Eng Math 3 Im 3

Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
ABE 102
IM No.:ENG MATH 3-2S-2021-2022
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Bayombong Campus
DEGREE PROGRAM BSABE COURSE NO. Eng Math 3

SPECIALIZATION COURSE TITLE Differential Equations
YEAR LEVEL 2 TIME FRAME WK NO. IM NO. 3
I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

Chapter 2. First Oder Differential Equations
Substitution Methods - BERNOULLI DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Application to 1st Linear Differential Equations
• Decomposition Growth and Decay
• Newton’s Law of Cooling
• Mixture Problems – Non Reacting Fluids
• Electric Circuits
II. LESSON TITLE
III. LESSON OVERVIEW
IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES
V. LESSON CONTENT
CHAPTER 2. FIRST ODER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

(SUBSTITUTION continuation)
2. BERNOULLI DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

First-order differential equation is called a Bernoulli equation if it can be written in the form
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥)𝑦 𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≠ 0, 1
𝑑𝑥
First notice that if 𝑛 = 0 or 𝑛 = 1 then the equation is linear or separable, we already know how
to solve it in these cases. Therefore, in this we’re going to be looking at solutions for values of 𝑛 other
than these two.
If 𝑛 𝑛𝑜𝑡 0 or 1, the Bernoulli’s equation is not linear. However, it can be transformed into linear
equations.
In order to solve these, we’ll first divide the differential equation by 𝑦 𝑛 to get,
1 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 1−𝑛 = 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑦 𝑛 𝑑𝑥
We are now going to use the substitution 𝑣 = 𝑦 1−𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 to convert this into a differential equation
in terms of 𝑣.
Then find a first-order linear differential equation that satisfied by 𝑣.
Examples:
𝑑𝑦
1. = 𝑦 + 𝑦3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Solution: So, the first thing that we need to do is get this into the “proper” form, + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥
𝑄(𝑥)𝑦 𝑛
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ABE 102
𝑑𝑦
− 𝑦 = 𝑦3
𝑑𝑥
The substitution that we’ll need here is 𝑣 = 𝑦 1−𝑛 . Since 𝑛 = 1 and 𝑛 = 3 then,
𝑣 = 𝑦 1−3 = 𝑦 −2 ,
Solving for 𝑦,
𝑦 = 𝑣 −1/2
Taking the derivative of both sides, we obtain
𝑑𝑦 1 3 𝑑𝑣
= − 𝑣 −2
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Substitute the 𝑦 and in the original equation in the correct form. In this case 𝑦 = 𝑣 −1/2 and =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3
1 −2 𝑑𝑣
− 𝑣 . So,
2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
− 𝑦 = 𝑦3
𝑑𝑥
1 3 𝑑𝑣 1 3
− 𝑣 −2 − 𝑣 −2 = (𝑣 −1/2 )
2 𝑑𝑥
1 3 𝑑𝑣 1
− 𝑣 −2 − 𝑣 −2 = 𝑣 −3/2
2 𝑑𝑥
Take note that we need to make the equation linear, In this case, we multiply both sides by −2𝑣 3/2 in
order to make it linear. By doing so, we have
3 1
1 𝑑𝑣
−2𝑣 3/2 [− 𝑣 −2 − 𝑣 −2] = [𝑣 −3/2 ] − 2𝑣 3/2
2 𝑑𝑥
3 1 3 𝑑𝑣 3 1
−2𝑣 2 (− 𝑣 −2 ) − (−2𝑣 2 ) (𝑣 −2 ) = (𝑣 −3/2 ) − 2𝑣 3/2
2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
+ 2𝑣 = −2, Now this is linear
𝑑𝑥
Now let’s solve this using linear differential equation (go back to linear in case you forgot it), do not forget
that in linear we need an integrating factor, µ (𝑥) = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 .
𝑑𝑣
+ 2𝑣 = −2
𝑑𝑥
Let:
𝑃(𝑥) = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄(𝑥) = −2
µ (𝑥) = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
µ (𝑥) = 𝑒 ∫ 2𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥
µ (𝑥) = 𝑒 2𝑥
Multiply everything by the integrating factor µ (𝑥) = 𝑒 2𝑥 ,
𝑑𝑣
𝑒 2𝑥 [ + 2𝑣] = [−2]𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 2𝑣 = −2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
verify that the left side becomes the product rule and write it as such.
𝑑𝑦
𝑒 2𝑥 ( ) + 𝑒 2𝑥 2𝑣 = 𝐷𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥 𝑣)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝐷𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥 𝑣)𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑒 2𝑥
Integrating both side,
∫ 𝐷𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥 𝑣)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ −2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
ABE 102
𝑒 2𝑥 𝑣 = −2 ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥 𝑣 = −𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶
Solve for 𝑦(𝑥), 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥 𝑣 −𝑒 2𝑥 𝐶
2𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 2𝑥
𝑒 𝑒 𝑒
𝐶
𝑣 = −1 + 2𝑥 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑣 = 𝑦 −2
𝑒
𝐶
𝑦 −2 = −1 + 2𝑥
𝑒
1
= −1 + 𝐶𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑦2
𝟏
𝒚𝟐 =
−𝟏 + 𝑪𝒆−𝟐𝒙
𝑑𝑦
2. 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 = 5𝑦 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑄(𝑥)𝑦 𝑛 .
𝑑𝑦
𝑥2 + 2𝑥𝑦 = 5𝑦 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 5𝑦 3
+ 2 = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2 5 3
+ 𝑦 = 2𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
The substitution that we’ll need here is 𝑣 = 𝑦 1−𝑛 . Since 𝑛 = 1 and 𝑛 = 3 then,
𝑣 = 𝑦 1−3 = 𝑦 −2 ,
Solving for 𝑦,
𝑦 = 𝑣 −1/2
𝑑𝑦 1 3 𝑑𝑣
= − 𝑣 −2
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Substitute the value of 𝑦 and in the original equation (correct form). In this case 𝑦 = 𝑣 −1/2 and
𝑑𝑥
3
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑣
= − 𝑣 −2 . So,
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2 5
+ 𝑦 = 2 𝑦3
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1 3 𝑑𝑣 2 −1 5 3
− 𝑣 −2 + (𝑣 2 ) = 2 (𝑣 −1/2 )
2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Take note that we need to make the equation linear, In this case, we multiply both sides by −2𝑣 3/2 in
order to make it linear. By doing so, we have
3 1 3
1 𝑑𝑣 2 5
−2𝑣 3/2 [ 𝑣 −2 + (𝑣 −2 )] = [ (𝑣 −1/2 ) ] − 2𝑣 3/2
2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2
3 1 3
1 𝑑𝑣 2 5
−2𝑣 3/2 [ 𝑣 −2 + (𝑣 −2 )] = [ 2 (𝑣 −1/2 ) ] − 2𝑣 3/2
2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 4 −10
− (𝑣) = 2 , Now this is linear
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
ABE 102
𝑑𝑣 4 −10
− (𝑣) = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Let:
4 −10
𝑃(𝑥) = − 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄(𝑥) = 2
𝑥 𝑥
∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
µ (𝑥) = 𝑒
4 −4
µ (𝑥) = 𝑒 ∫ −𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −4 ln|𝑥| = 𝑒 ln|𝑥|
1
µ (𝑥) = 4
𝑥
1
Multiply everything by the integrating factor µ (𝑥) = 4,
𝑥
1 𝑑𝑣 4 −10 1
4 [ − (𝑣)] = [ 2 ] 4
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1 𝑑𝑣 4 −10
− (𝑣) =
𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 5 𝑥6
1 𝑑𝑣 4 1
− (𝑣) = 𝐷𝑥 ( 4 𝑣) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 5 𝑥
1 −10
𝐷𝑥 ( 4 𝑣) 𝑑𝑥 = 6
𝑥 𝑥
1 −10
∫ 𝐷𝑥 ( 4 𝑣) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 6 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
1
𝑣 = −10 ∫ 𝑥 −6 𝑑𝑥
𝑥4
1 2
4 𝑣 = 5+𝐶
𝑥 𝑥
Solve for 𝑦(𝑥), 𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 4
1 2
𝑥 4 [ 4 𝑣] = [ 5 + 𝐶] 𝑥 4
𝑥 𝑥
2
𝑣 = + 𝐶𝑥 4 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑣 = 𝑦 −2
𝑥
2
𝑦 −2 = + 𝐶𝑥 4
𝑥
1 2
= + 𝐶𝑥 4
𝑦2 𝑥
1 2 𝑥
2 = + 𝐶𝑥 4 ( )
𝑦 𝑥 𝑥
1 2 𝐶𝑥 5
= +
𝑦2 𝑥 𝑥
1 2 + 𝐶𝑥 5
=
𝑦2 𝑥
𝒙
𝒚𝟐 =
𝟐 + 𝑪𝒙𝟓
𝑑𝑦
3. 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 3 = 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑄(𝑥)𝑦 𝑛 .
𝑑𝑦
𝑦2 + 2𝑥𝑦 3 = 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥
ABE 102
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 3 6𝑥
+ 2 = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
+ 2𝑥𝑦 = 6𝑥𝑦 −2
𝑑𝑥
The substitution that we’ll need here is 𝑣 = 𝑦 1−𝑛 . Since 𝑛 = 1 and 𝑛 = −2 then,
𝑣 = 𝑦 1−(−2) = 𝑦 3 ,
Solving for 𝑦,
𝑦 = 𝑣 1/3
𝑑𝑦 1 −2 𝑑𝑣
= 𝑣 3
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Substitute the value of 𝑦 and in the original equation (correct form). In this case 𝑦 = 𝑣 1/3 and
𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑣
= 𝑣 −3 . So,
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
+ 2𝑥𝑦 = 6𝑥𝑦 −2
𝑑𝑥
1 −2 𝑑𝑣 −2
𝑣 3 + 2𝑥(𝑣 1/3 ) = 6𝑥(𝑣 1/3 )
3 𝑑𝑥
Take note that we need to make the equation linear, In this case, we multiply both sides by 3𝑣 2/3 in order
to make it linear. By doing so, we have
2 −2
1 𝑑𝑣
3𝑣 2/3 [ 𝑣 −3 + 2𝑥(𝑣 1/3 )] = [6𝑥(𝑣 1/3 ) ] 3𝑣 2/3
3 𝑑𝑥
2
1 𝑑𝑣
3𝑣 2/3 ( 𝑣 −3) + 2𝑥(𝑣 1/3 )3𝑣 2/3 = 6𝑥(𝑣 −2/3 )(3𝑣 2/3 )
3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
+ 6𝑥(𝑣) = 18𝑥, Now this is linear
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
+ 6𝑥(𝑣) = 18𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Let:
𝑃(𝑥) = 6𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄(𝑥) = 18𝑥
µ (𝑥) = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2
µ (𝑥) = 𝑒 ∫ 6𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝑥
2
µ (𝑥) = 𝑒 3𝑥
2
Multiply everything by the integrating factor µ (𝑥) = 𝑒 3𝑥 ,
2 𝑑𝑣 2
𝑒 3𝑥 [ + 6𝑥(𝑣)] = [18𝑥]𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2 𝑑𝑣 2 2
𝑒 3𝑥 + 6𝑥(𝑣)𝑒 3𝑥 = 18𝑥(𝑒 3𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
2 𝑑𝑣 2 2
𝑒 3𝑥 + 6𝑥(𝑣)𝑒 3𝑥 = 𝐷𝑥 (𝑒 3𝑥 𝑣)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝐷𝑥 (𝑒 3𝑥 𝑣)𝑑𝑥 = 18𝑥(𝑒 3𝑥 )
2 2
∫ 𝐷𝑥 (𝑒 3𝑥 𝑣)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 18𝑥(𝑒 3𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
ABE 102
2
For ∫ 18𝑥(𝑒 3𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥, 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 , 𝑑𝑢 = 6𝑥𝑑𝑥
2
∫ 𝐷𝑥 (𝑒 3𝑥 𝑣)𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑒 3𝑥 𝑣 = 3𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶
2 2
𝑒 3𝑥 𝑣 = 3𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶
2
Solve for 𝑦(𝑥), 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝑒 3𝑥
2 2
𝑒 3𝑥 𝑣 3𝑒 3𝑥 𝐶
2 = 2 + 2
𝑒 3𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥
2
𝑣 = 3 + 𝐶𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑣 = 𝑦 3
−𝟑𝒙𝟐
𝒚𝟑 = 𝟑 + 𝑪𝒆
APPLICATIONS OF FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
• Exponential Growth and Decay
a) Certain types of substances decompose at a rate proportional to its amount at nay

instant: a chemical process known as exponential decay. On the other hand, a colony
of bacteria may increase at the rate which varies directly as its number at any time: a
relative but opposite process known as exponential growth.
b) If S represents the amount of certain substance which follows the law of exponential
change stated above, then
𝑑𝑆
= 𝑘𝑥 where 𝑘 is constant of proportionality
𝑑𝑡
The solution to the above equation is by separation of variables
𝑑𝑆
= 𝑘𝑑𝑡
𝑆
𝑑𝑆
∫ = ∫ 𝑘𝑑𝑡
𝑆
ln|𝑆| = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶
|𝑆| = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡+𝐶
𝑆 = ±𝑒 𝐶 ∙ 𝑒 𝑘𝑡
𝑆(𝑡) = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡
Remarks:
1. Since the equation contains two constants there must be two boundary conditions to be able
to express 𝑆 as a function of time 𝑡 alone.
2. In the equation, if 𝑘 < 0, the process is that of exponential decay. If 𝑘 > 0, the process is that
of exponential growth.
3. The Newton’s Law of Cooling follows a very similar process as the law of exponential change.
Examples:
1. Radium decomposes at a rate proportional to the amount present. In 100 years, 100 mg of radium
decompose to 96 mg. (a) how many mg will be left after another 100 years? (b) What is the “half-life”
(time required to decompose half the initial amount) of radium
Solution:
(a) how many mg will be left after another 100 years?
ABE 102
Using the equation
Where: 𝑆 = amount of radium at any time , 𝑡 (𝑚𝑔)
𝑡 = 0, 𝑆 = 100 𝑚𝑔 and 𝐶 = 100
𝑆(0) = 𝑆0
𝑆0 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘(0)
𝑆0 = 𝐶 = 100
Since 𝑆0 = 𝐶
When 𝑡 = 100 years, 𝑆 = 96 𝑚𝑔
96 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘(100)
Since 𝐶 = 100
96 100 𝑒 𝑘(100)
=
100 100
0.96 = 𝑒 𝑘(100)
ln 0.96 = ln 𝑒 𝑘(100)
ln 0.96 = 𝑘(100)
ln 0.96
𝑘= = −4.08 x 10−4
100
−4
𝑆(100) = 100𝑒 −4.08 x 10 (100)
−4 (100)
𝑆(100) = 100𝑒 −4.08 x 10
𝑺(𝟏𝟎𝟎) = 𝟗𝟔. 𝟎𝟎𝟐 𝒎𝒈
(b) What is the “half-life” (time required to decompose half the initial amount) of radium
𝑆 = 50 𝑚𝑔
−4
50 100𝑒 −4.08 x 10 (𝑡)
=
100 100
−4.08 x 10−4 (𝑡)
0.5 = 𝑒
−4 (𝑡)
ln 0.5 = ln 𝑒 −4.08 x 10
ln 0.5 = − 4.08 x 10−4 (𝑡)
𝐥𝐧 𝟎. 𝟓
𝒕= = 𝟏, 𝟔𝟗𝟕. 𝟗𝟕 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒓 𝒐𝒓 ≈ 𝟏, 𝟕𝟎𝟎 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒔
−𝟒. 𝟎𝟖 𝐱 𝟏𝟎−𝟒
2. A town had 2,500 in 1970 and 30,000 in 1980. If population grows exponentially, find the population
in 2010.
Solution: Using the equation
𝑃(𝑡) = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡
Where: 𝑃 = population at any time , 𝑡

𝑡 = 0, 𝑃 = 2500 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = 2,500
When 𝑡 = 10 years, 𝑃 = 30,000

30,000 = 25,000𝑒 𝑘(10)
30,000 25,000𝑒 𝑘(10)
=
25,00 25,000
1.2 = 𝑒 𝑘(10)
ln 1.2 = ln 𝑒 𝑘(10)
ABE 102
ln 1.2 = 𝑘(10)
ln 1.2
𝑘= = 0.018
10
𝑃(40) = 25,000𝑒 (0.018)40
𝑷(𝟒𝟎) = 𝟓𝟏, 𝟑𝟔𝟎. 𝟖𝟑 people in 2010
3. Half-life of Cobalt is 5.27 years. Right now, the level is 100 times what it should be. When will it be
ok?
Where: 𝑆 = amount of cobalt at any time , 𝑡

𝑡 = 5.27 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠, 𝑆 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = 1
1
= 1𝑒 𝑘(5.27)
2
1
ln = ln 𝑒 𝑘(5.27)
2
1
ln = 𝑘(5.27)
2
1
ln
𝑘 = 2 = −0.132
5.27
1 100𝑒 (−0.132)𝑡
=
100 100
1
= 𝑒 (−0.132)𝑡
100
ln 0.01 = ln 𝑒 (−0.132)𝑡
ln 0.01 = (−0.132)𝑡
𝐥𝐧 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏
𝒕= = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟖𝟗 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒔 𝒐𝒓 ≈ 𝟑𝟓 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒔
−𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟐
4. The population of a certain community follows a law of exponential change. If the present population
of the community is 144,000 and 10 years ago was 100,000 when will the population double? What
will be the population of the community in 10 years?
𝑃(𝑡) = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡
Where: 𝑃 = population of community at any time , 𝑡

𝑡 = 0, 𝑃 = 144,000 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = 144,000
When 𝑡 = −10 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 years, 𝑃 = 100,000

100,000 = 144,000𝑒 𝑘(−10)
100,000 144,000𝑒 𝑘(−10)
=
144,000 144,000
0.69 = 𝑒 𝑘(−10)
ln 0.69 = ln 𝑒 𝑘(−10)
ln 0.69 = 𝑘(−10)
𝐥𝐧 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗
𝒌= = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟕
−𝟏𝟎
ABE 102
When population is double (𝑃 = 288,000)
288,000 = 144,000𝑒 0.037(𝑡)
288,000 144,000𝑒 0.037(𝑡)
=
144,000 144,000
0.037(𝑡)
2=𝑒
ln 2 = ln 𝑒 0.037(𝑡)
ln 2 = 0.037(𝑡)
𝐥𝐧 𝟐
𝒕= = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟕𝟑 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒔
𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟕
When 𝑡 = 10 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝑃(10) = 144,000𝑒 0.037(10)
𝑷(𝟏𝟎) = 𝟐𝟎𝟖, 𝟒𝟕𝟑. 𝟕𝟖 Population
• Newton’s Law of Cooling
Newton’s Law of Cooling states that the rate of cooling of an object is proportional to the difference
between its temperature and the ambient temperature.
𝑑𝑇
= −𝑘(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠 )
𝑑𝑡
Where: 𝑇 = temperature of the body

𝑇𝑠 = temperature of the surroundings or ambient temperature
𝑇0 = initial temperature of the body
𝑘 = constant of proportionality
Solution
• Newton’s Law expresses a fact about the temperature of an object over time.
𝑑𝑇
• “rate of cooling” refers to a rate of change of the temperature, i.e. to . The word “cooling”
𝑑𝑡
suggests that the derivative is negative.
• To say that some quantity is proportional to another is to say that there is some number 𝑘 so that
the first quantity is equal to α times the second, independent of the time.
• In this formulation of the law, the ambient temperature is taken to be fixed; call it 𝑇𝑠 . The difference
between the object’s temperature and the ambient temperature is then 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠
𝑑𝑇
• Putting these together, we obtain the differential equation = −𝑘(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠 )
𝑑𝑡
Derivation:
𝑑𝑇
= −𝑘(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠 )
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑇
= −𝑘𝑑𝑡
𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠
𝑑𝑇
∫ = ∫ −𝑘𝑑𝑡
𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠
𝑑𝑇
∫ = −𝑘 ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠
ln|𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠 | = −𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶
𝑒 ln|𝑇−𝑇𝑠 | = 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡+𝐶
|𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠 | = ±𝑒 𝐶 ∙ 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠 = 𝐶𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
𝑻(𝒕) = 𝑻𝒔 + 𝑪𝒆−𝒌𝒕 ; 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑻 ≥ 𝑻𝒔 General
Solutions
ABE 102
𝑻(𝒕) = 𝑻𝒔 − 𝑪𝒆−𝒌𝒕 ; 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑻 ≤ 𝑻𝒔
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑇 = 𝑇0
𝐶 = 𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑠
Thus,
𝑻 − 𝑻𝒔 = (𝑻𝟎 − 𝑻𝒔 )𝒆−𝒌𝒕
𝑻(𝒕) = 𝑻𝒔 + (𝑻𝟎 − 𝑻𝒔 )𝒆−𝒌𝒕
Examples:
1. Suppose that an object initially having a temperature of 20° is placed in a large temperature
controlled room of 80° and one hour later the object has a temperature of 35°. What will its
temperature be after three hours?
Solution: Let 𝑇0 = 20° ; 𝑇𝑠 = 80°

When 𝑡 = 1 ℎ𝑟; 𝑇 = 35°
𝐶 = 𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑠
𝐶 = 20° − 80° = −60°
𝑻(𝒕) = 𝑻𝒔 + 𝑪𝒆−𝒌𝒕
35° = 80° + (−60°)𝒆−𝒌(𝟏)
35° − 80° = (−60°)𝒆−𝒌(𝟏)
−45° −60°𝒆−𝒌(𝟏)
=
−60° −60°
−1𝑘
0.75 = 𝑒
ln 0.75 = ln 𝑒 −1𝑘
ln 0.75 = −1𝑘
𝐥𝐧 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓
𝒌= = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗
−𝟏
When 𝑡 = 3 ℎ𝑟
𝑇(3) = 80° + (−60°)𝑒 −(0.29)3
𝑻(𝟑) = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟖𝟔°
2. The temperature of a body dropped from 200° to 100° for the first hour. Determine how many
degrees the body cooled in one hour more if the environment temperature is 0°?
Solution:
Let: 𝑇0 = 200°
When: 𝑡 = 1 ℎ𝑟; 𝑇 = 100°
𝐶 = 𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑠
𝐶 = 200° − 0° = 200°
100° = 0° + 200°𝑒 −𝑘(1)

100° 200°𝑒 −𝑘(1)
=
200° 200°
1
= 𝑒 −𝑘(1)
2
1
ln = ln 𝑒 −𝑘(1)
2
1
ln = −𝑘(1)
2
ABE 102
𝟏
𝐥𝐧
𝒌 = 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗
−𝟏
When 𝑡 = 2 ℎ𝑟
𝑇(2) = 0 + 200°𝑒 −0.69(2)
𝑻(𝟑) = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟑𝟐°
3. A thermometer is taken outdoors, where the temperature is 5°C, from room in which the
temperature is 20°C, and the reading drops 10°C in one minute, (a) how long after its removal
from the room will the reading be 6°C? (b) after 30 seconds, what will be the thermometer
reading?
Solution: Let 𝑇0 = 20°C ; 𝑇𝑠 = 5°C

When 𝑡 = 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛; 𝑇 = 10°C
𝐶 = 𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑠
𝐶 = 20° − 5° = 15°
10° = 5° + 15° 𝒆−𝒌(𝟏)
10° − 5° = 15° 𝒆−𝒌(𝟏)
5° 15°𝒆−𝒌(𝟏)
=
15° 15°
1
= 𝑒 −1𝑘
3
1
ln = ln 𝑒 −1𝑘
3
1
ln = −1𝑘
3
1
𝐥𝐧
𝒌 = 3 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝟖
−𝟏
When 𝑇 = 6°; 𝑡 =?
6° = 5° + 15° 𝑒 −(1.098)𝑡
6° − 5° = 15° 𝑒 −(1.098)𝑡
1° = 15° 𝑒 −(1.098)𝑡
1° 15° 𝑒 −(1.098)𝑡
=
15° 15°
1
= 𝑒 −(1.098)𝑡
15
1
ln = ln 𝑒 −(1.098)𝑡
15
1
ln = −(1.098)𝑡
15
𝟏
𝐥𝐧𝟏𝟓
𝒕= = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟔𝟔 min
−𝟏.𝟎𝟗𝟖
When 𝑡 = 30 sec; 𝑇 =?
T(0.5) = 5° + 15° 𝒆−𝟏.𝟎𝟗𝟖(𝟎.𝟓)
𝐓(𝟎. 𝟓) = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟔𝟔°𝐂
4. A thermometer reading 18℉ is brought into a room where the temperature is 70℉, 1 minute later,
the thermometer reading is 31℉. (a) Determine the temperature reading as a function of time and,
in particular. (b) Find the temperature reading 5 minutes after the thermometer is first brought into
the room.
ABE 102
Solution: Let 𝑇0 = 18°F ; 𝑇𝑠 = 70°F

When 𝑡 = 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛; 𝑇 = 31°F
𝐶 = 𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑠
𝐶 = 18°F − 70°F = −52°F
(a) Determine the temperature reading as a function of time and, in particular.
31° = 70° + (−52)° 𝒆−𝒌(𝟏)
31° − 70° = −52° 𝒆−𝒌(𝟏)
31° − 70° −52° 𝒆−𝒌(𝟏)
=
−52° −52°
−𝒌
𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓
𝑻 = 70° + (−52)° 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝒕
When 𝑡 = 5min?
𝑇(5) = 70° + (−52)° 0.75(5)
𝑻(𝟓) = 𝟓𝟕. 𝟔𝟔℉
• MIXTURE PROBLEM – NON REACTING FLUIDS

How a solution changes over amount of time, 𝑡. The amount of solution, 𝑥(𝑡). The working
equation foe mixture problem will be as follows
𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 = 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑬𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 − 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑬𝒙𝒊𝒕
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑟𝑖 𝑐𝑖 − 𝑟𝑜 𝑐𝑜
𝑑𝑡
Where: 𝑟𝑖 = volumetric flow rate at the entrance
𝑐𝑖 = concentration of substance at the entrance
𝑟𝑜 = volumetric flow rate at the exit
𝑐𝑜 = concentration of substance at the exit
Since 𝑐𝑜 is usually not given in the problem, we can rewrite the above equation as follows
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
= 𝑟𝑖 𝑐𝑖 − 𝑟𝑜 ( )
𝑑𝑡 𝑉
𝑥
Let: 𝑐𝑜 =
𝑉
where: 𝑥 = the amount of salt at time t
𝑉 = final volume of a solution at time, 𝑡
𝑥
Let’s make it Linear, by adding 𝑟𝑜 ( ) to both side, we get
𝑉
𝒅𝒙 𝒓𝒐
+ 𝒙 = 𝒓𝒊 𝒄𝒊
𝒅𝒕 𝑽
Examples:
1. 1000 Liters tank that contains 100 kg of sugar dissolved in water. Pure water is pumped in at 5 liters
per second. Mixture is pumped out at 5 liters per second. When will there be 10 kg of sugar in the
tank?
ABE 102
𝑑𝑥 𝑟𝑜
Solution: the differential equation is in the correct form + 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑖 𝑐𝑖
𝑑𝑡 𝑉
𝑥
Let: 𝑟𝑖 = 5 𝐿, 𝑟𝑜 = 5 𝐿, 𝑐𝑖 = 0, 𝑐𝑜 = , 𝑉 = 1000 𝐿
𝑉
𝑐𝑖 = 0 because pure water being put in, no sugar added.
Substitute the values in the equation

𝑑𝑥 𝑟𝑜
+ 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑖 𝑐𝑖
𝑑𝑡 𝑉
𝑑𝑥 5
+ 𝑥 = 5(0)
𝑑𝑡 1000
𝑑𝑥 5
+ 𝑥=0
𝑑𝑡 1000
𝑑𝑥 1
+ 𝑥=0
𝑑𝑡 200
This is a linear differential equation and it isn’t too difficult to solve (hopefully). Find the integrating
1
factor µ (𝑡), , where in 𝑃(𝑡) =
200
µ (𝑡) = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
1
µ (𝑡) = 𝑒 ∫200𝑑𝑡
𝑡
µ (𝑡) = 𝑒 200
𝑡
Multiply everything by the integrating factor µ (𝑡) = 𝑒 200
,
𝑡 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑡 𝑡
(𝑒200 ) + 𝑥 (𝑒200 ) = 0 (𝑒200)
𝑑𝑡 200
𝑡 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑡
(𝑒200 ) + 𝑥 (𝑒200 ) = 0
𝑑𝑡 200
(𝑒 200 ) + 𝑥 (𝑒 200 ) = 𝐷𝑥 𝑥 (𝑒 200 ) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 200
𝑡
𝐷𝑥 𝑥 (𝑒 200 ) 𝑑𝑡 = 0
𝑡
∫ 𝐷𝑥 𝑥 (𝑒 200) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 0 𝑑𝑡
𝑡
𝑥 (𝑒200) = 𝐶
Now, apply the initial condition to get the value of the constant, C., when 𝑡 = 0, then 𝑥(0) = 100 𝑘𝑔,
substitute the values of 𝑥 = 100 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 = 0,
0
100 (𝑒200) = 𝐶
𝐶 = 100
𝑡
𝑥 (𝑒200 ) = 100
𝑡
Divide both side by 𝑒 200 ,
ABE 102
𝑡
𝑥 (𝑒200) 100
𝑡 = 𝑡
𝑒200 𝑒200
𝑡
𝑥 (𝑡) = 100𝑒−200
When 𝑥 = 10, 𝑡 =?
𝑡
10 = 100𝑒−200
𝑡
10 100𝑒−200
=
100 100
𝑡
0.1 = 𝑒 −200
𝑡
ln 0.1 = ln 𝑒 −200
𝑡
ln 0.1 = −
200
𝑡 = −200 ln 0.1
𝒕 = 𝟒𝟔𝟎. 𝟓𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒄
2. A tank contains 80 gallons of pure water. A brine solution with 2 lbs/gal of salt enters at 2 gals/min,
and the well-stirred mixture leaves at the same rate. Find (a) the amount of salt in the tank at any
time, and (b) the time at which the brine leaving will contain 1 lb/gal of salt.
𝑑𝑥 𝑟𝑜
Solution: the differential equation is in the correct form + 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑖 𝑐𝑖
𝑑𝑡 𝑉
𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑏 𝑥
Let: 𝑟𝑖 = 2 , 𝑟𝑜 = 2 , 𝑐𝑖 = 2 , 𝑐𝑜 = 𝑉 , 𝑉 = 80 𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑎𝑙

𝑑𝑥 𝑟𝑜
+ 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑖 𝑐𝑖
𝑑𝑡 𝑉
𝑑𝑥 2
+ 𝑥 = 2(2)
𝑑𝑡 80
𝑑𝑥 2
+ 𝑥=4
𝑑𝑡 80
𝑑𝑥 1
+ 𝑥=4
𝑑𝑡 40
1
factor µ (𝑡), , where in 𝑃(𝑡) =
40
µ (𝑡) = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
1
µ (𝑡) = 𝑒 ∫40𝑑𝑡
𝑡
µ (𝑡) = 𝑒 40
𝑡
Multiply everything by the integrating factor µ (𝑡) = 𝑒 40
,
(𝑒40 ) + 𝑥 (𝑒40 ) = 4 (𝑒40 )
𝑑𝑡 40
ABE 102
(𝑒 40 ) + 𝑥 (𝑒 40 ) = 𝐷𝑥 𝑥 (𝑒 40 ) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 40
𝑡 𝑡
𝐷𝑥 𝑥 (𝑒 40 ) 𝑑𝑡 = 4 (𝑒 40 )
𝑡 𝑡
∫ 𝐷𝑥 𝑥 (𝑒 40 ) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 4 (𝑒 40 ) 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 𝑡
𝑥 (𝑒40 ) = 160𝑒40 + 𝐶
(a). If 𝑥 = 0 𝑙𝑏𝑠 of salt (pure water) at 𝑡 = 0, then the value of 𝐶 is
0 0
0 (𝑒40 ) = 160𝑒40 + 𝐶
𝐶 = −160
𝒕 𝒕
𝒙 (𝒆𝟒𝟎) = 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝒆𝟒𝟎 − 𝟏𝟔𝟎
𝑡
Divide both side by 𝑒 40 ,
𝑡
𝑡
𝑥 (𝑒40 ) 160𝑒40 − 160
𝑡 = 𝑡
𝑒40 𝑒40
𝒕
𝒙(𝒕) = 𝟏𝟔𝟎 − 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝒆−𝟒𝟎
𝑙𝑏
(b). If 𝑐𝑜 = 1 =, 𝑡 =?. Since 𝑥 is not given, then we can get the value of 𝑥 using the final
𝑔𝑎𝑙
concentration of the brine and the volume of a tank as follows
𝑙𝑏
𝑥=1 (80 𝑔𝑎𝑙) = 80 𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡
𝑔𝑎𝑙
𝑡
𝑥 (𝑡) = 160 − 160𝑒−40
𝑡
80 = 160 − 160𝑒−40
𝑡
80 − 160 = −160𝑒−40
𝑡
−
−80 −160𝑒 40
=
−160 −160
𝑡
0.5 = 𝑒 −40
𝑡
ln 0.5 = ln 𝑒 −40
𝑡
ln 0.5 = −
40
𝑡 = −40 ln 0.5
𝒕 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟕𝟑 𝒎𝒊𝒏.
• ELECTRIC CIRCUITS PROBLEMS

An electromotive force (usually a battery or generator) produces a voltage of 𝐸 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠 (𝑉)
and a 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐼 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠 (𝐴) at time 𝑡. The circuit also contains a resistor with a
𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠 (Ω) and an inductor with an inductance of 𝐿 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 (𝐻).
Ohm’s Law gives the drop in voltage due to the resistor as 𝑅𝐼. The voltage drops due to
𝑑𝐼
the inductor is 𝐿 . One of Kirchhoff’s laws says that the sum of the voltage drops is equal
𝑑𝑡
to the supplied 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐸. Thus we have
ABE 102
𝑑𝐼
𝐿 + 𝑅𝐼 = 𝐸
𝑑𝑡
which is a first-order linear differential equation. The solution gives the current at time 𝑡.
RL (RESISTOR - CONDUCTOR) CIRCUITS
Examples:
1. An inductance of L Henry’s and a resistance of 10 ohms are connected in series with Electromotive
Force (EMF) of 100 Volts. If the current is initially zero, and is equal to 9 Amperes after 1 second.
Find the L and the current after 0.5 second.
𝑑𝐼
Solution: the differential equation is in the correct form 𝐿 + 𝑅𝐼 = 𝐸
𝑑𝑡
Let: 𝑅 = 10Ω , 𝐸 = 100 V,

If 𝐼 = 9 A; 𝑡 = 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝑑𝐼
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐼
𝐿 + 10𝐼 = 100
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐼
𝐿
𝑑𝑡 + 10𝐼 = 100
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
𝑑𝐼 10𝐼 100
+ =
𝑑𝑡 𝐿 𝐿
𝑑𝐼 10 100
+ 𝐼=
𝑑𝑡 𝐿 𝐿
10
factor µ(𝑡), , where in 𝑃(𝑡) =
𝐿
µ (𝑡) = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
10
µ (𝑡) = 𝑒 ∫ 𝐿 𝑑𝑡
10
µ (𝑡) = 𝑒 𝐿 𝑡
10
Multiply everything by the integrating factor µ (𝑡) = 𝑒 𝐿 𝑡
10 𝑑𝐼 10 10 100 10𝑡
(𝑒 𝐿 𝑡 ) + 𝐼 (𝑒 𝐿 𝑡 ) = (𝑒 𝐿 )
𝑑𝑡 𝐿 𝐿
10 𝑑𝐼 10 10 10
(𝑒 𝐿 𝑡 ) + 𝐼 (𝑒 𝐿 𝑡 ) = 𝐷𝑥 𝐼 (𝑒 𝐿 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝐿
10 100 10𝑡
𝐷𝑥 𝐼 (𝑒 𝐿 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 = (𝑒 𝐿 )
𝐿
10 100 10𝑡
∫ 𝐷𝑥 𝐼 (𝑒 𝐿 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ (𝑒 𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑡
𝐿
10 10
𝐼 (𝑒 𝐿 𝑡 ) = 10 𝑒 𝐿 𝑡 + 𝐶
ABE 102
10
𝐼 (𝑒 𝐿 𝑡 ) 10
10
𝑒𝐿
𝑡
+𝐶
10 = 10
𝑡 𝑡
𝑒𝐿 𝑒𝐿
𝟏𝟎
𝑰 = 𝟏𝟎 + 𝑪𝒆− 𝑳 𝒕
If 𝐼 = 0 A; 𝑡 = 0 𝑠𝑒𝑐, then the value of 𝐶 is

10
𝐼 = 10 + 𝐶𝑒− 𝐿 𝑡
10
0 = 10 + 𝐶𝑒− 𝐿 (0)
𝑪 = −𝟏𝟎
10
𝐼 = 10 − 10𝑒− 𝐿 𝑡
If 𝐼 = 9 A; 𝑡 = 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐
10
9 = 10 − 10𝑒− 𝐿 (1)
10
9 − 10 = −10𝑒− 𝐿
10
− )
−1 −10𝑒 𝐿
=
−10 −10
10
0.1 = 𝑒− 𝐿
10
ln 0.1 = ln 𝑒− 𝐿
10
ln 0.1 = −
𝐿
−𝟏𝟎
𝑳= = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟒 𝑯
𝐥𝐧 𝟎. 𝟏
If 𝐿 = 4.34; 𝑡 = 0.5 𝑠𝑒𝑐
10
𝐼 = 10 − 10𝑒−4.34(0.5)
𝑰 = 𝟔. 𝟖𝟒 𝑨
2. An inductance of 1 Henry and a resistance of 2 ohms are connected in series with a constant emf of
W volts. If the current is initially zero, and is equal to 10 A after 5 seconds, find E.
𝑑𝐼
Solution: the differential equation is in the correct form 𝐿 + 𝑅𝐼 = 𝐸
𝑑𝑡
Let: 𝑅 = 2Ω , 𝐿 = 1 H,

𝑑𝐼
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐼
1 + 2𝐼 = 𝐸
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐼
1
𝑑𝑡 + 2𝐼 = 𝐸
1 1 1
ABE 102
𝑑𝐼
+ 2𝐼 = 𝐸
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐼
= 𝐸 − 2𝐼
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐼
= 𝑑𝑡
𝐸 − 2𝐼
Integrating both side, let 𝑢 = 𝐸 − 2𝐼, 𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑑𝐼

𝑑𝐼
∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝐸 − 2𝐼
If 𝐼 = 0 A; 𝑡 = 0 𝑠𝑒𝑐, If 𝐼 = 10 A; 𝑡 = 5 𝑠𝑒𝑐
10 5
1 1
∫ (− ) 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑢 2
0 0
10 5
1 1
− ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
2 𝑢
0 0
1
− [ln 𝐸 − 2𝐼]10 5
0 = [𝑡]0
2
1
− [(ln 𝐸 − 2(10)) − (ln 𝐸 − 2(0))] = [5 − 0]
2
1
−2 (− [(ln 𝐸 − 20) − (ln 𝐸)]) = (5) − 2
2
ln(𝐸 − 20) − ln 𝐸 = −10
𝐸 − 20
ln ( ) = −10
𝐸
𝐸−20
ln( )
𝑒 𝐸 = 𝑒 −10
𝐸 − 20
= 𝑒 −10
𝐸
𝐸 − 20 = 𝐸𝑒 −10
𝐸 − 𝐸𝑒 −10 = 20
𝐸(1 − 𝑒 −10 ) = 20
20
𝐸=
1 − 𝑒 −10
𝑬 = 𝟐𝟎𝑽
RL (RESISTOR-CAPACITOR) CIRCUITS
𝑑𝑄 1
𝑅 + 𝑄=𝐸
𝑑𝑡 𝐶
Where: 𝑄 = 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑 (𝐹)

𝐶 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑠 (𝐶)
𝑑𝑄
𝐼=
𝑑𝑡
Examples:
1. In a series RC circuit, the resistance is 5 ohms, capacitance is 0.01 Farad, and voltage is 100 volts.
If the current is initially zero. find the charge at any given time, 𝑡.
ABE 102
𝑑𝑄 1
Solution: the differential equation is in the correct form 𝑅 + 𝑄 =𝐸
𝑑𝑡 𝐶
Let: 𝑅 = 5Ω , 𝐶 = 0.01 F, 𝐸 = 100 𝑉

𝑑𝑄 1
5 + 𝑄 = 100
𝑑𝑡 0.01
𝑑𝑄 1
5
𝑑𝑡 + 0.01 𝑄 = 100
5 5 5
𝑑𝑄 1
+ 𝑄 = 20
𝑑𝑡 0.05
𝑑𝑄
+ 20𝑄 = 20
𝑑𝑡
factor µ(𝑡), , where in 𝑃(𝑡) = 20
µ (𝑡) = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
µ (𝑡) = 𝑒 ∫ 20𝑑𝑡
µ (𝑡) = 𝑒 20𝑡
Multiply everything by the integrating factor µ (𝑡) = 𝑒 20𝑡

𝑑𝑄
(𝑒 20𝑡 ) + 20𝑄(𝑒 20𝑡 ) = 20(𝑒 20𝑡 )
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑄
(𝑒 20𝑡 ) + 20𝑄(𝑒 20𝑡 ) = 𝐷𝑥 𝑄(𝑒 20𝑡 )𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝐷𝑥 𝑄(𝑒 20𝑡 )𝑑𝑡 = 20(𝑒 20𝑡 )
∫ 𝐷𝑥 𝑄(𝑒 20𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 20(𝑒 20𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡
𝑄 (𝑒20𝑡 ) = (𝑒20𝑡 ) + 𝐶
𝑄(𝑒20𝑡 ) (𝑒20𝑡 ) + 𝐶
=
𝑒20𝑡 𝑒20𝑡
𝑄 = 1 + 𝐶𝑒−20𝑡
If 𝐼 = 0; 𝑡 = 0. Since there is no current, then no charge, 𝑄 = 0. Solve for constant C.

Q = 1 + Ce−20t
0 = 1 + Ce−20(0)
𝑪 = −𝟏
𝑸 = 𝟏 + 𝒆−20𝑡
ABE 102
VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES
VII. EVALUATION (Note: Not to be included in the student’s copy of the IM)
VIII. ASSIGNMENT
IX. REFERENCES

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Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

DEGREE PROGRAM BSABE COURSE NO. Eng Math 3

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

II. LESSON TITLE

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

CHAPTER 2. FIRST ODER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

2. BERNOULLI DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Then find a first-order linear differential equation that satisfied by 𝑣.

APPLICATIONS OF FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

• Exponential Growth and Decay

a) Certain types of substances decompose at a rate proportional to its amount at nay

The solution to the above equation is by separation of variables

(a) how many mg will be left after another 100 years?

Where: 𝑃 = population at any time , 𝑡

When 𝑡 = 10 years, 𝑃 = 30,000

Where: 𝑆 = amount of cobalt at any time , 𝑡

Solution: Using the equation

Where: 𝑃 = population of community at any time , 𝑡

When 𝑡 = −10 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 years, 𝑃 = 100,000

• Newton’s Law of Cooling

Where: 𝑇 = temperature of the body

Solution: Let 𝑇0 = 20° ; 𝑇𝑠 = 80°

100° = 0° + 200°𝑒 −𝑘(1)

Solution: Let 𝑇0 = 20°C ; 𝑇𝑠 = 5°C

Solution: Let 𝑇0 = 18°F ; 𝑇𝑠 = 70°F

• MIXTURE PROBLEM – NON REACTING FLUIDS

𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 = 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑬𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 − 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑬𝒙𝒊𝒕

Substitute the values in the equation

Substitute the values in the equation

• ELECTRIC CIRCUITS PROBLEMS

RL (RESISTOR - CONDUCTOR) CIRCUITS

Let: 𝑅 = 10Ω , 𝐸 = 100 V,

Substitute the values in the equation

If 𝐼 = 0 A; 𝑡 = 0 𝑠𝑒𝑐, then the value of 𝐶 is

If 𝐿 = 4.34; 𝑡 = 0.5 𝑠𝑒𝑐

Substitute the values in the equation

Integrating both side, let 𝑢 = 𝐸 − 2𝐼, 𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑑𝐼

Where: 𝑄 = 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑 (𝐹)

Let: 𝑅 = 5Ω , 𝐶 = 0.01 F, 𝐸 = 100 𝑉

Substitute the values in the equation

Multiply everything by the integrating factor µ (𝑡) = 𝑒 20𝑡

If 𝐼 = 0; 𝑡 = 0. Since there is no current, then no charge, 𝑄 = 0. Solve for constant C.

VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

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