VERBS

WHAT ARE VERBS?

 VERBS
Are the verbs used in the sentences same?
• Mr. Gupta is a doctor.
• We must pay our taxes in time.
• The earth revolves round the sun.
KIND OF VERBS
Physical: The car stopped at the
parking.

Action Verbs: show either a

physical or mental action

Mental: Mother always hopes for

the best

The word BE is the most

frequently used linking verb (Be,
Verbs are words that express an Being, Been, Am, Is, Was, Were)
action or state of being Linking Verbs: connect the
subject with a noun or an
adjective that identifies or
describes the noun or pronoun Appear, Become, Grow, Feel,
Get, Look, Remain, Seem, Smell,
Sound, Sound, Stay, Taste etc.
are some other examples

Be, Been, Am, Is, Was, Were, Has,

Auxiliary Verbs: used with main Have, Had, Will, Would, Shall,
verbs to form verb phrases. Should, Do, Does, Did, Can,
Could, May, Might, Must
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CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS
VERBS

HELPING VERB MAIN VERB

AUXILIARY BASED ON BASED ON BASED ON

LINKING VERB
VERB OBJECT ACTION/STATE PAST FORMS

PRINCIPAL TRANSITIVE DYNAMIC REGULAR

MODAL INTRANSITIVE STATIVE IRREGULAR

SEMI-MODAL
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LINKING/COPULAR VERBS

Show equality(=) or
Common linking
a change to a Are mostly used
verbs: Be, Seem, Examples:
different state intransitively
Become, Look etc.
( )

Manisha is
Dr. Gupta is a Ashok sounds The sky became The bread has His body turned
intelligent. Rohit seems tired.
surgeon. (Dr Gupta greedy. (Ashok = dark. (the sky gone stale. (the pale. (body
(Manisha = (Rohit = tired)
= surgeon) greedy) dark) bread stale) pale)
intelligent)
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To be (is, are, am, was, were, will,
shall)

To have (have, has, had)

Principal
Auxiliary
To do (do, did, does)

I am(/was) your teacher.

I have(/had) done the
Examples: assignment.
I did not complete the
assignment myself.
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I write

Children play

Main Verbs
They run

We laugh
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Classification of Main Verbs

TRANSITIVE AND DYNAMIC AND REGULAR AND

INTRANSITIVE STATIVE IRREGULAR
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Transitive and
Intransitive
 Transitive Verbs take a
direct object
 Somebody killed the
dragon
 Intransitive verbs do
not require an object
 He died
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Dynamic and Stative

 Dynamic: Action describing verbs

 May be used with continuous tenses
 Hit, kill, fight, go, grow, throw, explode etc.
 Stative: Verbs describing a state or a situation
 May not be used with continuous tenses. If used, the meaning changes
 Like, love, prefer, impress, hear, see, sound, belong to, consist of, resemble etc.
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Examples
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Still Confused??

Is the sentence correct?

When to “ing” and when not to “ing”
➢ When there is no control over the action: Stative Verb
➢ Continuous tenses are all about being in the driving
seat(being in control)
➢ I am feeding the sharks. (Action is in your control):Dynamic
➢ Things that are not in control: heart, mind(What you believe?
What you understand? What you know? Who you know?)
existence, perception etc.
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Regular Verbs: Irregular Verbs:

Ones that follow a same pattern and Verbs that have the same base form,
create the past simple and past past simple and past participle form
participle form of verbs(by adding an “- • Cut, cut, cut
ed” at the end of the base form).
• Hurt, hurt, hurt
• Cook, cooked, cooked • Let, let, let
• Turn, turned, turned • Put, put, put
• Arrive, arrived, arrived
• Marry, married, married
 Regular and Irregular Verbs

 Irregular Verbs:
 Verbs that have the same past simple and past participle form
 Bring, brought, brought
 Make, made, made
 Keep, kept, kept
 Teach, taught, taught
 Verbs that have the same base form and past participle form
 Come, came, come
 Run, ran, run
 Become, became, become

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 Regular and Irregular Verbs

 Irregular Verbs:
 Verbs that have a different base form, past simple and past
participle form
 Be, was/were, been
 Break, broke, broken
 Choose, chose, chosen
 Do did, done
 See, saw, seen

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Modals
 can, could, may, I
might, must, ought to,
shall, should, will,
you (singular)
and would she can speak
do not change form for

different subjects we well.
 Express various you (plural)
meanings of necessity,
advice, ability, they
expectation,
permission, possibility,
etc.
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Shall

•Used with I person to express Simple

Future(I/We shall meet tomorrow)
•Used with II and III persons to
indicate some promise(This shall be
revealed to you tomorrow)
•Used for polite questions(Shall I take
a leave?)
•Used to show obligation(The class
representative should report to the
class coordinator daily)
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Will
Used with II and III persons to
express Simple Future(You will
meet your boss tomorrow)

Shows determination/intention,
specially in the first person (I
will attend all my classes
today)

Expresses willingness (We are

going to the picnic. Will you
join us?)

Habitual: This
Specific: The Timeless: Rain
lake will get
Expresses prediction class will get will ruin my
dry every
over soon picnic plans
summer
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Expresses willingness(polite): Would you
please lend me your pen?

Customary: After his classes,

he would go home and take
Expresses tuitions.

characteristic activity: Typical/Casual: She would

cause the whole family to be

Would
late, every time.

Expresses hypothetical meaning: My St.

Bernard would weigh a ton if I let him eat
what he wants.

Expresses sense of probability: I hear a

whistle. That would be the three o’clock
train.
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Should

Expresses moral obligation: India should

win the match.

Expresses liking towards something: I

should prefer hot coffee.

Expresses tentative opinion: I should have

given it a thought before speaking.
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Can
To express ability (in the
sense of being able to do
something or knowing how
to do something):
He can speak Latin, but he
can't write it very well.

to expression
permission (in the
to express theoretical
sense of being
possibility:
allowed or permitted
Indian Scientists can
to do something):
make a better
Can I take a walk with
vaccine of COVID 19
friends? (Note
than others.
that can is less formal
than may)
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Could to express past or
future permission or
to express an ability make polite
in the past: request:
I could always beat Could I bury my pet
you at badminton in your back yard?
when we were kids.
Could you provide
me with the notes?

to express
to express present
possibility or ability
possibility:
in contingent
We could always
circumstances:
spend the evening
If he studied harder,
walking on the
he could pass this
beach.
course.
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Do, Does, Did

In the simple present

tense, do functions as an
auxiliary to express the
negative and to ask
questions
•I don’t study at night. Expresses similarity and
•She doesn’t work here anymore. differences
Used to sound emphatic
•Do you attend the classes •My mum likes roses and so does
regularly? my dad.
•Did you not take the permission •My mum doesn’t like roses, •He never did understand his
to leave the class? neither does my dad. mother.

Used for asking “Yes-No” Used to avoid repetition

questions •He bunked his classes; so did his
•Did you enjoy the last interactive best friend.
class?
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Has, Have, Had

 Expresses probability and possibility:

 As an affirmative statement: He might have known about the gifts.
 As a negative statement: He might not have known about the gifts.
 To ask about possibility or probability in the past: Could he have known about
the gifts?
 For short answers: Did he know about this? I don't know. He may have.
 Expresses possession or experience: I have had my lunch.
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May, Might

When used in the context of Might is considerably more Express possibility:

granting or seeking tentative than may.
permission, might is the past
tense of May.
May I leave the class? She may be the next class representative.
It might rain in the evening. She might be the next class
representative.
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Semi-Modals

 Also knowns as Marginal Modals

 May be used as both Main verbs or Modals
 Dare, need, ought to, used to, be able to, have to
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Used to
Expresses an action that
took place in the past, Expresses sense of being
perhaps regularly, but now accustomed to or familiar
that action no longer with something:
regularly takes place:

We used to go for
I like these old sneakers;
International Vacations
I'm used to them.
every year until Covid 19.
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Ought to

 Expresses advise or opinion

 You ought to improve your
communication skills
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Be able to

Express ability:

I am not able to Were you able to

understand the do the assignment
lecture. on Nouns?
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Have to

Shows that
Expresses obligation something is
unnecessary
•I have to tidy my •I don’t have to
room this study today. It’s a
weekend. Sunday!
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•I need to finish
Shows
obligation my assignment
today.
Need to,
Need not
Shows that •You need not
something is come with
unnecessary
me.
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Dare

Expresses challenge when used a s main verb

• I dare you to spend a night in the jungle where “The Hills Have
Eyes” was shot.

As modal, it expresses “Be brave enough to”

• How dare you sit without asking?
• Don’t you dare comment on her.
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