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Utakala Gourava / Kula Brudhha Madhusudan Das

He was credited for Introducing Odisha
He was born on 28th April, 1848 in Cuttack district. Tenancy Bill. He died on 4th February, 1939.
He was commonly known as Madhu Barrister and
Grand Old Man in Odisha.

He was the first graduate in Odisha.

He was a leader, a reformer and the architect of the

creation of Odisha as a separate province.

He formed Utkal Union Conference which played a

vital role in the amalgamation of Odia speaking
areas.
Tenancy Bill - A legal arrangement in which
In 1902, as a member of the ‘Bengal Legislative someone has the right to live in or use a
Council’, he put pressure on the government to building or land owned by someone else in
provide more grant for the improvement of exchange for paying rent to its owner:
Ravenshaw college.

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Utkala Mani Gopabandhu Das

He was born on 9th October, 1877 in Puri district.

He was famous as Gem of Utkal.

Gopabandhu Das accelerated the activities of

National Congress in Odisha.

He established Satyabadi School during Swadeshi

Movement and started a newspaper, Samaj thus
started journalism in Odisha.
He authored various books like ‘Bandira
When Utkal Pradesh Congress Committee was Atmakatha, Dharmapada, Go Mahatmya,
formed, Gopabandhu was appointed as its first Abakasa Chinta, etc. which enriched Odisha
President in 1921. literature.

He established several Ashramas in Odisha like, He remained member of the Odisha

Swaraj Ashram at Cuttack, Alak ashram at legislative council from 1917-1920. He died
Jagatsinghpur and Swaraj Mandir at Cuttack, etc. on 17th June, 1928.
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Krushna Chandra (KC) Gajapati Narayan Deo

He was born on 26th April, 1892 in

Paralakhemundi.

He is regarded as one of the makers of modern

Odisha. He became Prime Minister of Odisha
twice.

By meeting the Simon Commission(1928,

Constitutional Reforms) and twice going to The Atlee sub-committee was created by him
England, he created Odisha as a separate to determine the boundary of the new Odisha
province. province.
He organised the tenth session of Utkal Union He went to London for first round table
Conference at Paralakhemundi in 1914 which conference. He died on 25th May, 1974.
was a grand success.

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Rama Devi

She was born on 3rd December, 1899. Mahatma

Gandhi encouraged her to participate in freedom
struggle. She was granddaughter of Madhusudan
Das.

She worked in ‘Alak ashram’, cooked tiffins and

meals for the inmates of the Ashram. During her day of political activism she led
multiple organisations like All India
She went to ‘Bari Ashram’ and devoted herself in Charkha Association, All India Women’s
Khadi work, uplift of Harijan, spread of Hindi, uplift Association and All India Kasturba Gandhi
of women, etc. Memorial Trust.

She actively participated in Quit India Movement. She formed an association at Tumbodiguda
She was arrested with Gopabandhu, Malati Devi, of Koraput named Navajeevan Mandal in
etc. 1946 to serve the forest people. She died
on 22nd July, 1985.
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Sarala Devi

She was born on 9th August, 1904 in Cuttack Sarala Devi was a prolific writer, her writings
district. She had brought the message of Non- were women-centric. Especially, the problems
cooperation Movement as the first lady of and rights of women were discussed in her
Odisha. writings.
Sarala Devi observed fasting from 6th April to She translated the book ‘History of Indian
13th April, 1921. National Congress’ of Pattabhi Sitaramayya
into Odia.
She also participated in Civil Disobedience
and joined Salt Satyagraha
at Balasore. By her literary creations, she enriched Odia
literature. She died on 4th October, 1986.
She was the first lady to go
to jail by the order of court. Bishwa Biplabani, Utkalaa Nari Samasya, Narira
Dabi, Bharatiya Mahila Prasanga, Rabindra Puja,
Beera Ramani etc.

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Malati Devi

She was born on 26th July, 1904 in Calcutta.

She took active part in the Salt Satyagraha at

Inchudi of Balasore district.

She encouraged the women at Srijang to

participate in the movement.

She attended the Karachi session(1931) of the

Indian National Congress.

She enrolled many women as member of

‘Hindustani Seva Dal’.

Malati Devi was selected as one of Individual

Satyagrahis for Individual Civil Disobedience
Movement.
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Acharya Harihara

He was One of the five pillars of Satyabadi, born on

8 March 1879 in village Srirampur, Puri district.

In 1928, he joined ‘Swaraj Ashram’ in Cuttack to

train many volunteers ready for self-sacrifice.

In 1955, he joined Vinoba Bhave’s Bhudan

Movement and moved with him from village to
village to accelerate the movement.

He presided over the Sarvoday Conference in

Sevagram on 26 March 1960 and
appealed to work all together
to translate into practice
Gandhi’s concept of Swaraj.

He died on 12 February 1971.

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Odisha’s temple architecture falls under the Kalinga style of temple architecture, named after state’s
Kalinga dynasty.

The Kalinga style of temple architecture started with inspiration from the North Indian Nagara style of
temple architecture.

It is a magnificent form of architecture and has developed in a span of 700 years, starting from around 600
CE in the form of very basic temples, to reaching the zenith of its development in 1300 CE.

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Basic Parts of a Kalinga Temple

A typical temple of Kalinga Style of Temple Architecture

has four parts:

Vimana: This is the tall structure containing the sanctum or

main shrine of the principal deity of the temple. It is the
tallest structure of the temple and in Odisha, mostly has a
curvileanear structure.

Jagamohana: It is a rectangular structure which functions

as an assembly hall. In typical Odisha temples, it has a
Mahari Dance
pyramidal roof.
It was originated in the temples of Odisha. Maharis
Natamandira: It is a festival hall. This dancing hall was
were the temple dancers or devadasis of the
where the devadasis danced and dedicated their lives to
Jagannath temple at Puri.
dance forms like Odissi.
During the reign of Chodaganga Dev, Maharis were
Bhoga-mandapa: Bhoga-mandapa is the hall of offerings.
employed in the temples of Puri. After his death,
Ananabhimadeva built Natyamandapa in the
Jagannath temple for the dance performance.
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Styles of Temple Architecture

The structures of Odisha temples are mostly divided

into three types based on the shape of their
architectural features.

Rekha Deula: These structures are curvilinear in shape.

The major portion of the structure is cylindrical in
shape, while the top portion converges. Majority of
Odisha temples are of this type.

Bhadra/Pidha Deula: The bhadra/pidha structures have

pyramidal roofs. Each successive layer of the roof
(called pidha) is smaller (roughly half) than the one
below it. Usually the jagamohan, or assembly halls,
were built in this style in Odisha temples.

Khakhara Deula: These structures are oblong in shape

with a wagon-vault roof. Take a look at the image below
to understand what this looks like. Very few of such
temples are found in Odisha.
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Ratha and Paga in a Temple Plan

In Kalinga temple architecture plans,

the vimana is usually square in its basic shape.
But some vertical projections called paga are
added to make the structure richer
architecturally.

Based on the evolutionary stage of temples

amongst other factors, temples could be triratha
(three vertical projections), pancharatha (five
vertical projections), saptaratha (vertical
projections) and so on. The early Odisha temples
were triratha in structure.

The main paga, called the raha paga, is at the centre of

every side of the vimana. One of these raha pagas becomes
the temple entrance, whereas the other three usually
contain niches, as shown below. Niches often carry
sculptures of the subsidiary gods of the temple.

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The artisans who created Kalinga temples considered the
temple to be a human body.

While the inner sanctum is considered the sacred

womb (garbhagriha) of the temple, the temple
construction externally is taken to be a male form.

Roughly, there are four main parts- the pista (platform),

the bada (vertical wall), the gandi (trunk) and
the mastaka (the head or crown).

Pista: The pista is a platform on which the temple is built. It

is not present in many Odisha temples, especially the
earlier ones.

Bada: The bada is the wall. It symbolises the legs of the

temple and consists of three
parts: pabhaga (foot), jangha (thigh)
and baranda (moulding)
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Till now the structure of
the vimana and jagamohan remains the same. The
differences start in the shape the trunk portion takes.

In rekha deula, there are :

Gandi : The gandi, or trunk, is where rekha deula structures

start forming a convex face. These are divided vertically
into raha paga and subsidiary paga.

The subsidiary paga are divided horizontally into

sculptured sections called bhumis separated with each
other with ribbed discs called amlas.

Mastaka: The mastaka contains a disc called amlaka, over

which is an inverted lotus shaped kalasha. Anointing the
very top is either a flag or the ayudhi (weapon of the
presiding deity of the temple).

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Formation of Odisha Odia Movement
Odisha got disintegrated after 1568 into several Due to the division by the Britishers Odia speaking
regional kingdoms. territories virtually became attached to four
provinces; Bengal, Madras, Central Provinces and
The Bhois of Khurda, the Bhanjas of Ghumsur and Bihar and these territories reduced the status of
Mayurbhanj and the Chauhans of Sambalpur linguistic minorities in all these provinces.
gradually assumed political prominence.
The Odia movement was started by the prominent
Odisha was conquered by the East India Company in a leaders of Odisha. It led to the growth of socio-
gradual manner; first the Southern part, then the political associations and public organisations in
coastal region and lastly Sambalpur and the adjoining 19th century Odisha.
tracts.
In 1855, Henry Ricketts, the Commissioner of Odisha
Odisha became a separate province on 1st April, Division proposed the merger of Sambalpur with the
1936. Odisha Division.

In 1868, Sir Stafford Northcote, the Secretary of

State for India wanted that the Odia speaking areas
should be grouped into a single administrative unit
for better administration.
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Role of Utkala Sammilani in Odia Merger of Sambalpur with Odisha Division
Movement Sambalpur and the adjoining Feudatory States, included in Central
Provinces in 1862 for administrative convenience, were shown as a
It was formed during the first Odia part of ‘Natural Odisha’ in Grierson’s survey and as ‘Odia country’ in
National Conference which held on Government Records.
30th-31st December, 1903 under
the leadership of Madhusudan The Chief Commissioner of Nagpur issued a notification on 15th
Das. January, 1895 replacing Odia by Hindi as the language of the offices,
courts and schools.
The primary objective of Utkal
Sammilani was the merger of Odia This order was made effective from 1st January, 1896. There was
speaking areas. sharp reaction from the Odias against the notification.

The Sammilani also concerned The Sambalpur Hitaisini, a pre-Independence journal published by
itself with the all round Nilamani Vidyaratna protested against the order of replacing Odia by
development of Odias and took up Hindi as unjust.
such issues as industrial
development, spread of education, A memorial was presented to Viceroy Curzon in 1900. It suited the
revival of cottage industries, social Viceroy’s interests when the memoirialists of Sambalpur wanted
reforms, development of inclusion of Sambalpur tract with Odisha Division of Bengal. He was
agriculture and development of planning for a territorial reorganisation of provinces like the Partition
Odia language and literature. of Bengal.
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Formation of Bihar-Odisha Province Sachchidanand Sinha Resolution of 1920
Lord Hardinge, the Viceroy
suggested the separation of the Sachchidanand Sinha on 20th February, 1920 moved a resolution in
Hindi and the Odia areas from Imperial Legislative Council. He recommended to formulate a scheme
Bengal. for amalgamation of Odia speaking tracts to the British Government
of India. It became famous as Sinha Resolution.
The Odisha Division was added to
Bihar and Bihar-Odisha Province Philip-Duff Committee of 1924
was created in 1912, while Ganjam
and Vizianagaram areas remained In December, 1924, a Committee known as Philip–Duff Committee
under Madras Presidency/Province. was appointed to examine the issue of merger of Odia-speaking
areas (Ganjam).
The Odias disliked ‘the birth of the
twins’, Bihar and Odisha in which The Philip-Duff Committe gave recommendation in favour of the
the Biharis would dominate. merger of Odia-speaking areas for its better administration.

After the formation of Bihar-Odisha In 1927, this recommendation was submitted before the Simon
Province, Sinha Resolution, Philip- Commission. The commission accepted the recommendation.
Duff Committee and Boundary
Commission played a significant role In 1930, the issue of merger of Odia-speaking areas was also
in creating separate Odisha presented in the Second Round Table Conference held at London by
Province. the Maharaja Krushna Chandra Gajapati of Paralakhemundi.

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Boundary Commission of 1931

The Boundary Commission was constituted in 1931 with Samuel O’ Donnel as Chairman, HM
Mehta and TR Phukan as members; and Raja of Paralakhamundi, SN Sinha and N Raju as
associate members representing the Odias, the Biharis and Telugus respectively.

The Boundary Commission recommended for a separate province which would include
Odisha Division, Angul, Padampur, Khariar Estate, the greater part of Ganjam district and
Vizagapatam.

The new province would have an area of 33,000 square miles and a population of 82,77,000.

Creation of Separate Odisha Province

On the basis of Joint Select Committee’s report, a provision was made in the Government of India Act,
1935 for the creation of the new state of Odisha.

The province was inaugurated on 1st April, 1936. There were only six districts in it. The same day, Sir
John Hubback took oath as the first Governor of Odisha.
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Merger of the Princely States of Odisha
The elections were held for the Odisha
Provincial Legislative Assembly in On 14th December, 1947, Mahatab convened a meeting at Cuttack
which the Congress got a majority. for the purpose of the merger of the Garajat (Princely) States. This
conference is famously remembered as Cuttack Conference.
Harekrushna Mahatab was appointed
Prime Minister of Odisha on 3rd April, On 23rd December, 1947, as per the Extra Provincial Jurisdiction
1946. Act, the administration of the Garajat States was transferred to
Government of Odisha. It became operational from 1st January,
The Cabinet Mission from Britain 1948.
visited India during that year and
Mahatab presented the issues of the Mayurbhanj was the only Garajat state that merged with India on
merger of the ‘Garajat’ states with the 16th October, 1948.
new Odisha province.
Saraikela and Kharasuna remained detached (separated) from
There was no internal peace in Nilgiri Odisha and were merged with Bihar.
state. With the permission of Sardar
Patel, Harekrushna Mahatab ordered On 30th September, 1946, the motion was moved in Odisha
the Magistrate of Balasore to take Legislative Assembly to shift the capital of Odisha from Cuttack to
over the administration of the Nilgiri Bhubaneswar.
State.