MODULE 1

Individual Events

Lesson 1 Introduction to Individual and

Dual Sports

Lesson 2 Athletics: History and Events

Lesson 3 Facilities and Equipments

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MODULE I
INDIVIDUAL EVENTS

 INTRODUCTION

Sport is about a range of specific activities which involves competition and

requires physical conditioning and skills. A good way to define it would be to say,
"It is a structured physical activity, usually competitive, that requires complex
skills and a high level of individual commitment and motivation".

Throughout history, sport has played a variety of important function in

society: as a form of recreation, as a preparation for war or the hunt; or later as a
substitute for war. Some sports such as wrestling, date back thousands of years,
others have arisen and being adapted from other activities. Today there are
hundreds of different sports and the job of defining what a sport becomes very
difficult. However, a number of characteristics that are shared by all sports can be
identified.

Sports are classified as individual, dual and team based from its nature. An
individual event is a competition where the victor is only one. Dual sports are
games played by two players competing with each other and team sports are
events played by organized group of players battling for the victory.

Individual sports will be the focus of this module particularly, athletics. Its content
will circle on the introduction of the subject PHED 102- Individual and Dual Sports
and all about athletics, its history, facilities and equipment, its classifications and
the rules and regulations. This will serve as a guide to the learners on acquiring
the basic knowledge and understanding theories about athletics or other otherwise
called as track and field.

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OBJECTIVES

After studying the module, you should be able to:

1.Define what is sports;

2.Differentiate the difference between Individual sports and Dual sports;
3.Identify what are the classifications of sports;
4.Connect the benefits of Sports in daily life;
5.Define the history of Athletics;
6.Analyze strategies, movement and technique of Athletics;
7.Identify the classifications of the game, different areas and facilities, and
the different equipment use in the event;
8.Display understanding of the Rules and regulations of the game.

 DIRECTIONS/ MODULE ORGANIZER

There are three lessons in the module. Read each lesson carefully then
answer the exercises/activities to find out how much you have benefited from it.
Work on these exercises carefully and submit your output to your instructor.

In case you encounter problem, discuss this with your instructor during the
face-to-face meeting. If not contact your instructor during consultation hours.

Good luck, enjoy reading and happy reading!

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Lesson 1


Introduction to Individual and Dual
Sports

THE RELATIONSHIP OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT

Physical Education (PE) and sport are closely linked. Whilst Physical
Education is a part of the process of education that aims to improve human
development and performance through physical activity and Sport is about a range
of structured physical activities, the two shared close relationship. Physical
education curriculum places great emphasis on sport and team games, in an effort
to raise the importance of these in school life. Both are concerned with physical
performance and through them health benefits can be gained; there is the
opportunity to push oneself physically and discover strengths and weaknesses
about oneself when given challenges or competition. However, there are also
differences that set the two apart. Physical education is about the development of
the individual, whereas sport is about the development of excellence. Sport is
often about winning and success while PE is concerned with preparation for leisure
and a healthy lifestyle. Most of our great professional sportsmen and women began
their development in physical education classes.

WHAT DOES ONE NEED TO KNOW IN PLAYING SPORTS?

Individual sport relies on the individual while team sports rely on

teammates. In playing any type of sports, it is important to have focus, clear
understanding of the game, and work ethics in mastering the skills.

Some of the important aspects to consider in learning a sport are:

1. History - the inventor of the sport, country of origin, and development of the
game.
2. Court Dimension/ Venue - where the games are played (indoor, outdoor, both),
size, different designs for male and female, safety procedures for the players.
3. Equipment and Gear- proper protective gears, uniforms, and outfits which also
involve safety of players and officials.
4. Technical and Tactical Skills - technical skills are the basics of playing the
game (e.g., Basketball - dribble, shoot, pass) while tactical skills are the
strategies to take advantage during the game.
5. Rules of the Game- set of rules on how the game is played, violations,
penalties, how to score a point, how many players are allowed, etc.
6. Officiating - Officials of the game, their duties and responsibilities of calling for
violations, penalties, points, etc. Regulating fair play.

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WHAT ARE THE SAFETY MEASURES TO AVOID UNNECESSARY INJURIES IN

PLAYING GAMES OR SPORTS?

In taking part in any physical activity, it is essential to first observe safety

measures to avoid unnecessary injuries. The following are safety measures to avoid
injuries.

1. Safety Equipment - Have the appropriate gears for the type of activity such as
clothing, shoes, and protective gears that would prevent uneasiness and harm.
Also take into consideration the activity area.
2. Hydration- Keep your body hydrated with enough water or fluids during
exercise or activity especially during hot weather. Drink a cup of water minutes
before exercise and every 15 minutes during your exercise to help your body
replenish lost fluids.
3. Perform Moderate- Intensity Physical Actvity - It is better to perform physical
activities with moderate intensity on a regular basis rather occasional strenuous
activity. A vigorous workout will tire your body easily and over straining yourself
can lead to injuries. It also causes nausea and body pains that would not go away
quickly. Maintain an exercise routine within comfort. Forcing yourself with too
much intensity just to attain goals quickly is a mistake
4. Weather Condition- Wear appropriate clothes for the weather. The clothing
you wear have to make you feel a little cool at the start of the exercise or sport.
Wear light-colored clothes during sunny days as to not absorb too much heat and
avoid overheating. During cold weather, a thermal suit will help you keep warm.
Avoid using thick clothes for it constrains perspiration and can cause your body
temperature to go up.

10 BENEFITS OF PLAYING SPORTS

1. Playing sports is fun. It gives your child something to do and a group to
belong to. They have a group of friends that has the same goals and
interests.
2. Research has found that kids that play sports, especially girls, are more
likely to have a positive body image and higher self-esteem. They also are
less likely to be overweight.
3. Kids involved in sports are less likely to take drugs or smoke because they
realize the impact that these destructive activities can have upon their
performance. Girls who play sports are also less likely to become pregnant.
4. Physical activities are a good way to relieve stress and reduce depression.
5. Sports help kids develop discipline. They learn to set goals and then work to
achieve those goals. They learn that by working hard they can accomplish
the things that they want to in their lives.
6. Kids who play sports quickly learn that sometimes you win and sometimes
you lose. They learn to be a good sport in both situations. It also helps
them learn to deal with disappointment and go on.

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7. Statistics show that kids who are involved in sports are more likely to
experience academic success and graduate from high school.
8. Sports help develop teamwork and leadership skills. Kids quickly learn that
they have to work together as a team to win the game.
9. Motor skills, strategic thinking, and even math skills are learned by playing
sports. Students develop strategic thinking as they figure out plays and the
best way to get around a player or score a goal. Math skills are used as they
calculate scores and stats.
10. Regular exercise increases quality of life.

Individual Sports vs Dual Sports

A. Individual Sports
Individual sports are those sports where only one
athlete competes for his or her own side. Many track
and field, cross country, and swimming events are
individual competitions, where one athlete is solely
responsible for winning or losing. Golf is another sport
where each athlete is on his or her own.
Skiing, snowboarding, and many other events you see in
Olympic and other international competitions are
individual sports as well. Gymnastics is a sport where
athletes compete on a team but perform individually. Even basketball can be a
one-on-one activity.

B.Dual Sports
There are only a handful of sports that are strictly dual sports and don’t have an
option for individual competition. At the Olympic level, beach volleyball involves
two players per team. In professional wrestling—which some would argue isn’t a
sport—tag team matches involve two-person teams where one competitor tags in
or out of the match. You can play two-on-two basketball as well.

C.Sports That Can Be Individual or Dual

There are certain sports that can be either individual or
dual sports. The most common example is tennis, where
athletes can compete in singles or doubles play, and many
competitors take part in both at major tournaments. You
can also play other racquet sports like badminton and
racquetball in either format.
Table tennis, or ping-pong, gives players options for
playing as individuals or as duos. Billiards offers two-on-
two options as well.

PHED102 Individual and Dual Sports Module 1