DFC20113 -

PROGRAMMING
FUNDAMENTALS
Understand the use of array

1
Course Learning Outcomes:
■ CLO1: Implement programming element and
articulate how they are used to achieve a working
program.

■ CLO2: Show simple programs by developing code to

solve problems in a computer using C++
programming language.

2
Learning Outcomes:
By the end of the class, student should be able to:
■ Define an Array
■ Describe the components of an array: index, elements, size
■ Explain the types of arrays
■ Declare, initialize and illustrate one dimensional array
■ Access individual element of one dimensional array
■ Declare, initialize and illustrate two dimensional array
■ Access individual element of two dimensional array

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Situation
A lecturer are marking a quiz of 25 students for her
class. Help her to display the marks that she entered,
count the total and average marks of the class.

4
Solution without array
#include <iostream> cout<<"Enter quiz of student 6: ";

using namespace std; cin>>quiz6;

int main() cout<<"Enter quiz of student 7: ";
{ cin>>quiz7;
float quiz1,quiz2,quiz3,quiz4,quiz5; cout<<"Enter quiz of student 8: ";
float quiz6,quiz7,quiz8,quiz9,quiz10; cin>>quiz8;
float average; cout<<"Enter quiz of student 9: ";
cout<<"Enter quiz of student 1: "; cin>>quiz9;
cin>>quiz1; cout<<"Enter quiz of student 10: ";
cout<<"Enter quiz of student 2: "; cin>>quiz10;
cin>>quiz2;
//continue cout and cin for 15 others students
cout<<"Enter quiz of student 3: ";
cin>>quiz3;
average=(quiz1+quiz2+quiz3+quiz4+quiz5+quiz6+quiz7
cout<<"Enter quiz of student 4: "; +quiz8+quiz9+quiz10)/10;
cin>>quiz4; //formula will change if the student is 25.
cout<<"Enter quiz of student 5: "; cout<<"Average of quiz is :"<<average<<endl;
cin>>quiz5; return 0;
} 5
Output

6
Solution using array
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
float quiz[25]; //declaration of array
float sum=0, average=0; //initialize sum and average to 0
cout<<"This program is using array to calculate average of student's quiz."<<endl;
cout<<"-------------------------------------------------------------------"<<endl;
for(int i=0; i<25; i++)
{
cout<<"Enter quiz of student " <<i+1<<" : ";
cin>>quiz[i];
sum+=quiz[i];
}
average=sum/10;
cout<<"Average of quiz is :"<<average<<endl;
return 0;
}
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Output using array

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Array Definition
■ Array is a collection of data elements of the same
type that are referenced by a common name.

■ It used to process a collection of data all of which

is of the same type, such as list of name, list of
temperature.

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 Array Definition
■ Array’s element consist of memory allocation and
identified by index.
■ Array size : 9

1st Index Indexs

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

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Types of Arrays
■ Two types of arrays
 One-dimensional array
 Two-dimensional array

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One Dimensional Arrays
■ Definition: A one dimensional array, also referred as 1D array, will have a
single row and can have any number of columns.

■ One dimensional arrays will have only one subscript. Subscript refers to
the dimension of the array.

■ When you declare a one dimensional array as x[7], it means that the array
has one row and seven columns.

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Representation of a ONE
Dimensional Array

X[0] X[1] X[2] X[3] X[4] X[5] X[6]

X[7] Row
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Column

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Example of declaring one
dimensional array
 Syntax:
<Data type> <Variable_name>[Size of the array];
 Example: int X[3];

int X [ 3 ] ;

Data Type Subscript Array size is 3

X is an array variable that can hold 3 values. Each value is referred as an

element. Therefore, this array will has 3 elements of integer data type.
 Array declaration of 10 alphabet. Eg:
 char huruf[10];
 const int size = 20;
float list[size];
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 Initializing One
Dimensional Array
 Initialization is the process of assigning values to the array you have
created.
 To assign initial values to each one of array’s elements we must enclose
the values in curly braces ({ }) and separate them with comma (,). 

 Eg : char huruf[5] = {‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’,

‘e’};
int number[3] = {20,1,345};
float price[5] = {1.25,2.20};
int number[10] = { };
int number[ ] = {1,2,3,4,5,6};

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Initializing One
Dimensional Array
– Eg: int nombor[3] = {3, 24, 31};

first index 0 1 2

nombor 3 24 31

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Accessing Element of One
Dimensional Array
 Element is accessed by its index
 Array index refers to the location of the values in an array.
 The first element will always have the array index as 0.

Syntax :
<Variable_name>[Array index];

Example:
Individual Element or using loop
marks[0]; for(i = 0; i < 3; i+
marks[1]; +)
marks[2]; marks[i];
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Array element and index
X[0] X[1] X[2]

1st element 2nd element 3rd element

 To access 1D array and store value to

the array :
X[0] = 3;/*accessing 1st element and
store number 3*/
X[1] = 14; /*accessing 2nd element and
store number 14*/
X[2] = 10; /*accessing 3rd element and
store number 10*/

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Accessing Element of One
Dimensional Array
 Eg:
int my_array[5] = {11, 22, 33, 44, 55};

 to store the value 75 in the third element of my_array, we could write the
following statement:
my_array[2] = 75;

 to pass the value in 4th element of my_array and store the value into
temporary variable, temp_value:
int temp_value = my_array[3]; // also equals to 44
cout<<my_array[3];
cout<<temp_value;

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Accessing Element of One
Dimensional Array
 if the name of an array is name, then name[0] is the name of the element
that is in position 0, name[1] is the name of the element that is in position 1,
etc.
 in general, the nth element is in position n-1. So if the array has n elements,
their names are name[0], name[1], name[2], …, name[n-1].
 it is important to be able to clearly distinguish between the two uses that
brackets [ ] have related to arrays:
int name[5]; // declaration of a new array
name[2] = 75; /* access to an element of the array
and store number 75. */

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Example
■ Program Student_Marks.cpp will illustrate how to
declare an array, initialize and access its elements.

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// program Student_Marks.cpp

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
void main()
{
int marks[ ]={95,85,75,80,65};
cout<<"marks[0] : "<<marks[0];
Output:
marks[0] : 95
cout<<"\nmarks[1] : "<<marks[1];
marks[1] : 85
cout<<"\nmarks[2] : "<<marks[2]; marks[2] : 75
cout<<"\nmarks[3] : "<<marks[3]; marks[3] : 80
cout<<"\nmarks[4] : "<<marks[4]; marks[4] : 65
}

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EXAMPLE
■ Program Onedim_Int_Array.cpp illustrates how
to initialize integer array and display its contents
using for loop.

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// program Onedim_Int_Array.cpp

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
void main()
{
int y[4]={8,7,6,4};
for(int i=0;i<4;i++)
{
cout<<y[i]<<"\n";
}
}

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Example
■ Program Onedim_Char_Array_Name.cpp
illustrates how to initialize a character array and
display its contents.

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//program Onedim_Char_Array_Name.cpp

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
void main()
{
char stud_name[ ]={‘M',‘A',‘F','I','A'};
for(int i=0;i<=4;i++)
{
cout<<stud_name[i];
}
}
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Entering Data into an Array
 When more number of values are to be stored in an array, a for
loop can be used.
 The sample code shows how to use a for loop in an array.

int marks[5];
for(int i=0;i<5;i++)
{
cout<<“Enter the marks: ";
cin>>marks[i];
}

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Printing Data from an Array
■ You can use a for loop with a single cout
statement to print the values from an array.

for (int i=0;i<5;i++)

{
cout<<"Marks : “<<marks[i];
}

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Example
■ Program One_Int_Array.cpp illustrates how to accept
five marks from the user and prints the values on the
screen.

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// Program One_Int_Array.cpp
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void main()
{
int marks[5];
//Accepting the marks
for(int i=0;i<5;i++){
cout<<"Enter mark :";
cin>>marks[i];
}
cout<<"\nThe marks you have enter is"<<endl;
//Displaying the array
for(int i=0;i<5;i++){
cout<<"Marks:"<<marks[i]<<endl;
}
}
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■ Output :

31
In Class Exercise
1. Declare an array alpha of 15 elements of type int.
2. Access the value of tenth element of array alpha.
3. Set the value of fifth element of array alpha to 35.
4. Set the value of ninth element of array alpha to the
sum of fifth and sixth element of array alpha.

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1. Declare an array alpha of 15 elements of type int.
int alpha [15];

2. Access the value of tenth element of array alpha.

alpha [9];

3. Set the value of fifth element of array alpha to 35.

alpha [4] = 35;

3. Set the value of ninth element of array alpha to the sum of

fifth and sixth element of array alpha.
alpha [8] = alpha [4] + alpha [5]

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■ What is the output?

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
void main()
{
double num [ ]= {2.0, 4.0, 6.5, 8.7};
cout<<num[1+2];
cout<<num[1]+num[2];
}

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 Edit the following code, to fill in  Output:
value into array //program output
1
#include <iostream> 2
using namespace std;
3
void main()
4
{
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) 5
{ 6
cout << i+1 << “\n”; 7
} 8
} 9
10

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Answer
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void main()
{
int num[ ]={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10};
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
cout << num[i]<< "\n";
}
}

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 EXERCISE:
1. Declare an array my_student of 10 element of type integer
2. Access the value of tenth element of array staff.
3. Variable name is matrix consist a 5 column with data type
of double.
4. Declare an array my_size of 5 elements of type float.

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 Exercise:
■ Determine what is the output for the segment
code below:
int a[4]={4,2,0,3};

a. for (i = 0; i<4; i++)

cout<<a[i];
b. for (i = 0; i<4; i++)
cout<<10-a[i];

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 Summary
■ An array is a structured data type with a fixed number of elements.
■ Every element of an array is of the same type and can be accessed
by their index.
■ Array index started with 0.
■ Array can be initialized during declaration.
■ A one-dimensional array has one subscript.
■ Element is accessed by its index.

39
REFERENCES
■ G. Marc. (2018) Professional C++ (4th Edition). New York,
United States. (ISBN: 9781119421306 )
■ S. Os . (2016) Programming: C ++ Programming:
Programming Language for Beginners: Learn in A Day!.
Morrisville, United States. ( ISBN: 9781329779013 )
■ A. Nikhil. (2017) Coding All-in-One For Dummies. New York,
United States. (ISBN: 9781119363026).

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 TWO-Dimensional Array
■ Two-dimensional arrays can be described as "arrays of
arrays".
■ For example, a two-dimensional array can be imagined as
a two-dimensional table made of elements of a same
uniform data type.

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Presentation of Two-dimensional
array

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■ Assume that there are 5 students in a class and each of them study
three different subjects, for example Mathematics, Physics and
Chemistry.

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Example of declaring
Two-Dimensional array
Example
int marks_table [5][3];
 
Syntax
<Data type> <Variable name> [Row][Column];

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Example of declaring
Two-Dimensional array
■ Table jimmy represents a bi-dimensional array of 3 by 5
elements of type int.

■ The way to declare this array in C++ would be:

int jimmy [3][5];
column
row

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 Initializing Two-Dimensional
Array
 Eg:
 int array1[ 2 ][ 3 ] = { { 1, 2, 3 }, { 4, 5, 6 } };
 Represent into table:
123
456
 int array2[ 2 ][ 3 ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
 Represent into table :
123
450
 int array3[ 2 ][ 3 ] = { { 1, 2 }, { 4 } };
 Represent into table :
120
400

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Accessing Element in Two-
Dimensional Array
■ Element is accessed by the index of its row and column.
■ Eg:
– To access the element in the 2nd row and at the 4th column of
this two-dimensional array, we can used the following code:
jimmy[1][3];

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Example of Two Dimensional
Array
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
void main()
{
int array2[ 2 ][ 3 ] = {{ 1, 2, 3} ,{4, 5,6 }};

for(int i=0; i<2; i++)

{
for(int j=0; j<3; j++)
cout<<array2[i][j] << " ";
cout<<endl;
}
}

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Output

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What is output?
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
void main()
{
int marks_table[5][3] = { {83,99,74},
{88,90,72},{89,88,82},
{98,93,75},{78,60,65} };
cout<<marks_table[1][2];
}

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Output

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Example 1 of Two Dimensional
#include<iostream>

Array
#include<string>

using namespace std;

void main()

string Data [2][3];

//For first fow

Data[0][0] = "Lisa"; //lastname

Data[0][1] = "Sulaiman"; //firstname

Data[0][2] = "Kedah"; //location

//Second row

Data[1][0] = "Ali"; //lastname

Data[1][1] = "Muhammad"; //firstname

Data[1][2] = "Johor"; //location

cout<<"Lastname\tFirstname\tLocation\n";

for(int i=0;i<2;i++){

for(int j=0;j<3;j++){

cout<<Data[i][j]<<"\t\t";

cout<<"\n";//move to new line

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Example 2 of Two Dimensional
Array
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void main()
{
int array2[ 3 ][ 4 ];
//Accepting the marks
for (int row=0; row<2; row++) {
for(int col=0; col<3; col++){
cout<<"Enter mark ["<<(row)<<"][" <<col <<"]: ";
cin>>array2[row][col];
}
cout<<endl;
}
//display
for(int row=0; row<2; row++){
for(int col=0; col<3; col++)
cout<<array2[row][col] << " ";
cout<<endl;
}
}
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Output of Example 2

54
In Class Exercise
 Declare an array beta of 10 rows and 20 columns of
type int.
 Examine the following:
double values[ ] [ ] = {
{1.2, 9.0, 3.2},
{9.2, 0.5, 1.5},
{7.3, 7.9, 4.8} } ;
What is the value of values[2][1]?

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 Which of the following statements constructs an array
with 5 rows of 7 columns?
long stuff[5][7];
long[5][7];
long stuff[7][5];
long [7][5];

56
 Summary
■ An array is a structured data type with a fixed number of elements.
■ Every element of an array is of the same type and can be accessed by
their index.
■ Array index started with 0.
■ Array can be initialized during declaration.
■ In two-dimensional array, elements are arranged in table form.
■ To access element from two-dimensional array, pair of indices is needed
(index for row and index for column).

57
REFERENCES
■ G. Marc. (2018) Professional C++ (4th Edition). New York,
United States. (ISBN: 9781119421306 )
■ S. Os . (2016) Programming: C ++ Programming:
Programming Language for Beginners: Learn in A Day!.
Morrisville, United States. ( ISBN: 9781329779013 )
■ A. Nikhil. (2017) Coding All-in-One For Dummies. New York,
United States. (ISBN: 9781119363026).

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