LESSON 7

MEDIA AND INFORMATION

LANGUAGES

Presented by: GROUP 2 SPIRULINA

OBJECTIVES
Discuss concepts of codes, codes, and other media
languages
Produce and asesses the codes, codes, and other
media languages
Present an issue in varied ways to disseminate
information using codes, convention, and other
languages
WHAT IS A LANGUAGE?
LANGUAGE
a system of arbitrary, vocal symbols
that permit all people in a given
culture, or other people who have
learned the system of that culture to
communicate or to interact.
HOW IS LANGUAGE DEFINED IN MEDIA?
HOW IS LANGUAGE DEFINED IN MEDIA?
pertains to the technical and symbolic
ingredients or codes and conventions
that media and information professionals
may select and use in an effort to
communicate ideas, information, and
knowledge.
MEDIA LANGUAGES
 MEDIA LANGUAGES
codes, conventions, formats, symbols and
narrative structures that indicate the meaning
of media messages to an audience.
 MEDIA LANGUAGES
codes, conventions, formats, symbols and
narrative structures that indicate the meaning
of media messages to an audience.

denoted how media producers make meaning

about a certain medium they are producing and
how they transfer that meaning to their target
audience.
 INTERPRETING MEDIA LANGUAGES

DENOTATIVE MEANING CONNOTATIVE MEANING

 INTERPRETING MEDIA LANGUAGES

DENOTATIVE MEANING CONNOTATIVE MEANING

Literal meaning
of the media
 INTERPRETING MEDIA LANGUAGES

DENOTATIVE MEANING CONNOTATIVE MEANING

Various interpretations that

Literal meaning
media suggests to the
of the media audience which are often
associated with culture,
values, beliefs, etc.
ASPECTS OF MEDIA LANGUAGES
GENRE
-a french word which means ¨kind¨ or ¨class¨
-original Latin word is ¨genus¨ means a class of
things that can be broken down into subcategories
-it tends to be understood to constitute particular
conventions of contents and to follow a distintive
style in ters of form and presentation
SUBCATEGORY OF GENRE
News
these are stories that have critical importance
to community and national life

Entertainment
derived from the French word ¨entretenir¨ which
means ¨to hold the attention, keep busy, or
amused¨
COMPREHENSIVE MOVIE GENRE LIST:
Action movies
-require stunts, set pieces, explosions, guns, and
karate.
-the stakes are huge, like saving the world or universe
-pacing and structure are built around scenes like car
chases, and their climaxes often have the biggest set-
pieces.
Adventure movies
-usually built around a quest.
-takes place in faraway land or jungles.
Comedy films
-written with a few laughs at a scene.
-the stakes are usually much smaller or interpersonal.
-vary with their darkness and the way they deal with
life and death.
A horror film
-focuses on adrenaline rides for the audience that
dial in the gore, scares, and creative monsters.

-also seen as the most bankable genre with a

huge built-in audience.

Romance movies
-about people coming together, falling apart, and
all hurdles in between.
Thriller movies
-usually linked with horror, action, and drama, but
thrillers are about exciting situations that have
constant danger.

War/Conflict movies
-about POWs, men in foxholes, tanks, and planes.
-they are about people finding commonalities,
differences, and sacrificing their lives.
 CODES
-these are systems of signs that, when put
together, create meaning.
Types of Codes
1. Technical Codes
-the way in which equipment is used to tell story
(camera techniques, framing, depth of fields,
lighting etc.)
Wide Shot
-a view of a situation or setting from a
distance.
Medium Shot
-shows a subject down to
his or her waist with
space above his or her
head.
Medium Close-up
-Shows a subject down
to his or her chest with
space above to his or her
head.
Close-up
-A full screenshot of a
subject face.
Two Shot
-A two shot is a type of
shot in which the frame
encompasses two
people.
Cut Away
-It is the interruption of a continuous
shot by inserting a shot of something
else. Usually, you then cut back to the
first shot. These can be done within the
same scene, cuts to other scenes, or
even as one continuous shot as the
camera pans across to something else.
Over the Shoulder
-Over the shoulder, the shot is a
camera angle used in film and
television, where the camera is
placed above the back of the
shoulder and head of a subject.
Point of View
-Also known as POV shot,
is an angle that shows
what a character is
looking at.
Selective Focus
-Using a shallow depth of field,
the subject can be rendered in
sharp focus with the rest of the
image blurring into the image
foreground and background.
Eye Level
-It refers to when the level of your
camera is placed at the same height as
the eyes of the characters in your frame.
It also stimulates standard human vision
and thus present visual information
through a familiar viewpoint.
High Angle
-It is a cinematic technique where
the camera looks down on the
subject from a high angle, and the
point of focus often gets
“swallowed up.”
Low Angle
-It is a shot from a camera
angle positioned anywhere
below the eye line,
pointing upward.
Bird's Eye View
-A shot in which the camera shoots a
scene from directly overhead. It
usually has an extreme long shot to
establish a setting.We use this angle
to look down at the scene from a
higher point.
Worm's Eye View
-is a shot that is looking up from the
ground and is meant to give the viewer
the feeling that they are looking up at
the character from way below, and it is
meant to show the view that a child or a
pet would have.
2. Symbolic Codes
-is It shows what is beneath the
surface of what we see (objects,
setting, body language,
clothing, color, etc.)
Setting
-The setting is the time and place of
the narrative. When discussing the
setting, you can describe the setting
of the whole story or just a specific
scene.
Mise en scene
It is a French term that means ‘everything within the
frame.’ In media terms, it has become to mean the
description of all the objects within a frame of the media
product and how they have been arranged. An analysis of
the mise en scene includes:
• Set Design
• Costume
• Props
• Staging and Composition
Acting
Actors portray characters in media products and
contribute to character development, creating tension, or
advancing the narrative. The actor portrays a character
through:
• Facial expression
• Body Language
• Vocal Qualities
• Movement
• Body contact
Colour
Colour has highly cultural and strong
connotations. When studying the use of color
in a media product, the different aspects of
being looking at are:
• Dominant color
• Contrasting foils
• Colour symbolism
3. Written Codes
These are the formal written language used in a
media product. It can be used to advance a
narrative, communicate information about a
character or issues and themes. It includes
printed language, which is the text you can see
within the frame and how it is presented, and also
spoken language, which includes dialogue and
song lyrics.
CONVENTIONS
-these are accepted ways of using
media codes. These are closely
connected to the audience’s
expectations of a media product.
TYPES OF CONVENTIONS
Form Conventions
These are certain ways we expect types of media’s
codes to be arranged. For instance, an audience
expects to have a title of the film at the beginning and
then credits at the end. Newspapers will have a
masthead, the most important news on the front page
and sports news on the back page. Video games usually
start with a tutorial to explain the mechanics of how
the game works.
TYPES OF CONVENTIONS
Story Conventions
These are common narrative structures and
understandings that are common in storytelling media
products.
Examples of story conventions include:
✓ Narrative structures
✓ Cause and effect
✓ Character construction
✓ Point of View
TYPES OF CONVENTIONS
Genre Conventions
It points to the common use of tropes,
characters, settings, or themes in a particular
type of medium. Genre conventions are
closely linked with audience expectations.
Genre conventions can be formal or
thematic.
 LEGAL AND
ETHICAL ISSUES
IN MEDIA AND
INFORMATION
ISSUES ON MEDIA AND
INFORMATION
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
-Intellectual property (IP) refers
to creations of the mind, such as
inventions; literary and artistic
works designs and symbols,
names, and images used in
commerce.
TYPES OF INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY
TYPES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
TYPES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

COPYRIGHT
TYPES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

COPYRIGHT PATENT
TYPES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

COPYRIGHT PATENT TRADEMARK

 TYPES OF TELLECTUAL PROPERTY
1. Copyright
-a legal device that gives the creator of a literary, artistic,
musical, or other creative work the sole right to publish
and sell that work.
-Copyright owners have the right to control the
reproduction of their work, including the right to receive
payment for that reproduction.
-Violation of a copyright is called infringement.
2. Patent
-exclusive right granted for an
invention, which is a product or process
that provides, in general , a new way of
doing something , or offers a new
technical or solution to a problem.
3. Trademark
-distinguished sign of goods or services
that identifies and differentiate from one
enterprise to a nother: a signature mark
Trademark Symbols
PLAGIARISM
-an act or instance of using or closely
imitating the language and thoughts of
another author without authorization,
the representation of that author’s work
as one’s own, as by not crediting the
original author.
TYPES OF PLAGIARISM
SOURCES BUT NOT CITED

The Ghost Writer

-The writer turns in another’s
work, word-for-word, as his or
her own.
SOURCES BUT NOT CITED

The Photocopy
-The writer copies significant
portions of text straight from a
single source, without
alteration.
SOURCES BUT NOT CITED

The Potluck Paper

-The writer copies from different
sources and alters the sentences to
make them fit together while
retaining most of the original
phrasing.
SOURCES BUT NOT CITED

The Labor of Laziness

-The writer takes the time to
paraphrase most of the paper
from other sources and make it
all fit together.
SOURCES BUT NOT CITED

The Self Stealer

-The writer “borrows” generously
from his or her previous work.
SOURCES NOT CITED (BUT STILL PLAGIARIZED)

The Misinformer
-The writer provides inaccurate
information regarding the
sources, making it impossible to
find them.
SOURCES NOT CITED (BUT STILL PLAGIARIZED)

The Too-Perfect Paraphrase

-The writer properly cites a
source but neglects to put in
quotation marks on a text that
has been copied word-for-word,
or close to it.
SOURCES NOT CITED (BUT STILL PLAGIARIZED)
The Resourceful Citer
-The writer properly cites all
sources, paraphrasing, and using
quotations appropriately. The
catch? The paper contains
almost no original work!
SOURCES NOT CITED (BUT STILL PLAGIARIZED)
The Perfect Crime
-The writer properly quotes and
cites sources in some places, but
goes on to paraphrase other
arguments from those sources
without citation.
FAIR USE
-principle in copyright law that permit
us with a limited stability to use
copyrighted works without getting
permissions for limited purposes:
personal use, non-profit uses,
education, criticism, or commentary.
RESPONSIBLE DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP
-refers to having the appropriate
knowledge and skills to effectively
use digital technologies to
communicate with others, participate
in society, and create and consume
digital content.
ASPECTS OF DIGITAL
CITIZENSHIP
Netiquette
-refers to having the appropriate knowledge and skills to
effectively use digital technologies to communicate with
others, participate in society, and create and consume
digital content.Simply stated, it is the etiquette of
cyberspace. While not all of these rules hold legal power
nor are strictly enforced, it is important that you, as a
media consumer, have a well-defined set of guidelines
that helps keep you or the people you know in check in
terms of your online activity and presence.
Consider the following “rules,” adapted from Virginia Shea’s The Core Rules
of Netiquette, whenever you communicate in the virtual world.

Rule # 1: Remember the human

Remember the human – remember that the receiver on the other
side of your computer or phone is another human person
capable of understanding, feeling, and getting hurt. Putting
yourself in others’ places can put everything in the right
perspective. Before you send that message, upload that photo,
or send that tweet, ask yourself: How would the other person or
people at the end of the line, feel if I do or say this? Always put in
mind that empathy is one of the most powerful motivations for
some basic decency online.
Rule # 2:Adhere to the same standards of
behavior online that you follow in real life
Good netiquette is derived from the same standards
set in real life. While it can be argued that standards of
behavior may be different in the virtual world, they
certainly should not be any lower. In real life, we are
constantly reminded to be respectful to other people,
mindful of our words, follow the law and other societal
rules. This holds true for cyberspace etiquette as well.
Further, actions have consequences.
Rule # 3: Know where you are in cyberspace
In this context, your manner of interaction may
differ from one domain to another. What’s
perfectly acceptable in one area may be dreadfully
rude in another, and depending on where you are
in the virtual world, the same written
communication can be acceptable in one area,
where it might be considered inappropriate in
another.
Rule # 4: Respect other people’s time and
bandwidth

Most people today lead busy lives, just like

you do, and don’t have time to read or
respond to frivolous e-mails or discussion
posts. Thus, it is your responsibility to ensure
that the time of reading your message or
post isn’t a waste of anyone’s time.
Rule # 5: Make yourself look good online
In the real world, other people’s immediate judgment
of you would be based on your physical appearance,
your demeanor, how you speak, how you carry
yourself, or even how you dress. In the virtual
environment, you will be judged by the quality of
your writing or the content that you post. Both
worlds are filled with prying eyes, and whether we
like it or not, thus we need to be mindful of what we
call our “virtual self.”
So, keep the following tips in mind:
✓ Always check for spelling and grammar errors
✓ Verify the truth of what you are posting or sharing
✓ Know what you’re talking about and state it clearly
✓ Be pleasant and polite
✓ Making yourself look good online does not mean you
are pretending to be someone else for others to like you,
rather it means that you ought to step up in making sure
that content you produce should reflect that of a
responsible digital citizen until such time that it becomes
your lifestyle.
Rule # 6: Share expert knowledge
The strength of the Internet is the extent of the information it offers
and various sources this information comes from. While credibility
issues are a concern, the Internet, as an overall knowledge bank,
continues to grow and expand as experts contribute facts that
people constantly consume. Although netiquette lists several red
flags, sharing your knowledge on something doesn’t count as one. So
do your part – share what you know! When you post a question and
receive intelligent answers, share the results with others. Are you an
expert at something? Post resources and references for your subject
matter. You have recently expanded your knowledge about a subject
that might be of interest to others? Share that as well.
Rule # 7: Help keep flame wars under control
“Flaming is what people do when they express a
strongly held opinion without holding back any
emotion.” (Shea, 1994). Flamers, from the name
itself, add fuel to the flame – they provoke people
whose opinions are different from theirs. These are
the people who express their opinion in an
aggressive or offensive manner, usually resulting in
“flame-wars” where two or three people exchange
angry posts between one another.
Rule # 8: Respect other people's privacy
Privacy is a human right. Much like how you do not want
your phone opened just by anyone or your messages read
by someone without your permission, other people value
their privacy as well. That is someone you have to always
remember, especially in cyberspace, where you get to
access loads of information. The advent of the Internet has
put everyone almost everyone’s lives under a microscope.
Even so, information that is private in nature must remain
private, and that is a right the needs to be asserted – a right
that everyone is afforded.
Rule # 9: Don't abuse your power
Just like in the real world, people in cyberspace have
their own influence and power – some with power
greater than others. These people are the technology
wizards, experts with years of experience, and system
administrators, among others. If you are one of these
people or if you are someone with knowledge powerful
enough to navigate through cyberspace expertly,
remember that knowing more than others does not
give you the right to take advantage of them.
Rule # 10: Be forgiving of other people's mistakes

Practice tolerance when you see

minor and forgivable mistakes. If you
feel compelled to correct and
respond to a mistake, do so,
preferably in private and as politely
and respectfully as possible.
Digital Divide
is inequality or disparity between demographic
groups in terms of access to, use of, or
knowledge of ICT. Different segments have
varying levels of knowledge and access to
digital developments due to a number of
factors which include, but not limited to, race,
age, education, income, socioeconomic status,
and geographical location.
The digital divide may further be grouped into three divisions, as relayed by The
Manila Times writer Noemi Lardizabal-Dado (2019):

1 The digital native and digital immigrants

The people born in the Internet and digital technology
age are who we call digital natives. The term is often
used synonymously with ‘Millennial,’ though not all
digital natives are millennials, and not all millennials are
digital natives. Regardless, digital natives are those that
are immersed in digital technology, growing up, making
them more knowledgeable and comfortable in the
digital age.
Digital immigrants, on the other hand, are
those born before the widespread
adoption of computers and the Internet
and have had to adopt digital technology
later in life. Due to the gap in generations,
not excluding other factors, digital
immigrants are considered to be less
technically able than digital natives.
2 The digital rich and the digitally poor
Learning materials and resources may now be
conveniently accessed online, and technology has also
paved the way for advancements in medicine and
healthcare, transportation is now made more
convenient and comfortable. While many are able to
enjoy and adapt to all these developments, sadly, a lot
more are struggling to keep up. Day by day, as we face
a world of inequality and injustice, this gap widens
even more.
Access to all the Internet and all these
technological advancements is a privilege; not
all are able to afford it. In a country like the
Philippines, where a huge chunk of our
population falls below the poverty line,
acquiring digital devices, let alone securing a
stable Internet connection, is at the bottom
of the list of priorities.
3 The digital skills and digital unskilled
A discrepancy in terms of digital skills occurs because
of the lack of funds and opportunities. Similarly to the
aforementioned, lack of digital skills may stem from an
individual’s socioeconomic status. A person belonging
to a family falling below the poverty line would most
probably have less to no access to digital devices and
stable Internet connection. In effect, he will fall behind
on updated information, up-to-date learning resources,
and even on job openings.
 This limited access to information would also limit
his door of opportunities to learn and improve his
skills. However, being poor is not a death sentence.
Difficult as it may seem, this gap may be narrowed if
an individual is eager and hardworking enough to
hurdle constraints and seek learning for himself. For
instance, they are enrolling in free online courses,
self- earning, and even on-the-job training. People
try to overcome financial challenges to become
digitally skilled.
INTERNET ADDICTION
Internet addiction may come in different forms, such as social media
addiction, video game addiction, cybersex or online sex addiction, and
online gambling addiction. Undeniably, the Internet has introduced to
society a whole new human experience. Aside from its educational and
informational functions, the Web has offered media users a higher and more
enjoyable level of recreation with all the games, social media, and even
online shopping, which, in effect, makes users more glued to their devices.
Moreover, thanks to smartphones and mobile internet data services, people
can now access these almost anytime, anywhere! More and more individuals
are now developing a heightened dependence with these evolving
technologies, some at a manageable level, but others at an alarming degree
opening the possibility of having their devices and the Internet interfere
with their daily activities.
 Internet addiction may be
developed due to several factors
like stress, anxiety, depression,
other forms of addiction, lack of
social support, or lack of parental
guidance or inactivity.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
OF INTERNET ADDICTION
Being less conscious of time spent online
or with gadgets that enable Internet
access.
Failing to complete tasks or activities
intended to be finished at the time you
were using the Internet

Having less time with friends and family.

Lack of remorse for your excessive
Internet use .

Feeling more excited with Internet

activities rather than real-life or physical
activities.
CYBERBULLYING
cyberbullying is a type of offensive action toward another which takes
place using electronic technology (Liquigan, 2016). This occurrence
can trigger traumatic experiences for the victims, just like bullying in
real life. Cyberbullies post or send hatefully and mean messages as
well images which are deliberately meant to mock, ridicule, embarrass,
hurt, or attack a person. What’s worse about cyberbullying is that
online content used by cyberbullies may stay on the Web for a long
time. Even if the original content may be deleted, screenshots or
copies of it may continue to circulate on social media or on the
Internet. This makes it harder for victims to move forward if the things
that traumatize them constantly resurfaces on the Web.
Cyberbullying and bullying, in general, also feed “a continuum
of damaging behavior.” Victims of cyberbullying are more
likely to abuse drugs and alcohol, skip school, receive poor
grades, and experience low self-esteem and health problems.

As a conscientious person and a responsible media consumer

and producer, it is your unspoken duty to refrain from and
denounce cyberbullying. Moreover, to further avoid
cyberbullying, you can promote proper netiquette to your
peers, foster mutual respect and courtesy by avoiding flame
wars, and be vigilant against people’s intention to harm other
netizens.
THANK YOU!