Nuts, Bolts

Knock Down
And Washers
Fitting
Tapping And
Threading

Screws Temporary

Oval Wire
Round Wire Joining Methods

Panel Pin

Halving Joints
Nails
Rivets

Permanent Butt Joint

Mortise And
Tenon Joint
Rebate Joint

Soft Soldering
Dowel Joint Welding Arc Welding
(MMA)

Housing Joint Mig

Brazing

Tig

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Temporary

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Tapping And Threading

Uses Advantages
 For creating thread either ex-  Allows bolts to be used where a
ternal or internal depending temporary fixing may be required
on application  Can be used in plastic and metal
 Can be used to restore damaged
threads
 Allows for nuts to be used as a
temporary fixing if required
 Thread size can be varied by ad-
justing pinch bolts on the die stock

Disadvantages
 If dies are not set square you
will get a drunken thread
 Smaller sizes break easily if
not used correctly
 Clogs up easily due to swarf
build up
 Can be difficult to start

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Nuts, Bolts And Washers

Uses Advantages
 Nuts and bolts provide a tem-  Can be undone so items can
porary fixing and a convenient be taken apart
method of securing parts that  Come in various lengths and
can be easily be undone sizes
 Lock nuts can be used for firm
fixings

Disadvantages
 Can work loose with vibration
 If correct size spanner is not
used you can round the head
 Can become cross threaded
damaging the threads

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Screws
Uses Advantages
 Screws offer a reliable and  Can be easily removed
neat method of fixing wood  Some new screw do not need pilot
metal and plastic. The can be holes or clearances
removed making them a tem-  Can be used to joint dissimilar ma-
porary but study. terials e.g. plastic to wood

Disadvantages
 Steel screws will rust if outside
 Some screws can be hard to remove
 It is difficult to get screws out if the
shear off
 If holes are not correctly prepared, screws
can split material when inserted

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Knock down fittings

Uses Advantages
 There are many knock down  Allows larger assembly to be
joining methods, all of which transported
allow joints to be made quick-  Can be taken apart multiple times
ly and easily.  Parts interchangeable
 The parts can be taken apart
easily and quickly, so the
whole construction can be
“knocked down” or flat
packed for easy transporta-
tion

Disadvantages
 Can some times make things
unstable
 Not the greatest of weight
bearing joint.

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Permanent

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Round Wire Nail

Uses Advantages
 Nails are a quick method of  Big flat head makes it easy to
joining wood. As nails are hit
driven into wood, they grip by  Sometimes serrated which
forcing the fibres of the wood helps them grip
away from the head. This
makes them difficult to with-
draw
 A general Rule when using
nails is nail length should be
three times the width of the
wood being joined

Disadvantages
 Longer nails can bend when
being hit

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Oval Wire Nail

Uses Advantages
 Nails are a quick method of  Can be punched below the
joining wood. As nails are surface and the hole filled
driven into wood, they grip by
forcing the fibres of the wood
away from the head. This
makes them difficult to with-
draw
 A general Rule when using
nails is nail length should be
three times the width of the
wood being joined

Disadvantages
 Very difficult to get out as the
head is below the surface

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Panel Pin
Uses Advantages
 Nails are a quick method of  Small heads can be punched
joining wood. As nails are below the surface with a nail
driven into wood, they grip by punch
forcing the fibres of the wood
away from the head. This
makes them difficult to with-
draw
 A general Rule when using
nails is nail length should be
three times the width of the
wood being joined

Disadvantages
 Bend more easily due to their
thinness

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Wood Joints

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Halving Joint
Description Advantages
 Halving joints are made by  Stronger than butt joints
cutting away half the thick-  Can be strengthened easily by
ness of the material on each adding dowels
half of the joint. Having joints
can be used on corners, tees,
or for cross halving.

Disadvantages
 Accuracy must be maintained
to archive a perfect finish

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Butt Joint
Description Advantages
 Butt joints are the simplest  Cheap
form of joint and the weakest  Most simple joint
since the only have a small  Can be strengthen relatively easily
gluing area, which means they
can be pulled apart. They are
used in cheap furniture and
sometimes have dowels add-
ed to reinforce them.

Disadvantages
 Weak due to small gluing area

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Rebate Joints
Description Advantages
 Rebate joints are also know as  Stronger than a butt joint due to a
lap joints. One part of the two larger gluing area and weight
bearing lip
pieces being joined is left
plain and the other has a re-
bate cut into it, which means
that half the thickness of the
material is removed to form a
lip

Disadvantages
 Still potentially weak to cer-
tain forces

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Housing Joint
Description Advantages
 Housing joints can be cut in to  Provide a neat finish for
natural timber and manufac- shelves
tured boards. They are com-  Weight bearing
monly used in the construc-
tions of cabinet work for
shelves or dividers

Disadvantages
 Difficult may be experienced
in getting both sides exactly
level for a shelf

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Mortice and tenon joint

Description Advantages
 Mortise and tenon joints are  Strong Joint
widely used in the construc-  Neat
tion of furniture frames. The
mortise is marked out with a
mortise gauge and cut with a
mortise chisel. The width of
the tenon should be one third
the width of the timber.

Disadvantages
 If not accurately cut out the
tenon may “float” creating an
unstable frame.

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Dowel joint
Description Advantages
 Dowel joints are butt joints  Cheap reinforcement method
with dowels used as reinforce-  Two or more dowels will pre-
ments. Dowels are made from vent work pieces rotating if
beech or ramin. Holes are glue cannot be applied
drilled in both pieces and glue
is used to secure the dowels
inn place and between the
joining surfaces.

Disadvantages
 Relatively weak
 If holes are drill accurately the
two mating surfaces will not
match up

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Metal Joints

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Snap riveting
Description Advantages
 Rivets are most commonly  Can be drilled to undo joints
used in sheet metal, although  Joints can be created as hing-
they can also be used to join es
acrylic and some woods to
 Little specialist equipment re-
metals. They are normally
quired
made from soft iron and are
available with a range of
heads, the most common be-
ing the countersunk or round
head. This round head type of
rivet is known as snap head
rivet

Disadvantages
 Can be time consuming when
snap riveting

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Pop riveting
Description Advantages
 Another form of rivet is the pop rivet,  Can be drilled to undo joints
which is used with a pop rivet gun and is
very useful when you only have access
 Joints can be created as hinges
to one side of the object or are joining a  Little specialist equipment re-
very thin sheet of material. A pop rivet quired
consists of a hollow rivet mounted on a
head pin. As the head pin is drawn up
through the hollow rivet by the gun, it
will pop when the tension on it reaches
a certain point. The pop riveting process
is simple and only requires a hole to be
drilled for the rivet to be placed into.
Although technically a permanent meth-
od of joining, both snap and pop riveted
joints can be undone simply by drilling
through the two pieces to removed the
rivet itself

Disadvantages
 Can be time consuming when
snap riveting

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Soft soldering
Description Advantages
 Soft soldering is a process for making  Cheap
joints in brass, copper and tinplate.
When the area to be jointed has be
 Allows to dissimilar metals to be
cleaned, a flux is used to prevent build jointed
up of a surfaces oxides and to aid the  Can be done on a DIY basis
flow of solder. A thin layer of solder is
applied to both pieces being joined. This  Better when working with awk-
is called tinning. When both pieces ward shapes
have been tinned they can be placed
together and sweated. This means heat
is applied and both tinned sides join to
become one.

Disadvantages
 Not very strong
 Can be release toxic fumes

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Brazing
Description Advantages
 When brazing, a gas burning torch pro-  Allows to dissimilar metals to be
vides the heat and the flame is con- joined
trolled by mixing gas and air. A flux usu-
ally borax, is mixed with water to make  Better when working with awk-
a paste and is spread around the joint. ward shapes
The flux prevents excess oxidation and
helps the brazing spelter the flow. Braz-
ing spelter is the filler material that joins
the pieces together and melts at 875o
brazing therefore is only suitable for use
with mild steel because other metals
would melt due to the temperatures
involved.

Disadvantages
 Not very strong
 Can be release toxic fumes
 Very hot creating potential for
burns

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Arc welding
Description Advantages
 Arc welding uses large electrical  Strong Joint
current to jump across a small  Can be used on material 5mm up
gap. With a current between 10 to 50mm thick
and 120 amps enough to heat can
 Slag builds up on the weld so no
be generated to melt metal. A flux
inert gas is needed
coated filler rod carries the cur-
rent. As it is burnt away during the
welding process, the flux also
burns away and protects the weld
from oxidation.

Disadvantages
 Very hot causing potential for serious
burns (Around 3000oC to 20000oC)
 Can only join similar metals
 Blowing hole in the parent metal if
settings are incorrect
 Welding angles must be adhered to for
strength
 Emission of UV Light
 Cannot be used on thin metals

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Mig welding
Description Advantages
 MIG welding is similar to electrical  Good for general purpose
arc welding but uses a continuous  Can weld between 1.6mm to
feed of filler rod so it does not 10mm thick steel plate
have to be replaced. An arc is
 Generally neat finish
struck between the work piece
and the filler rod and an inert gas  Strong joint
flows through the torch to prevent
surface oxidation and the for-
mation of slag

Disadvantages
 Very hot causing potential for serious
burns (Around 3000oC to 20000oC)
 Can only join similar metals
 Blowing hole in the parent metal if
settings are incorrect
 Welding angles must be adhered to for
strength
 Emission of UV Light

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Tig welding
Description Advantages
 Is an arc welding process that uses a non-  Can be used on stainless steel, alu-
consumable tungsten electrode to produce
minium as well as mild steel
the weld. The weld area is protected from
atmospheric contamination by an inert  Very neat welding seam
shielding gas (argon or helium), and a filler
metal is normally used, though some welds,  Strong joint
known as autogenous welds, do not require
 Some metal do not need filler rods
it E.G. Aluminium. A constant-current weld-
ing power supply produces energy which is
conducted across the arc through a column
of highly ionized gas and metal vapours
known as a plasma.

Disadvantages
 Very hot causing potential for serious
burns (Around 3000oC to 20000oC)
 Blowing hole in the parent metal if
settings are incorrect
 Can only join similar metals
 Welding angles must be adhered to for
strength
 Emission of UV Light
 Inert gases must be used e.g. Argon

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