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    SPSS Assignment

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    palakj1131
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    SPSS ASSIGNMENT

    Palak Jaiswal
    MACLP
    Section C
    A0403423173
    Overview of Correlation analysis in SPSS

    a. Description of the topic: -


    Correlation analysis, in SPSS, is a statistical technique for determining the degree and
    direction of a relationship between two continuous variables. It is widely used in
    research to determine if and how strongly variables are connected to one another. It
    helps us understand the strength and direction of the relationship between variables.
    In essence, correlation analysis quantifies the extent to which changes in one variable
    are associated with changes in another variable.
    The correlation coefficient, sometimes abbreviated as 'r', goes from -1 to 1, with -1
    indicating a perfect negative correlation, 1 indicating a perfect positive correlation,
    and 0 indicating no association. Beside understanding the relationship between two
    variables, it also helps us to make prediction, to build model in economics and finance
    to influence our decision making and also help in quality control in manufacturing
    and process control.

    Types of correlation:-
    1. Positive correlation: - When both variables move in the same direction. As one
    variable increases, the other variable also tends to increase, and vice versa.
    This is represented by correlation coefficients closer to +1.
    2. Negative correlation: - When variables move in opposite directions. An
    increase in one variable is associated with a decrease in the other variable, and
    vice versa. This is represented by correlation coefficients closer to -1.
    3. Zero Correlation: When there is no systematic relationship between the
    variables. Changes in one variable do not predict or affect changes in the other
    variable. This is represented by a correlation coefficient of 0.

    Characteristic of correlation: -
    1. Direction: Correlation describes both the direction and strength of the relationship
    between variables. The direction can be positive, negative, or zero correlation.
    2. Strength: Correlation coefficients range from -1 to 1, indicating the strength of the
    relationship between variables.
    A correlation coefficient close to +1 or -1 indicates a strong relationship.
    A correlation coefficient close to 0 indicates a weak relationship.
    3. No Causation: Correlation does not imply causation. Even if two variables are
    strongly correlated, it does not necessarily mean that changes in one variable cause
    changes in the other variable. Correlation simply indicates the degree of association
    between variables.
    4. Assumption of Independence: Correlation assumes that observations are independent
    of each other. Violation of this assumption, such as in time series data, can affect the
    accuracy of correlation analysis.
    5. Sensitive to Scale: Correlation is sensitive to changes in the scale of measurement. It's
    crucial to use appropriate measures and units for variables to ensure accurate
    interpretation of correlation coefficients.

    b. Steps to perform the procedure

    Open SPSS: - Launch the SPSS programme.

    Import Data: Load or open the dataset containing the variables you would like to analyse.

    Select the Analyse Menu: Go to the "Analyse" menu at the top of the SPSS window.

    Correlate: From the Analyse menu, pick "Correlate" followed by "Bivariate..."

    Select Variables: In the Bivariate Correlations dialogue box, click on the variables you would
    like to analyse and drag them to the "Variables" box.

    Choose options: - Options include "Pearson" and "Spearman" correlation coefficients,


    depending on your data and study needs.

    Click OK: Once you've chosen your variables and choices, click "OK" to start the analysis.

    Interpret Output: Examine the output table to understand the findings.

    c. Output
    Anxiety Smartphone Hours of Sleep
    Anxiety 1.000 0.526** -0.312**
    Smartphone 0.526** 1.000 -0.154*
    Hours of Sleep -0.312** -0.154* 1.000

    d. Interpretation: -

    Variable 1: - Anxiety
    Variable 2: - Use of Smartphone
    Variable 3: - Hours of Sleep

    Variable_1 has a moderate positive correlation with variable_2 (r = 0.526) and a weak
    negative correlation with variable_3 (-0.312). This can be interpreted as that anxiety has
    strong positive correlation with smartphones which means if use of smartphone increases
    anxiety will also increase and vice versa, while it has negative weak correlation with hours of
    sleep means that if hours of sleep increases, then the anxiety will reduce and vice versa.

    Variable_2 has a moderate positive correlation with variable_1 (r = 0.526) and a weak
    negative correlation with variable_3 (-0.154). This can be interpreted as that smartphone use
    has strong positive correlation with anxiety which means if the use of smartphone increases
    anxiety will also increase and vice versa, while it has negative weak correlation with hours of
    sleep means that if hours of sleep increases, then the use of smartphone will reduce and vice
    versa.

    Variable_3 has weak negative correlation with variable_1 and variable_2 with r = -0.312 and
    r = -0.154 respectively. This can be interpreted as that if anxiety and use of smartphone
    increase then the hour of sleep will reduce and vice versa.

    Significance Level: - The double asterisks (**) next to the correlation coefficient signify that
    the correlation is statistically significant at the 0.01 level which means that there is a very low
    probability (less than 1%) that this correlation is due to random chance of error. While
    correlation with single asterisk (*) signify that it is statistically significant at 0.05 level.

    Diagonal Values: - The diagonal (1.00) simply shows the correlation of each variable with
    itself which is always perfect (hence, 1.00).

    These correlation coefficients give insights into the relationships between the variables,
    indicating their strength and direction.

    In summary, correlation analysis in SPSS provides valuable insights into the relationships
    between variables, helping researchers understand the patterns and associations within their
    data

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