Chapter 5

ARRAYS AND FUNCTIONS

Introduction to computer science 1

Outline
▪ 1. Arrays
▪ 2. Multidimensional Arrays
▪ 3. Function and parameter declarations
▪ 4. Pass-by-value
▪ 5. Variable scope
▪ 6. Variable storage classes
▪ 7. Pass-by-reference
▪ 8. Recursion
▪ 9. Passing arrays to functions

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1. ARRAYS
▪ An array is an advanced data type that contains a set
of data represented by a single variable name.
▪ An element is an individual piece of data contained in
an array.
▪ The following figure shows an integer array called c.
c[0] = 4; c[1] = 4, c[2] = 8, etc.

[0
] [
1] [2
] [3
] [4
] [5
]

4 4 8

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Array Declaration
◼ The syntax for declaring an array is

type name[elements];

◼ Array names follow the same naming conventions as

variable names and other identifiers.
◼ Example:
int arMyArray[3];
char arStudentGrade[5];

▪ The first declaration tells the compiler to reserve 3

elements for integer array arMyArray.

Programming Fundamentals 4
Subscript
◼ The numbering of elements within an array starts with an index
number of 0.

◼ An index number is an element’s numeric position within an

array. It is also called a subsript.

◼ Example:

StudentGrade[0] refers to the 1st element in the StudentGrade

array.
StudentGrade[1] refers to the 2nd element in the StudentGrade
array.
StudentGrade[2] refers to the 3rd element in the StudentGrade
array.
StudentGrade[3] refers to the 4th element in the StudentGrade
array.
StudentGrade[4] refers to the 5fth element in the StudentGrade
array.

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An example of array
Example 5.1.1
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
char arStudentGrade[5] = {‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’, ‘D’, ‘F’};
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
cout << arStudentGrade[i] << endl;
return 0;
}

The output is:

A
B
C
D
F
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Example 5.1.2
// Compute the sum of the elements of the array
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
const int arraySize = 12;
int a[arraySize] = { 1, 3, 5, 4, 7, 2, 99, 16, 45, 67, 89, 45 };
int total = 0;
for ( int i = 0; i < arraySize; i++ )
total += a[ i ];
cout << "Total of array element values is " << total << endl;
return 0 ;
}

The output of the above program is as follows :

Total of array element values is 383

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2. Multi-Dimensional Arrays
◼ C++ allows arrays of any type, including arrays of arrays. With
two bracket pairs we obtain a two-dimensional array.
◼ The idea can be iterated to obtain arrays of higher dimension.
With each bracket pair we add another dimension.

◼ Some examples of array declarations int t[4][2];

int a[1000]; // a one-dimensional array

int b[3][5]; // a two-dimensional array
int c[7][9][2]; // a three-dimensional array

In these above examples, b has 3  5 elements, and c has

7  9  2 elements.

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A two-dimensional array
◼ Starting at the base address of the array, all the
array elements are stored contiguously in memory.
◼ For the array b, we can think of the array elements
arranged as follows:
int b[3][5];

col 1 col2 col3 col4 col5

row 1 b[0][0] b[0][1] b[0][2] b[0][3] b[0][4]

row 2 b[1][0] b[1][1] b[1][2] b[1][3] b[1][4]
row 3 b[2][0] b[2][1] b[2][2] b[2][3] b[2][4]

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 Example 5.2.1 This program checks if a matrix is symmetric or not.

for(i= 0; i<N; i++){

#include<iostream> for (j = 0; j < N; j++)
if(a[i][j] != a[j][i]) {
using namespace std;
symmetr = false;
const int N = 3; break; 0,0 0,1 0,2
void main( ) }
{ if(!symmetr) 1,0 1,1 1,2
int i, j; break; 2,0 2,1 2,2
int a[N][N]; }
bool symmetr = true; if(symmetr)
for (i=0; i<N; ++i) cout<<"\nThe matrix is symmetric“
for (j=0; j<N; ++j) << endl;
else
cin >> a[i][j];
cout<<"\nThe matrix is not symmetric“
<< endl;
return 0;
}

if(!symmetr) means if(symmetr == false) 10

Exercise 5.2.2
Write a C++ program to input a list of student IDs and their three
score columns, namely score_1, score_2, score_3 of a course.
Calculate the final_score of each student using following
equation:
final_score = 0.2*score_1 + 0.3*score_2 + 0.5*score_3
Then print out the list of students associated with their scores.

For example:
Input: Output:
ID scores ID scores including final_score
1 8, 7, 9 1 8, 7, 9, 8.2
2 7, 8, 9 2 7, 8, 9, 8.3
3 9, 8, 9 3 9, 8, 9, 8.7
….. …..

Hint: use a matrix of float 11

Exercise 5.2.2
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
const int n = 3;
const int m = 5;//ID, 3 score columns, and the final score
int main() {
int i, j;
float a[n][m];
float final_score;
float rate[3] = {0.2, 0.3, 0.5};
//input data to the matrix a[n][m] for a score table;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
for (j = 0; j < m-1; j++)
{
cout << "Score " << j + 1 << " of student " << i + 1 << ": ";
cin >> a[i][j];
}
//calculate the final_score
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
final_score = 0;
for (j = 1; j < m-1; j++) {//score_1; j = 0 is for ID
final_score += rate[j-1] * a[i][j];
}
a[i][m - 1] = final_score;//update final_score at the last column
}
//Print out the result table (i.e., matrix)
cout << endl << "The student score table is \n";
for (i = 0; i < n; i++){
for (j = 0; j < m; j++)
cout << a[i][j] << " ";
cout << endl;
}
return 0; 12
}
 Exercise 5.2.3 (Home work)
Improve the exercise 5.2.2 where the student ID is not a number
but a character.

For example:
Input: Output:
A 8, 7, 9 A 8, 7, 9, 8.2
B 7, 8, 9 B 7, 8, 9, 8.3
C 9, 8, 9 C 9, 8, 9, 8.7
….. …..

Hint: use a matrix of float for the column score, and an array of char for
student_Id

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3. Function and parameter declarations
◼ User-defined program units are called subprograms.
In C++ all subprograms are referred to as functions.

◼ Defining a Function
The lines that compose a function within a C++ program are
called a function definition.

The syntax for declaring & defining a function:

data_type name_of_function (parameters) {

many statements/variable/constant declarations
}
To call a function
data_type result = name_of_function (param1, param2, …)

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◼ A function definition consists of four parts:

• A reserved word indicating the data type of the function’s return value.
• The function name
• Any parameters required by the function, contained within ( and ).
• The function’s statements/declarations enclosed in curly braces { }.

◼ Example 1:
void FindMax(int x, int y) {
int maxnum;
if ( x >= y)
maxnum = x;
else
maxnum = y;
cout << “\n The maximum of the two numbers is “ << maxnum << endl;
return;
}

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How to call functions
◼ You designate a data type for function since it will return a
value from a function after it executes.
◼ Variable names that will be used in the function header line are
called formal parameters.
◼ To execute a function, you must invoke, or call, it by a function
call.
◼ The values or variables that you place within the parentheses
of a function call statement are called actual parameters.

◼ Example:
int firstNum = 5;
int secNum = 8;
findMax(firstNum, secNum);

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Function Prototypes
◼ A function prototype declares to the compiler that you intend to
use a function later in the program.
◼ If you try to call a function at any point in the program prior to
its function prototype or function definition, you will receive an
error at compile time.

Example 5.3.1
// Finding the maximum of three integers
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int maximum(int, int, int); // function prototype (forward declaration)
int main()
{
int a, b, c;
cout << "Enter three integers: ";
cin >> a >> b >> c;
cout << "Maximum is: " << maximum (a, b, c) << endl;
return 0;
}
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// Function maximum definition
// x, y and z are parameters to the maximum function definition
int maximum( int x, int y, int z)
{
int max = x;
if ( y > max )
max = y;
if ( z > max )
max = z;
return max;
}

The output of the above program:

Enter three integers: 22 85 17

Maximum is: 85

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Conceptual diagram of the process of calling a function

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4. Pass by Value
◼ If a variable is one of the actual parameters in a
function call, the called function receives a copy of
the values stored in the variable.

◼ After the values are passed to the called function,

control is transferred to the called function.

◼ Example: The statement findMax(firstnum, secnum);

calls the function findMax and causes the values
currently residing in the variables firstnum and
secnum to be passed to findMax function.

◼ The method of passing values to a called function is

called pass by value.
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RETURNING VALUES
◼ To actually return a value from a function, you must
include the return statement within the called
function.

◼ The syntax for the return statement is either

return expression;
or
return ;

◼ Values passes back and forth between functions

must be of the same data type.

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5. VARIABLE SCOPE

◼ Scope refers to where in your program a declared

variable or constant is allowed to be used.

◼ A variable/constant declaration with Global scope is

one that is declared outside of any functions or
classes and is accessible throughout the entire
program.

◼ A variable/constant declaration with Local scope is

one that is declared inside a function and is
accessible only within that specific function.

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Example 5.5.1
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int x; // create a global variable named x
void valfun(); // function prototype (declaration)
int main()
{
int y; // create a local variable named y
x = 10; // store a value into the global variable
y = 20; // store a value into the local variable
cout << "From main(): x = " << x << endl;
cout << "From main(): y = " << y << endl;
valfun(); // call the function valfun
cout << "\nFrom main() again: x = " << x << endl;
cout << "From main() again: y = " << y << endl;
return 0;
}

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void valfun() {
int y; // create a second local variable named y
y = 30; // this only affects this local variable's value
cout << "\nFrom valfun(): x = " << x << endl;
cout << "\nFrom valfun(): y = " << y << endl;
x = 40; // this changes x for both functions
return;
}

The output of the above program:

From main(): x = 10
From main(): y = 20

From valfun(): x = 10
From valfun(): y = 30

From main() again: x = 40

From main() again: y = 20
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6. VARIABLE STORAGE CLASS
◼ The lifetime of a variable is referred to as the storage
duration, or storage class.

◼ Four available storage classes: auto, static, extern and

register.

◼ If one of these class names is used, it must be placed

before the variable’s data type in a declaration statement.

◼ Examples:
auto int num;
static int miles;
register int dist;
extern float price;
extern float yld;

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Local Variable Storage Classes
◼ Local variables can only be members of the auto,
static, or register storage classes.

◼ Default: auto class.

Automatic Variables

◼ The term auto is short for automatic.

◼ Automatic storage duration refers to variables that

exist only during the lifetime of the command block
(such as a function) that contains them.

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Example 5.6.1
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void testauto(); // function prototype
int main(){
int count; // count is a local auto variable
for(count = 1; count <= 3; count++)
testauto();
return 0;
}
void testauto(){
int num = 0; // num is a local auto variable
cout << "The value of the automatic variable num is "
<< num << endl;
The output of the above program:
num++;
return; The value of the automatic variable num is 0
} The value of the automatic variable num is 0
The value of the automatic variable num is 0

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Static local variables
◼ In some applications, we want a function to
remember values between function calls. This is the
purpose of the static storage class.

◼ A local static variable is not created and destroyed

each time the function declaring the static variable is
called.

◼ Once created, local static variables remain in

existence for the life of the program.

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Example 5.6.2
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void teststatic(); // function prototype
int main(){
int count; // count is a local auto variable
for(count = 1; count <= 3; count++)
teststatic();
return 0;
}
void teststatic(){
static int num = 0; // num is a local static variable
cout << "The value of the static variable num is "
<< num << endl;
The output of the above program:
num++;
return; The value of the static variable num is 0
} The value of the static variable num is 1
The value of the static variable num is 2

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 Example 5.6.3
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int funct(int); // function prototype
int main()
{
int count, value; // count is a local auto variable
for(count = 1; count <= 10; count++) { The output of the
value = funct(count); above program:
cout << count << ‘\t’ << value << endl;
} 1 101
2 102
return 0;
3 103
} 4 104
5 105
int funct( int x) 6 106
{ 7 107
int sum = 100; // sum is a local auto variable 8 108
sum += x; 9 109
return sum; 10 110
}
Note: The effect of increasing sum in funct(), before the function’s
return statement, is lost when control is returned to main(). 30
Example 5.6.4
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int funct( int); // function prototype
int main()
{
int count, value; // count is a local auto variable
for(count = 1; count <= 10; count++) {
value = funct( count);
cout << count << ‘\t’ << value << endl;
}
return 0;
}
int funct( int x)
{
static int sum = 100; // sum is a local static variable
sum += x;
return sum;
}

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The output of the above program:

1 101
2 103
3 106
4 110
5 115
6 121
7 128
8 136 Note:
9 145 1.The initialization of static variables is done
10 155 only once when the program is first
compiled. At compile time, the variable is
created and any initialization value is
placed in it.
2. All static variables are set to zero when no
explicit initialization is given.

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Register Variables

◼ Register variables have the same time duration as

automatic variables.
◼ Register variables are stored in CPU’s internal
registers rather than in memory.
◼ Examples:

register int time;

register double difference;

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Extern Variable
◼ Extern variable is a Global one which is declared in
another file.
For example, file header.h file main.cpp

File file2.cpp

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7. PASS BY REFERENCE
◼ Reference Parameters
Two ways to invoke functions in many programming languages
are:
- call by value
- call by reference

◼ When an argument is passed call by value, a copy of the

argument’s value is made and passed to the called function.
Changes to the copy do not affect the original variable’s value
in the caller.

◼ With call-by-reference, the caller gives the called function the

ability to access the caller’s data directly, and to modify that
data if the called function chooses so.
◼ To indicate that the function parameter is passed-by-reference,
simply follow the parameter’s type in the function prototype of
function header by an ampersand (&).
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◼ For example, the declaration
int& count
in the function header means “count is a reference parameter
to an int”.

Example 5.7.1
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int squareByValue( int );
void squareByReference( int & );
int main()
{
int x = 2, z = 4;
cout << "x = " << x << " before squareByValue\n"
<< "Value returned by squareByValue: "
<< squareByValue( x ) << endl
<< "x = " << x << " after squareByValue\n" << endl;
cout << "z = " << z << " before squareByReference" << endl;
squareByReference( z );
cout << "z = " << z << " after squareByReference" << endl;
return 0;
}
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int squareByValue( int a )
{
return a *= a; // caller's argument not modified
}
void squareByReference(int &cRef )
{
cRef *= cRef; // caller's argument modified
}

The output of the above program:

x = 2 before squareByValue
Value returned by squareByValue: 4
x = 2 after squareByReference

z = 4 before squareByReference
z = 16 after squareByReference

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8. RECURSION
◼ In C++, it’s possible for a function to call itself. Functions that
do so are called seft-referential or recursive functions.
◼ Example: To compute factorial of an integer

1! = 1
n! = n*(n-1)!
Example 5.8.1
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;
int factorial( int );
int main() {
for ( int i = 0; i <= 10; i++ )
cout << setw( 2 ) << i << "! = " << factorial( i ) << endl;
return 0;
}

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// Recursive definition of function factorial
int factorial( int number )
{
if (number == 0) // base case
return 1;
else // recursive case
return number * factorial( number - 1 );
} The output of the above
program:
0! = 1
1! = 1
2! = 2
3! = 6
4! = 24
5! = 120
6! = 720
7! = 5040
8! = 40320
9! = 362880
10! = 3628800

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9. PASSING ARRAYS TO FUNCTIONS
◼ To pass an array to a function, specify the name of the array
without any brackets. For example, if array hourlyTemperature
has been declared as

int hourlyTemperature[24];

◼ The function call statement

modifyArray(hourlyTemperature, size);

passes the array hourlyTemperature and its size to function

modifyArray.

◼ For the function to receive an array through a function call, the

function’s parameter list must specify that an array will be
received.

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 For example, the function header for function modifyArray
might be written as
void modifyArray(int b[], int arraySize)

Notice that the size of the array is not required between the
array brackets.

Example 5.9.1

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int linearSearch( int [], int, int);
void main()
{
const int arraySize = 100;
int a[arraySize], searchKey, element;

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 for (int x = 0; x < arraySize; x++) // create some data
a[x] = 2*x;
cout<< “Enter integer search key: “<< endl;
cin >> searchKey;
element = linearSearch(a, searchKey, arraySize);
if(element != -1)
cout<<”Found value in element “<< element << endl;
else
cout<< “Value not found “ << endl;
return 0;
}
int linearSearch(int array[], int key, int sizeofArray)
{
for(int n = 0; n< sizeofArray; n++)
if (array[n] == key)
return n;
return –1;
}
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Exercise

◼ Write a C++ program:

❑ find all negative numbers in an integer array
❑ find max number in a float array
❑ find sum of all odd numbers in a float array
❑ find maximum occurring character in a character
array

Programming Fundamentals 43
Exercise

◼ Write C++ functions:

❑ check if a date is valid or not
❑ swap 2 numbers
❑ find highest common factor of two numbers
❑ find Nth Fibonacci number
❑ sort an array
❑ insert an element into an array at index k
❑ remove an element from an array at index k

Programming Fundamentals 44