ME 321: FLUID MECHANICS-I

Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan

Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka

Lecture-01
22/11/2023

Introduction: Fluid dynamics

toufiquehasan.buet.ac.bd
[email protected]

© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (July 2023) 1
Fluid Dynamics

Fluid dynamics is the science dealing with the motion of fluids. Fluids, unlike solids, cannot
assume a fixed shape under load and will immediately deform (liquid and gas).
Fluid dynamics can be studied by focusing on a particle or focusing at a point in fluid to
understand the nature of flow. It covers a vast array of phenomena that occur in nature, modern
engineering inventions, biology, life sciences, and so on.

Vortex flow
pump

Spiral vortex flow

Industrial piping
Hurricane Tornado
(2023: Midhili, Hamoon)

Geophysical (atmospheric) fluid dynamics

© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (July 2023) 2
Fluid Dynamics

Valve

Fire pump

Fire pump

Industrial Fire fighting System

GE 9X commercial aircraft engine

© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (July 2023) 3
Fluid Dynamics
Lift, FL

Drag, FD

Thrust, T High speed

jet

Weight, W

Airplane aerodynamics F-16 Fighter plane

Rocket launching
(SpaceX Falcon 9)

streamlines

Racing car aerodynamics High speed train (320 km/hr) Offshore wind turbines

© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (July 2023) 4
Fluid Dynamics

Flapping wing Heart

Flying of birds Blood flow through vascular network

(Biomimetics)

Micro Unmanned Air Vehicle

(µUAV) Lab-on-a-chip (LoC) microfluidic device

© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (July 2023) 5
Important numbers in Fluid Mechanics
Reynolds number, Re
Inertial / inertia force, FI of a fluid element that has a length scale L (characteristic
dimension) can be determined as:
2

FI  ma   
3  L 
L  2     2  L
L    L2V 2
T  T 
Viscous force, FV can be determined as:

FV  
dV
dy
V 
A     L2    VL
L
Reynolds number, Re is a measure of the ratio of inertial to the viscous force on a fluid
element having a velocity scale V, length scale L, and fluid properties ρ and μ

inertial force FI V 2 L2
Re   
viscous force FV VL Re is important for almost all types
of flow.
VL Gives the basic idea on the nature
 Re 
 of flow: laminar or turbulent

© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (Jan. 2022) 6
Important numbers in Fluid Mechanics
Mach number, M / Ma
Elastic force, FE on a fluid element that has a length scale L with bulk modulus of elasticity
B is given by

FE  BA  BL2

Mach number, M is a measure of the ratio of inertial to the elastic force on a fluid element
having a velocity scale V, length scale L and bulk modulus of elasticity B.

inertial force FI V 2 L2
M  2
 
elastic force FE BL2
V 2 V2 V2
 M  2
  2 ; c  speed of sound at that medium
B B c
 
 M is important for high speed
V flows where compressibility
 M effects can’t be neglected.
c

© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (Jan. 2022) 7
Fluid Flow at Microscale

At the microscale, the interaction between the fluid and solid wall is different than that at the
macroscale. Fundamental studies have shown that the continuum hypothesis may not be valid
at microscale and some specific effects may be present that can alter the fluid flow and heat
transfer characteristics significantly.
At the microscale, surface area to volume ratio is much larger, which results in
• increased surface forces, which may produce large pressure drops,
• Increased viscous dissipation (small length scale, large velocity gradient);
• decreased inertial forces, which allows diffusion and conduction processes to become
relatively more significant;
• increased heat transfer, which may lead to variable fluid properties and
• thermal creep (The thermal creep is defined as the macroscopic movement of rarefied gas molecules
induced by a temperature gradient from lower to higher temperature zone).

Therefore, these effects need to be considered to predict the fluid flow and heat transfer
characteristics.

© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (July 2023) 8
Flow classification based on molecular action

Table: Flow classification

Regime kn

Continuum flow kn < 0.001

Slip flow 0.001< kn < 0.1
Kn  0
Transitional flow 0.1< kn < 10
Free molecular flow kn > 10

Knudsen number, Kn 
(Continuum approach: individual molecule is not important rather averaged L
behavior is considered in bulk; continuous flow) (Undergraduate level) mean free path of gas
Classical fluid mechanics
Kn 
characteristic dimension
(Molecular approach: individual molecule is important and should be modeled;
gas kinetic theory, statistical approach, etc.) (Advanced graduate level)
Micro/nano scale fluid mechanics, rarefied gas dynamics, space applications, etc.

© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (July 2023) 9
Velocity slip

y u y u

uwall = 0 uwall ≠ 0
wall

U0 us= 0.7U0

us= 0.3U0

Poiseulle flow

*Agrawal et al. Microscale Flow and Heat Transfer Mathematical Modelling and Flow Physics (2020)
© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (July 2023) 10
Course Contents

• Fundamental concept of fluid as a continuum; Fluid Properties. (MMR)

• Fluid Statics: basic hydrostatic equation, pressure variation in static incompressible and
compressible fluids; Manometers; Forces on submerged plane and curved surfaces;
Buoyant force; Stability of floating and submerged bodies; Pressure distribution of a fluid in
rotating and accelerating systems. (MA)

• Fluid dynamics: Concepts of system and control volume: Continuity, momentum and
energy equations and their applications; Introduction to Navier-Stokes equations. (MTH)
• Pressure, Velocity and Flow measurement devices. (MTH)

• Introduction to inviscid incompressible flow. (MMR)

© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (July 2023) 11
Text books:
• F. M. White, Fluid Mechanics, 7th Edition, 2011, ISBN: 978-007-131121-2.
• M.C. Potter, D.C. Wiggert, Mechanics of Fluids, 3rd Edition, 2010, ISBN: 978-0-495-43857-1.
• Class lectures will be available at http://toufiquehasan.buet.ac.bd

Reference books: (for further reading)

i. Munson, Okiishi, Huebsch, Rothmayer, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 7th Edition, 2013, ISBN: 978-1-118-
18676.
ii. Fox and McDonald, Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, 9th Edition, 2015, ISBN: 978-1118912652.
iii. J. F. Douglas, J. M. Gasiorek, J. A. Swaffield, L. B. Jack, Fluid Mechanics, 5th Edition, 2005, ISBN- 978-0-13-
129293-2.

© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (July 2023) 12
OBE

Outcome Based Education (OBE)

• What is OBE?
• a concept/framework for educational programs that focuses on what the student
should be able to do at the end of a course/program rather than what he/she is taught

• OBE has been adopted by most well-recognized Accreditation bodies to improve higher
educational programs continuously

• OBE is being adopted in many of the present day textbooks as well

© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (July 2023) 13
 Complex Engineering Problems
Engineers ability to solve Complex engineering problems*
Technologists ability to solve Broadly defined problems**
Technicians ability to solve Well-defined problems***
According to *Washington Accord, **Sydney Accord and ***Dublin Accord

© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (July 2023) 14
Course Outcome (CO) of ME 321

CO No. CO Statement
Explain the properties of fluids such as viscosity, vapor pressure, surface tension, and
CO 1
compressibility.
CO 2 Determine the pressure in a fluid system using the concept of manometry.
CO 3 Calculate the hydrostatic pressure force on a plane and curved submerged surface.
Apply the continuity, momentum and energy equations to solve fluid dynamic
CO 4
problems.
CO 5 Analyse the flow measurement devices.
Apply the concepts of stream function and velocity potential in simple inviscid
CO 6
incompressible flows.

© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (July 2023) 15