OUTLINE

• Plant cell, tissues, organs: basic structure and function

• Transport and translocation of water and solutes
• Photosynthesis and Respiration
• Plant growth and development
• Plant and light response
• Plant hormone and plant tissues culture
• Plant – environment interactions

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OUTLINE

• Plant cell, tissues, organs: basic structure and function

• Transport and translocation of water and solutes
• Photosynthesis and Respiration

• Plant growth and development

• Plant and light response
• Plant hormone and plant tissues culture
• Plant – environment interactions

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 Bachelor 2: Plant physiology

Lesson 5:
PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Instructor: LE Thi Van Anh

[email protected]
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 Learning outcome
By the end of this course, students are able to:
- Distinguish 2 concepts “growth” and “development”
- Analyze the characteristic of growth and development process in
plants
- Describe the process of embryogenesis, leaf development, root
growth and development, shoot growth and development
- Analyze the structure of SAM (shoot apical meristem) and RAM
(root apical meristem) correlates to the shoot growth and root growth
- Distinguish the primary and secondary growth
- Study by them self to describe the process of plant reproduction
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Concept
Growth is an irreversible
Growth….. Development relates to the
increase in size morphogenesis, differentiation
or emergence of different body
Plant growth depends on 2
parts
processes: cell division and
cell expansion
Growth concerns quantitative Development emphasizes
change in life of plants qualitative change during
life cycle

Growth and development occur simultaneously

and have close relationship
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Growth or Development???

1. Flowering
2. Germination
3. Root becomes longer
4. Lateral root initiation from seminal root
5. Vascular cambium give the rise of
xylem/phloem
6. The shoot of woody plant becomes larger?

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 Characteristics of plant growth and development
- Indeterminate growth: growing
as long as plant lives
- “totipotency”: from some
cells/tissues can regenerate to a
whole plant (toti = many, potency
= fate).
- Containing reservoir of cells
whose fate remain undetermined:
meristems. The pattern of plant
growth depends on the location of
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meristems
 3 Types of primary meristems

SAM (shoot apical

meristem): in bubs

RAM (root apical

meristem): at root tip

Lateral meristem
(ground meristem)

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Major processes during plant life cycle

- Reproduction
- Embryogenesis
- Vegetative growth

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Plant reproduction (video)

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Plant reproduction (video)
- Flower
- Pollination and fertilization
- Seed and fruit development

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Struture of flower

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Embryosac formation

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Polen grain formation

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Pollination and Fertilization
Seed and fruit development

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Seed structure

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 Plant reproduction (video)
Flower stamen Filament

Anther Pollen grain Sperm1

Sperm2
Pistil stigma

style
Embryo
Ovary Ovule Egg
sac
central
nuclei

Embryo

seed
Endosperm
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Fruit
Plant reproduction

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Questions…
Distinguish gametophyte and sporophyte?:

Distinguish pollination and fertilization?

What is double fertilization?

Distinguish microspore, pollen and sperm

Distinguish megaspore, ovule, embryo sac and egg

Embryo sac: 8 nuclei, egg, central cell

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Questions…
Distinguish gametophyte and sporophyte?:
2 steps in plant cycle. Gametophyte: n, sporophyte: 2n
Distinguish pollination and fertilization?
Pollen + stigma, fusion of sperms with egg or central cell
What is double fertilization?
Twice fertilization: sperm + egg, sperm + central cell
Distinguish microspore, pollen and sperm
Microspore: cell that can divide to form the pollen
Pollen: male part: 1 regenerate cell and 1 tube cell
Sperm: inside pollen, produced from the mitosis of
regenerate cell.
Distinguish megaspore, ovule, embryo sac and egg
megaspore: cell that can divide to form the ovule
ovule: female part: contain embryo sac
Embryo sac: 8 nuclei, egg, central cell 21
 Activity
Analyze the structure of seed

Characterize:
- The embryo
- The endosperm/hypocotyl
Rice seed Anatomy
Rice seed Germination
Soy bean seed Anatomy
Rice seed Germination
Embryogenesis

Zygotic stage globular stage

Heart stage Torpedo stage mature stage

Embryogenesis
Embryogenesis

Video
Root growth
and development

4 developmental zones

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 Root apical meristem (RAM)

QC : locates at the center of RAM, with low division rate.

tương đối chống chịu bức xạ
- relatively resistant to damage from radiation and toxic chemicals.
- act as a reserve that can restore the meristem if it becomes damaged.
nguồn dự trữ mô phân sinh

Initial cells (meristem tissue): surrounding QC, give the rise of all other
root tissues 32
4 types of Initial cells
1. Columella initials
2. Epidermis-lateral root
cap initials 3
3. Stele Initials 4
4. Cortical-endodermal
initials

1 2

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Primary G&D of roots: Longitudinal growth

Cell elongation:
pushing root tip ahead

Cell division: meristems continuously

adding cells to the youngest end of the
zone of elongation.

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Primary G&D of roots: Longitudinal growth

Cell division: meristems continuously adding cells to the

youngest end of the zone of elongation.

Cell elongation: pushing root tip ahead

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Primary G&D of roots: Longitudinal growth
Cell division: meristems continuously adding cells to the
youngest end of the zone of elongation.
Cell elongation: pushing root tip ahead

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Primary G&D of roots: transversal development

Give the rice of lateral roots

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Primary G&D of roots: transversal development

Give the rise of lateral roots

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Primary G&D of roots: transversal development

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Primary G&D of roots: transversal development

Initiation Organization

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Primary G&D of roots: transversal development

Emergence
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Primary G&D of roots: transversal development

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Shoot growth and development

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Shoot apical meristem (SAM)
Experiment of Steeves,
1989

Colchicine treatment

SAM is divided in to 3 layers (L1, L2, L3)

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Shoot apical meristem (SAM)
Anatomic analysis

Zone with
highly vacuolate:
low rate cell division

Zone with smaller cells: Zone with

high rate cell division randomly
oriented cell
divisions

There are 3 zones, differentiated by shape and by

orientation and rate of cell division

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 Shoot apical meristem (SAM)

CZ (central zone): low rate division of cell

PZ (peripheral zone): rapid division of cell, produce leaf “primordium”
RZ (rib zone): rapid division of cell, generate central tissue of stem
L1 (layer 1) generate shoot epidermis
L2 and L3: generate internal tissues

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Initial cells in SAM
Steeves, 1989

Colchicine treatment

Initial cells: are discrete in each layer of SAM

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Longitudial growth of shoot (primary)

At RZ: initials cells give the rise of stem tissues

In which
Plant zone,higher
become the cells divide
(shoot and elongate
growth) (for shoot
by the division andgrowth)?
elongation of cell in RZ

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Transversal growth of shoot
(primary and secondary)
2. Tissues: Lateral meristem

Primary xylem
phloem
Procambium
(Primary
meristem) Secondary xylem
Vascular cambium
phloem
(Secondary meristem)
2. Tissues: Lateral meristem
Transversal growth of shoot

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Leaf development

Leaf primordium is initiated from PZ in SAM

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Structural symmetry in the leaf

Three axes:
• proximodistal axis from base of the leaf to the tip.
• adaxial-abaxial axis from the upper to the lower epidermis.
• centrolateral axis from the midrib to the margin.
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Leaf development

At the same time, there are several leaves

with different stages of development 55
Leaf initiation
P0, P1: primordium initiation
(organogenesis)
P2, P3: development along axes

Then, celle/tissue differentiation

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Leaf initiation

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 Leaf
development

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Gene regulatory networks controlling root initiation

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Take home message…
1. Embryogenesis
2. Root growth and development: growth and LR dev.
3. Shoot growth and development:
4. Leaf initiation and development
5. Reproduction

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