding of
new graduate academic programs and an expansion of the undergraduate college. Radcliffe College
emerged as the female counterpart of Harvard College, becoming one of the most prominent schools in
the nation for women.

In 1923, a year after the percentage of Jewish students at Harvard reached 20%, A. Lawrence Lowell, the
university's 22nd president, unsuccessfully proposed capping the admission of Jewish students to 15% of
the undergraduate population. Lowell also refused to mandate forced desegregation in the university's
freshman dormitories, writing that, "We owe to the colored man the same opportunities for education that
we do to the white man, but we do not owe to him to force him and the white into social relations that are
not, or may not be, mutually congenial."[31][32][33][34]

Between 1933 and 1953, Harvard University was led by James B. Conant, the university's 23rd president,
who reinvigorated the university's creative scholarship in an effort to guarantee Harvard's preeminence
among the nation and world's emerging research institutions. Conant viewed higher education as a
vehicle of opportunity for the talented rather than an entitlement for the wealthy, and devised programs to
identify, recruit, and support talented youth. In 1945, under Conant's leadership, an influential 268-page
report, General Education in a Free Society, was published by Harvard faculty, which remains one of the
most important works in curriculum studies,[35] and women were first admitted to the medical school.[36]

Between 1945 and 1960, admissions were standardized to open the university to a more diverse group of
students. Following the end of World War II, for example, special exams were developed so veterans
could be considered for admission.[37] No longer drawing mostly from prestigious prep schools in New
England, the undergraduate college became accessible to striving middle class students from public
schools; many more Jews and Catholics were admitted, but still few Blacks, Hispanics, or Asians versus
the representation of these groups in the general U.S. population.[38] Over the second half of the 20th
century, however, the university became incrementally more diverse.[39]

Between 1971 and 1999, Harvard controlled undergraduate admission, instruction, and housing for
Radcliffe's women; in 1999, Radcliffe was formally merged into Harvard University.[40]

21st century
On July 1, 2007, Drew Gilpin Faust, dean of Harvard Radcliffe
Institute, was appointed Harvard's 28th and the university's first
female president.[41] On July 1, 2018, Faust retired and joined the
board of Goldman Sachs, and Lawrence Bacow became Harvard's
29th president.[42]

In February 2023, approximately 6,000 Harvard workers

attempted to organize a union.[43]
An aerial view of Harvard University
at night in 2017
Bacow retired in June 2023, and on July 1 Claudine Gay, a
Harvard professor in the Government and African American
Studies departments and Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, became Harvard's 30th president.
In January 2024, just six months into her presidency, Gay resigned following allegations of antisemitism
and plagiarism.[44] Gay was succeeded by Alan Garber, the university's provost, who was appointed
interim president. In August 2024, the university announced that Garber would be appointed Harvard's
31st president through the end of the 2026–27 academic year.

Campuses

Cambridge
The 209-acre (85 ha) main campus of Harvard University is
centered on Harvard Yard, colloquially known as "the Yard", in
Cambridge, Massachusetts, about 3 miles (5 km) west-northwest
of downtown Boston, and extending to the surrounding Harvard
Square neighborhood. The Yard houses several Harvard buildings,
including four of the university's libraries, Houghton, Lamont,
Pusey, and Widener. Also on Harvard Yard are Massachusetts Hall,
built between 1718 and 1720 and the university's oldest still
standing building, Memorial Church, and University Hall Massachusetts Hall, Harvard's
oldest building, constructed in
Harvard Yard and adjacent areas include the main academic 1720[45]
buildings of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, including Sever
Hall, Harvard Hall, and freshman dormitories. Upperclassmen live
in the twelve residential houses, located south of Harvard Yard
near the Charles River and on Radcliffe Quadrangle, which
formerly housed Radcliffe College students. Each house is a
community of undergraduates, faculty deans, and resident tutors,
with its own dining hall, library, and recreational facilities.[46]

Also on the main campus in Cambridge are the Law, Divinity

(theology), Engineering and Applied Science, Design Memorial Hall, built on the main
(architecture), Education, Kennedy (public policy), and Extension Cambridge campus in 1870
schools, and Harvard Radcliffe Institute in Radcliffe Yard.[47]
Harvard also has commercial real estate holdings in
Cambridge.[48][49]

Allston
Harvard Business School, Harvard Innovation Labs, and many athletics facilities, including Harvard
Stadium, are located on a 358-acre (145 ha) campus in the Allston section of Boston across the John W.
Weeks Bridge, which crosses the Charles River and connects the Allston and Cambridge campuses.[50]

The university is actively expanding into Allston, where it now owns more land than in Cambridge.[51]
Plans include new construction and renovation for the Business School, a hotel and conference center,
graduate student housing, Harvard Stadium, and other athletics facilities.[52]
In 2021, the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and
Applied Sciences expanded into the new Allston-based Science
and Engineering Complex (SEC), which is over 500,000 square
feet in size.[53] SEC is adjacent to the Enterprise Research
Campus, the Business School, and Harvard Innovation Labs, and
designed to encourage technology- and life science-focused
startups and collaborations with mature companies.[54]

Longwood
The university's schools of Medicine, Dental Medicine, and Public
Health are located on a 21-acre (8.5 ha) campus in the Longwood
Medical and Academic Area in Boston, about 3.3 miles (5.3 km)
south of the Cambridge campus.[17]

Several Harvard-affiliated hospitals and research institutes are also

in Longwood, including Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center,
Memorial Church, dedicated and
Boston Children's Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, opened in 1932 on Harvard Yard
Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the
Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering. Additional
affiliates, including Massachusetts General Hospital, are located
throughout Greater Boston.

Other
Harvard owns Dumbarton Oaks, a research library in Washington,
D.C., Harvard Forest in Petersham, Massachusetts, Concord Field
Station in Estabrook Woods in Concord, Massachusetts,[55] the
Villa I Tatti research center in Florence, Italy,[56] the Harvard Harvard Yard at the center of
Shanghai Center in Shanghai, China,[57] and Arnold Arboretum in Harvard's main campus in
the Jamaica Plain neighborhood of Boston. Cambridge

Organization and administration

Governance
Harvard is governed by a combination of its Board of Overseers
and the President and Fellows of Harvard College, which is also
known as the Harvard Corporation. These two bodies, in turn, Harvard Medical School in the
appoint the President of Harvard University.[58] Longwood Medical and Academic
Area in Boston
There are 16,000 staff and faculty,[59] including 2,400 professors,
lecturers, and instructors.[60]

Endowment
Harvard has the largest university endowment in the world, valued at about $50.7 billion as of 2023.[4][5]

During the recession of 2007–2009, it suffered significant losses that forced large budget cuts, in
particular temporarily halting construction on the Allston Science Complex.[61] The endowment has since
recovered.[62][63][64][65]

About $2 billion of investment income is annually distributed to fund operations.[66] Harvard's ability to
fund its degree and financial aid programs depends on the performance of its endowment; a poor
performance in fiscal year 2016 forced a 4.4% cut in the number of graduate students funded by the
Faculty of Arts and Sciences.[67] Endowment income is critical, as only 22% of revenue is from students'
tuition, fees, room, and board.[68]

Divestment
Since the 1970s, several student-led campaigns have advocated divesting Harvard's endowment from
controversial holdings, including investments in South Africa during apartheid, Sudan during the Darfur
genocide, and tobacco, fossil fuel, and private prison industries.[69][70]

In the late 1980s, during the disinvestment from South Africa movement, student activists erected a
symbolic shanty town on Harvard Yard and blockaded a speech by South African Vice Consul Duke
Kent-Brown.[71][72]

The university eventually reduced its South African holdings by $230 million, out of a total of
$400 million, in response to the pressure.[71][73]

Academics

Teaching and learning

Harvard is a large, highly residential research university[74] School Founded
offering 50 undergraduate majors,[75] 134 graduate Harvard College 1636
degrees,[76] and 32 professional degrees.[77] During the Medicine 1782
2018–2019 academic year, Harvard granted 1,665 Divinity 1816
baccalaureate degrees, 1,013 graduate degrees, and 5,695 Law 1817
professional degrees.[77]
Engineering and Applied
1847
Sciences
Harvard College, the four-year, full-time undergraduate
program, has a liberal arts and sciences focus.[74][75] To Dental Medicine 1867
graduate in the usual four years, undergraduates normally Arts and Sciences 1872
take four courses per semester.[78] In most majors, an Business 1908
honors degree requires advanced coursework and a senior Extension 1910
thesis.[79] Design 1936
Education 1920
Though some introductory courses have large enrollments,
the median class size is 12 students.[80] Public Health 1913
Government 1936
The Faculty of Arts and Sciences, with an academic staff of 1,211 as of 2019, is the largest Harvard
faculty, and has primary responsibility for instruction in Harvard College, the Graduate School of Arts
and Sciences, the John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS), and the Division
of Continuing Education, which includes Harvard Summer School and Harvard Extension School. There
are nine other graduate and professional faculties and a faculty attacked to the Harvard Radcliffe Institute.

There are four Harvard joint programs with MIT, which include the Harvard–MIT Program in Health
Sciences and Technology, the Broad Institute, The Observatory of Economic Complexity, and edX.

Professional schools
The university maintains 12 schools, which include:

School Founded Enrollment[81]

Harvard University 1636 31,345
Medicine 1782 660

Divinity 1816 377

Law 1817 1,990

Dental Medicine 1867 280

Arts and Sciences 1872 4,824

Business 1908 2,011

Extension 1910 3,428

Design 1914 878

Education 1920 876

Public Health 1922 1,412

Government 1936 1,100

Engineering 2007 1,750

Research
Harvard is a founding member of the Association of American Universities[82] and a preeminent research
university with "very high" research activity (R1) and comprehensive doctoral programs across the arts,
sciences, engineering, and medicine, according to the Carnegie Classification.[74]

The medical school consistently ranks first among medical schools for research,[83] and biomedical
research is an area of particular strength for the university. Over 11,000 faculty and 1,600 graduate
students conduct research at the medical school and its 15 affiliated hospitals and research institutes.[84]
In 2019, the medical school and its affiliates attracted $1.65 billion in competitive research grants from
the National Institutes of Health, more than twice that of any other university.[85]

Libraries
Harvard Library, the largest academic library in the world with
20.4 million holdings, is centered in Widener Library in Harvard
Yard. It includes 25 individual Harvard libraries around the world
with a combined staff of over 800 librarians and personnel.[86]

Houghton Library, the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library

on the History of Women in America, and the Harvard University
Archives consist principally of rare and unique materials. The
nation's oldest collection of maps, gazetteers, and atlases is stored Widener Library, the anchor of
Harvard Library, the largest
in Pusey Library on Harvard Yard, which is open to the public.
academic library in the world with
The largest collection of East-Asian language material outside of over 20 million holdings
East Asia is held in Harvard-Yenching Library.

Other major libraries in the Harvard Library system include Baker Library/Bloomberg Center at Harvard
Business School, Cabot Science Library at Harvard Science Center, Dumbarton Oaks in Washington,
D.C., Gutman Library at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, Harvard Film Archive at the
Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts, Houghton Library, and Lamont Library.

Museums
Harvard Art Museums includes three museums, the Arthur M. Sackler Museum covers Asian,
Mediterranean, and Islamic art; the Busch–Reisinger Museum (formerly the Germanic Museum) covers
central and northern European art; and the Fogg Museum covers Western art from the Middle Ages to the
present emphasizing Italian early Renaissance, British pre-Raphaelite, and 19th-century French art.

Harvard Museums of Science and Culture include the Harvard Museum of Natural History, which itself
includes the Harvard Mineralogical and Geological Museum, the Harvard University Herbaria featuring
the Blaschka Glass Flowers exhibit, and the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Others include the
Harvard Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments at Harvard Science Center, the Harvard Museum
of the Ancient Near East featuring artifacts from excavations in the Middle East, and the Peabody
Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, specializing in the cultural history and civilizations of the
Western Hemisphere, the Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts, designed by Le Corbusier and housing the
Harvard Film Archive, the Warren Anatomical Museum at Harvard Medical School's Center for the
History of Medicine, and the Ethelbert Cooper Gallery of African & African American Art at the
Hutchins Center for African and African American Research.

Reputation and rankings

Harvard University is accredited by the New England
Academic rankings
Commission of Higher Education.[95] Since its
National
founding in 2003, the Academic Ranking of World
Universities has ranked Harvard first in each of its Forbes[87] 8
annual rankings of the world's colleges and U.S. News & World Report[88] 3
universities. Similarly, the Times Higher Education– Washington Monthly[89] 1
QS World University Rankings, which was published
WSJ/College Pulse[90] 6
from 2004 to 2009, ranked Harvard first in the world in
each of its annual rankings. Since then, Harvard has Global
been ranked first in the world each year since 2011 by ARWU[91] 1
its successor, the Times Higher Education World QS[92] 4
University Rankings.[96]
THE[93] 3
Harvard was also ranked in the first tier of American U.S. News & World Report[94] 1
research universities, along with Columbia, MIT, and
Stanford, in the 2023 report from the Center for Measuring University Performance.[97]

Among rankings of specific indicators, Harvard topped both the University Ranking by Academic
Performance in 2019–20 and Mines ParisTech: Professional Ranking of World Universities in 2011,
which measured universities' numbers of alumni holding CEO positions in Fortune Global 500
companies.[98] According to annual polls done by The Princeton Review, Harvard is consistently among
the top two most commonly named dream colleges in the United States for both students and their
parents[99][100][101][102]

In 2019, Harvard's engineering school was ranked the third-best school in the world for engineering and
technology by Times Higher Education.[103]

In international relations, Foreign Policy magazine ranks Harvard best in the world at the undergraduate
level and second in the world at the graduate level, behind the Walsh School of Foreign Service at
Georgetown University.[104]

Student body composition as of May 2, 2022

Student activities Race and ethnicity[105] Total

White 36%

Asian 21%
Student government
Hispanic 12%
The Undergraduate Council represented
Foreign national 11%
Harvard College undergraduate students
until it was dissolved in 2022,[106] and Black 11%
replaced by the Undergraduate Association. Other[Notes 2] 9%
The Graduate Council represents students at
Economic diversity
all twelve graduate and professional schools,
most of which also have their own student Low-income[Notes 3] 18%

government.[107] Affluent[Notes 4] 82%

Student media
The Harvard Crimson, founded in 1873 and run entirely by Harvard undergraduate students, is the
university's primary student newspaper. Many notable alumni have worked at the Crimson, including two
U.S. presidents, Franklin D. Roosevelt (AB, 1903) and John F. Kennedy (AB 1940).

Athletics
Harvard College competes in the NCAA Division I Ivy League conference. The school fields 42
intercollegiate sports teams, more than any other college in the country.[108]
Harvard and the other seven Ivy League universities are prohibited
from offering athletic scholarships.[109] The school color is
crimson.[110]

National championships
In the NCAA Division I era, which began in 1973, Harvard
Crimson teams have won five NCAA Division I championships as
Harvard football (right) taking on
of 2024: men's ice hockey in 1989, women's lacrosse in 1990,
Cornell (left) at Harvard Stadium in
women's rowing in 2003, and men's fencing in 2006 and 2024. October 2019
Including the pre-NCAA era, Harvard has won 159 national
championships across all sports. Its men's squash team holds the
record for the most national collegiate championships in the sport. Harvard's first national championship
came in 1880, when its track and field team won the national championship.[111]

Rivalries
Harvard's athletic programs maintain a long-standing rivalry with Yale in all sports, especially in college
football, where Harvard and Yale compete in an annual football rivalry, which has played 139 times as of
2024, dating back to its first meeting in 1875.[112]

Every two years, Harvard and Yale track and field teams come together to compete against a combined
Oxford and Cambridge team in the oldest continuous international amateur competition in the world.[113]

In men's ice hockey, Harvard maintains a historic rivalry with Cornell, which dates back to their first
meeting in 1910. The two teams play twice annually.

Notable people

Alumni
Since its founding nearly four centuries ago, Harvard alumni have distinguished themselves in academia,
activism, arts, athletics, business, entrepreneurship, government, international affairs, journalism, media,
music, non-profit organizations, politics, public policy, science, technology, writing, and other industries
and fields.

Among the world's universities and colleges, Harvard has the most U.S. presidents (eight), living
billionaires (188), Nobel laureates (162), Pulitzer Prize winners (48), Fields Medal recipients (seven),
Marshall scholars (252), and Rhodes Scholars (369) among its alumni. Harvard alumni also include nine
Turing Award laureates, ten Academy Awards winners, and 108 Olympic medalists, including 46 gold
medal winners.[114][115][116][117][118][119]

Notable Harvard alumni include:

 2nd President of 6th President of Essayist, Naturalist, 19th President of
the United States the United States lecturer, essayist, poet, the United States
John Adams (AB, John Quincy philosopher, and and philosopher Rutherford B.
1755; AM, Adams (AB, poet Ralph Henry David Hayes (LLB,
[120]
1758) 1787; AM, Waldo Emerson Thoreau (AB, 1845)[123]
1790)[121][122] (AB, 1821) 1837)

Associate Justice Philosopher, 26th President of Sociologist and Poet Robert

of the Supreme logician, and the United States civil rights activist Frost (no degree)
Court of the mathematician and Nobel Peace W. E. B. Du Bois
United States Charles Sanders Prize laureate (PhD, 1895)
Oliver Wendell Peirce (AB, Theodore
Holmes Jr. (AB, 1862, SB 1863) Roosevelt (AB,
1861, LLB) 1880)[124]

32nd President Author, political Poet and Nobel Physicist and Economist and
of the United activist, and laureate in leader of the Nobel laureate in
States Franklin lecturer Helen literature T. S. Manhattan economics
D. Roosevelt Keller (AB, 1904, Eliot (AB, 1909; Project J. Robert recipient Paul
(AB, 1903)[125] Radcliffe AM, 1910) Oppenheimer Samuelson (AM,
College) (AB, 1925) 1936; PhD,
1941)
 Musician and 35th President of 15th prime 7th President of 45th Vice
composer the United States minister of Ireland and President of the
Leonard John F. Kennedy Canada Pierre United Nations United States
Bernstein (AB, (AB, 1940)[126] Trudeau (MA, High and Nobel Peace
1939) 1947) Commissioner Prize laureate Al
for Human Rights Gore (AB, 1969)
Mary Robinson
(LLM, 1968)

24th President of 11th and 13th 14th Chair of the 43rd President of 17th Chief
Liberia and Prime Minister of Federal Reserve the United States Justice of the
Nobel Peace Pakistan Benazir and Nobel George W. Bush United States
Prize laureate Bhutto (AB, laureate in (MBA, 1975)[128] John Roberts
Ellen Johnson 1973, Radcliffe economics Ben (AB, 1976; JD,
Sirleaf (MPA, College) Bernanke (AB, 1979)
1971)[127] 1975; AM, 1975)

Microsoft founder 8th Secretary- Biochemist and 44th President of Founder of

and General of the Nobel laureate in the United States Facebook Mark
philanthropist Bill United Nations chemistry and Nobel Peace Zuckerberg
Gates (College, Ban Ki-moon Jennifer Doudna Prize laureate (College,
1977;[a 1] (MPA, 1984) (PhD, 1989) [129] Barack Obama 2004;[a 1]
LLD hc, 2007) (JD, LLD hc, 2017)
1991)[130][131]

1. Nominal Harvard College class year: did not graduate

Faculty
Notable past and present Harvard faculty include:
Louis Agassiz Danielle Allen Alan Dershowitz Paul Farmer Jason Furman

John Kenneth Henry Louis Asa Gray Seamus Heaney Oliver Wendell
Galbraith Gates Jr. Holmes Sr.

William James Timothy Leary Henry James Russell Greg Mankiw

Wadsworth Lowell
Longfellow

Steven Pinker Arthur M. Amartya Sen B. F. Skinner Lawrence

Schlesinger Jr. Summers
 Cass Sunstein E. O. Wilson
Elizabeth Warren Cornel West Shing-Tung Yau

Robert Reich

In popular culture
Harvard's reputation as a center of elite achievement or elitist
privilege has made it a frequent literary and cinematic backdrop.
"In the grammar of film, Harvard has come to mean both tradition,
and a certain amount of stuffiness," film critic Paul Sherman said
in 2010.[132]

Literature
In contemporary literature, Harvard University features
Tower at the University of Puerto
prominently in multiple novels, including: Rico, showing the emblem of
Harvard (on right), the oldest in the
The Sound and the Fury (1929) and Absalom, Absalom! United States, and that of National
(1936), two novels by William Faulkner, both of which University of San Marcos, Lima
depict Harvard student life.[133] (left), the oldest in the Americas
Of Time and the River (1935) by Thomas Wolfe, a
fictionalized autobiography, depicting Wolfe's alter ego,
Eugene Gant, a Harvard student.[134]
The Late George Apley (1937), by 1915 Harvard alumnus John P. Marquand, a novel
presenting a satirical view of Harvard men in the early 20th century,[134] which was awarded
the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.[135]
The Second Happiest Day (1953), by John P. Marquand, portrays Harvard during the World
War II generation.[136][137][138][139][140]

Films
Harvard University features prominently in the plots of multiple major films, including:

Love Story (1970), a romance between a wealthy Harvard ice hockey player, played by
Ryan O'Neal, and a brilliant Radcliffe student of modest means, played by Ali
 MacGraw.[141][142][143]
The Paper Chase (1973),[144] a drama based on the 1971 novel of the same name by
Harvard alumnus John Jay Osborn Jr., about a first year Harvard Law School student facing
a demanding contract law course and professor.
A Small Circle of Friends (1980), a drama about three Harvard University students in the
1960s
Prozac Nation (1994), a psychological drama starring Christina Ricci based on the novel of
the same name by Elizabeth Wurtzel, which documents her real life story as a 19-year-old
Harvard freshman struggling with substance abuse and clinical depression.
Homeless to Harvard: The Liz Murray Story (2003), a Lifetime biographical television film,
which chronicles the real life story of Liz Murray (played by Thora Birch), who overcomes
homelessness and a dysfunctional family to gain entry and a scholarship to Harvard after
winning a New York Times-sponsored essay competition.

See also
Massachusetts
portal
United States
portal

Academic regalia of Harvard University List of Harvard University named chairs

Gore Hall List of Nobel laureates affiliated with
Harvard College social clubs Harvard University
Harvard University Police Department List of oldest universities in continuous
Harvard University Press operation
Harvard/MIT Cooperative Society Outline of Harvard University
I, Too, Am Harvard Secret Court of 1920

Notes
1. Universities adopt different metrics to claim Nobel or other academic award affiliates, some
generous while others more stringent.
"The official Harvard count, which is 49, only includes academicians affiliated at the time of
winning the prize. Yet, the figure can be up to some 160 Nobel affiliates, the most
worldwide, if visitors and professors of various ranks are all included (the most generous
criterium), as what some other universities do" (https://web.archive.org/web/2023032216573
5/https://www.harvard.edu/about/history/nobel-laureates/). Archived from the original (https://
www.harvard.edu/about/history/nobel-laureates/) on March 22, 2023.
Rachel Sugar (May 29, 2015). "Where MacArthur 'Geniuses' Went to College" (https://w
ww.businessinsider.com/where-macarthur-geniuses-went-to-college-2015-5).
businessinsider.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201112191545/https://ww
w.businessinsider.com/where-macarthur-geniuses-went-to-college-2015-5) from the
original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
"Top Producers" (https://topproducing.fulbrightonline.org/). us.fulbrightonline.org.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201028121132/https://topproducing.fulbrightonli
ne.org/) from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
"Statistics" (http://www.marshallscholarship.org/about/statistics).
www.marshallscholarship.org. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170126211334/h
 ttp://www.marshallscholarship.org/about/statistics) from the original on January 26,
2017. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
"US Rhodes Scholars Over Time" (https://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/office-of-the-ameri
can-secretary/us-winners/colleges-and-universities-of-all-us-rhodes-scholars-over-time/).
www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201125194727/htt
ps://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/office-of-the-american-secretary/us-winners/colleges-an
d-universities-of-all-us-rhodes-scholars-over-time/) from the original on November 25,
2020. Retrieved November 23, 2020.
"Harvard, Stanford, Yale Graduate Most Members of Congress" (https://www.usnews.co
m/news/articles/2010/10/28/harvard-stanford-yale-graduate-most-members-of-congres
s). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201124125611/https://www.usnews.com/ne
ws/articles/2010/10/28/harvard-stanford-yale-graduate-most-members-of-congress) from
the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
"The complete list of Fields Medal winners" (http://stats.areppim.com/listes/list_fieldsxme
dal.htm). areppim AG. 2014. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160124132732/htt
p://stats.areppim.com/listes/list_fieldsxmedal.htm) from the original on January 24, 2016.
Retrieved September 10, 2015.
2. Other consists of Multiracial Americans and those who prefer not to say.
3. The percentage of students who received an income-based federal Pell grant intended for
low-income students.
4. The percentage of students who are a part of the American middle class or wealthier.

References
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External links
Official website (https://harvard.edu)
Harvard University (https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?id=166027) at College Navigator,
a tool from the National Center for Education Statistics

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