LOGIC NGUYÊN NHÂN – KẾT QUẢ ÁP DỤNG VÀO DSAT

Dạng 1

Câu 1: Scientific result

Support cho câu 1 vì quá trình do experiment cũng chỉ để giải thích
Câu 2: do experiement
tại sao có kết quả ở câu 1
Câu 3: do experiment Support cho câu 1 vì quá trình do experiment cũng chỉ để giải thích
Câu 4: do experiement tại sao có kết quả ở câu 1
Support cho câu 1 vì quá trình do experiment cũng chỉ để giải thích
tại sao có kết quả ở câu 1

(Câu 5): Dù có câu cuối để nhắc lại main idea

là câu đầu không thì vẫn phải hiểu
experiment để support câu đầu

Dạng 2

Câu 1: Scientific aim/issue

Support cho câu 1 vì làm thí nghiệm cũng chỉ để về đạt
Câu 2: Do experiment được aim hoặc là giải quyết issue đang có ở câu 1
Câu 3: Do experiment Support cho câu 1 vì làm thí nghiệm cũng chỉ để về đạt
được aim hoặc là giải quyết issue đang có ở câu 1
Câu 4: Do experiment
Tác dụng như câu 3
(Câu 5): Dù có câu cuối để nhắc lại nội
dung của aim/ issue này không thì vẫn
phải hiểu kết quả của thí nghiệm để đi
support câu đầu

1) To understand how Paleolithic artists navigated dark caves, archaeologist Ma Ángeles Medina-Alcaide
and her team tested different lighting methods in a cave in Spain using replicas of artifacts found in
European caves with art. They used three different Paleolithic light sources—torches, animal-fat lamps, and
fireplaces—determining that each likely had a specific purpose. For instance, the team learned that the
animal-fat lamps were less useful than torches while walking because the lamps didn’t illuminate the cave
floor.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
A) Medina-Alcaide and her team’s study demonstrated that fireplaces were essential to the creators of
Paleolithic cave art.
B) Medina-Alcaide and her team discovered that Paleolithic cave artists in Spain used animal-fat lamps
more often than they used torches.
 C) Medina-Alcaide and her team were reluctant to draw many conclusions from their study because of the
difficulty they had replicating light sources based on known artifacts.
D) Medina-Alcaide and her team tested Paleolithic light sources and learned some details about how
Paleolithic artists traveled within dark caves.
2) In 1934 physicist Eugene Wigner posited the existence of a crystal consisting entirely of electrons in a
honeycomb-like structure. The so-called Wigner crystal remained largely conjecture, however, until Feng Wang
and colleagues announced in 2021 that they had captured an image of one. The researchers trapped electrons
between two semiconductors and then cooled the apparatus, causing the electrons to settle into a crystalline
structure. By inserting an ultrathin sheet of graphene above the crystal, the researchers obtained an impression
—the first visual confirmation of the Wigner crystal.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
A) Researchers have obtained the most definitive evidence to date of the existence of the Wigner crystal.
B) Researchers have identified an innovative new method for working with unusual crystalline structures.
C) Graphene is the most important of the components required to capture an image of a Wigner crystal.
D) It’s difficult to acquire an image of a Wigner crystal because of the crystal’s honeycomb structure.
3) Believing that living in an impractical space can heighten awareness and even improve health, conceptual
artists Madeline Gins and Shusaku Arakawa designed an apartment building in Japan to be more fanciful than
functional. A kitchen counter is chest-high on one side and knee-high on the other; a ceiling has a door to
nowhere. The effect is disorienting but invigorating: after four years there, filmmaker Nobu Yamaoka reported
significant health benefits.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
A) Although inhabiting a home surrounded by fanciful features such as those designed by Gins and Arakawa
can be rejuvenating, it is unsustainable.
B) Designing disorienting spaces like those in the Gins and Arakawa building is the most effective way to create
a physically stimulating environment.
C) As a filmmaker, Yamaoka has long supported the designs of conceptual artists such as Gins and Arakawa.
D) Although impractical, the design of the apartment building by Gins and Arakawa may improve the well-
being of the building’s residents
4) Scholars generally agree that amputations were dangerous and deadly prior to 10,000 years ago due to a lack
of proper surgical tools and techniques. The earliest evidence of a successful limb- removal surgery was a
7,000- year- old skeleton found in France that had an amputation above the elbow. Recently, archeologists
uncovered a 31,000 year-od skeleton with an amputated leg in Indonesia. Analysis of the early stone age
skeleton shows that the amputation occurred when the man was just a child and lacked any evidence of
infections. Thus, _________
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. early stone age people must have had doctors who performed these successful
amputations.
B. life as an amputee must have been difficult for early stone age people without access to
postoperational care.
 C. there is insufficient evidence to support that most amputations performed prior to
10,000 years ago were deadly.
D. early stone age people prior to 10,000 years ago may have been more advanced than
was previously acknowledged.

5) To investigate the history of plate subduction—when one of Earthʼs tectonic plates slides beneath another—
Sarah M. Aarons and colleagues compared ancient rocks from the Acasta Gneiss Complex in Canada to modern
rocks. Using isotope analysis, the researchers found that Acasta rocks dating to about 4.02 billion years ago
(bya) most strongly resemble modern rocks formed in a plume setting (an area in which hot rocks from Earthʼs
mantle flow upward into the crust). By contrast, they found that Acasta rocks dating to about 3.75 bya and 3.6
bya have an isotope composition that is similar to that of modern rocks formed in a subduction setting. Aaronsʼs
team therefore concluded that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. subduction-like processes began occurring in some locations no later than 3.75 bya.
B. subduction replaced mantle plume formation as the most common geological process by about 4.02 bya.
C. the majority of the rocks in the Acasta Gneiss Complex formed through subduction.
D. the rocks in the Acasta Gneiss Complex are of a more recent origin than scientists previously thought

6) The Indus River valley civilization flourished in South Asia from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE. Many examples
of the civilizationʼs writing system exist, but researchers havenʼt yet deciphered it or identified which ancient
language it represents. Nevertheless, archaeologists have found historical artifacts, such as clay figures and
jewelry, that provide information about the civilizationʼs customs and how its communities were organized. The
archaeologistsʼ findings therefore suggest that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. investigating an ancient civilization is easier without knowledge of the civilizationʼs language.
B. knowing an ancient civilizationʼs language isnʼt necessary in order to learn details about the civilization.
C. archaeological research should focus on finding additional artifacts rather than deciphering ancient
languages.
D. examining the civilizationʼs historical artifacts has resolved the debate about this civilizationʼs language

7) In a study of the mechanisms underlying associative memory—or the ability to learn and remember
connections between inherently unrelated things—neuroscientists Kei Igarashi, Jasmine Chavez, and others
presented mice with memory tests. The team discovered that fan cells, a type of cell found in the medial
temporal lobe of the brain, are necessary for the acquisition of new associative memories. They also found that
fan cell activity requires dopamine, a chemical the brain produces in response to pleasure and rewards.
Consequently, receiving a reward should likely help to ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. decrease an individualʼs capacity to utilize dopamine.
B. increase an individualʼs capacity to recognize differences between unrelated things.
C. increase an individualʼs capacity to form associative memories.
D. decrease an individualʼs capacity to create fan cells

8) Euphorbia esula (leafy spurge) is a Eurasian plant that has become invasive in North America, where it
displaces native vegetation and sickens cattle. E. esula can be controlled with chemical herbicides, but that
approach can also kill harmless plants nearby. Recent research on introducing engineered DNA into plant
species to inhibit their reproduction may offer a path toward exclusively targeting E. esula, consequently
______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. making individual E. esula plants more susceptible to existing chemical herbicides.
B. enhancing the ecological benefits of E. esula in North America.
C. enabling cattle to consume E. esula without becoming sick.
D. reducing invasive E. esula numbers without harming other organisms
9. In the twentieth century, ethnographers made a concerted effort to collect Mexican American folklore, but
they did not always agree about that folkloreʼs origins. Scholars such as Aurelio Espinosa claimed that Mexican
American folklore derived largely from the folklore of Spain, which ruled Mexico and what is now the
southwestern United States from the sixteenth to early nineteenth centuries. Scholars such as Américo Paredes,
by contrast, argued that while some Spanish influence is undeniable, Mexican American folklore is mainly the
product of the ongoing interactions of various cultures in Mexico and the United States.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support Paredesʼs argument?
A. The folklore that the ethnographers collected included several songs written in the form of a décima, a type
of poem originating in late sixteenth-century Spain.
B. Much of the folklore that the ethnographers collected had similar elements from region to region.
C. Most of the folklore that the ethnographers collected was previously unknown to scholars.
D. Most of the folklore that the ethnographers collected consisted of corridos—ballads about history and social
life —of a clearly recent origin.
10) In the mountains of Brazil, Barbacenia tomentosa and Barbacenia macrantha—two plants in the
Velloziaceae family—establish themselves on soilless, nutrient-poor patches of quartzite rock. Plant ecologists
Anna Abrahão and Patricia de Britto Costa used microscopic….(1)….. The researchers hypothesize that the
plants depend on dissolving underlying rock with these acids, as the process not only creates channels for
continued growth but also releases phosphates that provide the vital nutrient phosphorus.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support the researchers’ hypothesis?
A) Other species in the Velloziaceae family are found in terrains with more soil but have root structures similar
to those of B. tomentosa and B. macrantha.
B) Though B. tomentosa and B. macrantha both secrete citric and malic acids, each species produces the acids
in different proportions.
C) The roots of B. tomentosa and B. macrantha carve new entry points into rocks even when cracks in the
surface are readily available.
D) B. tomentosa and B. macrantha thrive even when transferred to the surfaces of rocks that do not contain
phosphates.
11)Violins made by Antonio Stradivari and other craftspeople in the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries in
Cremona, Italy, produce a sound that is considered superior to that of modern stringed instruments. Some
experts have claimed that the type of wood used to create Cremonese violins is responsible for their prized
sound, but modern and Cremonese violins are made of the same kinds of wood: maple and spruce. New
analysis, however, has revealed unique indications 1 that the wood in the older violins was chemically treated
by the makers, leading researchers to suggest that ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. Cremonese violins probably were not considered superior to other instruments at the time they were made.
B. the sound quality of Cremonese violins results in part from a method the craftspeople used to alter the wood.
C. if modern violins were made of a wood other than maple or spruce, they likely would sound as good as
Cremonese violins.
D. the current process of making violins is the same process that was used centuries ago by Cremonese
craftspeople
12. In a study of neuronal sleeping patterns, researchers tracked the electrical waves (using EEG) and blood
flow patterns (using fMRI) in participants while they slept. Researchers hypothesized that a correlation
between electrical wave activity and blood flow patterns could indicate which regions of the brain, if any, fell
asleep or awoke first. Like with previous studies, the researchers found that the thalamus, a region located
near the center of the brain, had decreased blood flow patterns in association with increased electrical sleep
waves in the early minutes of sleep activity. This suggests that

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. the thalamus is one of the first brain regions to fall asleep.

B. increased blood flow patterns in association with decreased electrical sleep waves indicate a
brain region that is asleep.
C. the thalamus is the last brain region to fall asleep.
D. humans may use only one hemisphere of the brain while asleep.

13. In 2016 biological anthropologist Heather F. Smith and her team investigated the evolution of the appendix,
an intestinal organ that is present in some mammals, including humans, but is generally thought to have no
function. Studying 533 mammal species, the team found that the appendix has emerged independently across
multiple lineages in separate instances and, significantly, hasn’t disappeared after emerging in specific lineages.
Moreover, the team determined that species with the organ tend to have higher concentrations of lymphoid
tissue, which supports immune responses, in the cecum, the organ the appendix is attached to. Therefore, the
team hypothesized that the appendix likely _______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) was once present in many nonmammal species but has since disappeared from those lineages.
B) has been preserved in certain mammal species because it benefits their immune systems.
C) will emerge in a greater number of mammal species because it may serve a necessary function in the immune
system.
D) produced higher concentrations of lymphoid tissue in mammals in the past than it does currently.
14. One challenge when researching whether holding elected office changes a person’s behavior is the problem
of ensuring that the experiment has an appropriate control group. To reveal the effect of holding office,
researchers must compare people who hold elected office with people who do not hold office but who are
otherwise similar to the office-holders. Since researchers are unable to control which politicians win elections,
they therefore _______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) struggle to find valid data about the behavior of politicians who do not currently hold office.
B) can only conduct valid studies with people who have previously held office rather than people who presently
hold office.
C) should select a control group of people who differ from office holders in several significant ways.
D) will find it difficult to identify a group of people who can function as an appropriate control group for their
studies.
15. Several artworks found among the ruins of the ancient Roman city of Pompeii depict a female figure fishing
with a cupid nearby. Some scholars have asserted that the figure is the goddess Venus, since she is known to
have been linked with cupids in Roman culture, but University of Leicester archaeologist Carla Brain suggests
that cupids may have also been associated with fishing generally. The fact that a cupid is shown near the female
figure, therefore, _______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) is not conclusive evidence that the figure is Venus.
B) suggests that Venus was often depicted fishing.
C) eliminates the possibility that the figure is Venus.
D) would be difficult to account for if the figure is not Venus.
16. Itʼs common for jazz musicians and fans to refer to certain songs as having “swing,” indicating that the
songs provoke a strong feeling, like the impulse to tap oneʼs foot or dance. The exact acoustic properties that
give a song swing, however, have long been thought to be 7 undefinable. To investigate swing, a team led by
physicist Corentin Nelias delayed the downbeats and synchronized the offbeats in jazz piano solos and asked
jazz musicians to compare the intensity of swing in each modified piece with the intensity of swing in the
original piece. They found that participants were more than seven times likelier to characterize the modified
songs as having swing than to characterize the original versions as having swing, suggesting that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. synchronized offbeats tend to give a song swing regardless of whether downbeats are delayed.
B. the acoustic properties that give a song swing are not easy for jazz musicians to manipulate.
C. jazz songs that feature the piano are more likely to have swing than are jazz songs that do not feature the
piano.
D. the timing of downbeats and offbeats may play a crucial role in giving a song swing

17) Aerogels are highly porous foams consisting mainly of tiny air pockets within a solidified gel. These
lightweight materials are often applied to spacecraft and other equipment required to withstand extreme
conditions, as they provide excellent insulation despite typically being brittle and eventually fracturing due to
degradation from repeated exposure to high heat. Now, Xiangfeng Duan of the University of California, Los
Angeles, and colleagues have developed an aerogel with uniquely flexible properties. Unlike earlier aerogels,
Duanʼs teamʼs material contracts rather than expands when heated and fully recovers after compressing to just
5% of its original volume, suggesting that ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. the aerogelʼs remarkable flexibility results from its higher proportion of air pockets to solidified gel as
compared to other aerogels.
B. the aerogelʼs overall strength is greater than that of other insulators but its ability to withstand exposure to
intense heat is lower.
C. the aerogel will be more effective as an insulator for uses that involve gradual temperature shifts than for
those that involve rapid heat increases.
D. the aerogel will be less prone to the structural weakness that ultimately causes most other aerogels to break
down with use.
18)When the Vinland Map, a map of the world purported to date to the mid-1400s, surfaced in 1957, some
scholars believed it demonstrated that European knowledge of the eastern coast of present-day North America
predated Christopher Columbus’s 1492 arrival. In 2021, a team including conservators Marie-France Lemay
and Paula Zyats and materials scientist Anikó Bezur performed an extensive analysis of the map and the ink
used. They found that the ink contains titanium dioxide, a compound that was first introduced in ink
manufacturing in the early 1900s. Therefore, the team concluded that _______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) mid-1400s Europeans could not have known about the eastern coast of present-day North America.
B) the Vinland Map could not have been drawn by mid-1400s mapmakers.
C) mapmakers must have used titanium compounds in their ink in the 1400s.
D) there isn’t enough information to determine when the ink was created.
19) Among social animals that care for their young, such as chickens, macaque monkeys, and humans,
newborns appear to show an innate attraction to faces and face-like stimuli. Elisabetta Versace and her
colleagues used an image of three black dots arranged in the shape of eyes and a nose or mouth to test whether
this trait also occurs in Testudo tortoises, which live alone and do not engage in parental care. They found that
tortoise hatchlings showed a significant preference for the image, suggesting that ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) face-like stimuli are likely perceived as harmless by newborns of social species that practice parental care
but as threatening by newborns of solitary species without parental care.
B) researchers should not assume that an innate attraction to face-like stimuli is necessarily an adaptation
related to social interaction or parental care.
C) researchers can assume that the attraction to face-like stimuli that is seen in social species that practice
parental care is learned rather than innate.
D) newly hatched Testudo tortoises show a stronger preference for face-like stimuli than adult Testudo tortoises
do.
20) Previous research has shown that plant species with a narrow geographical range tend to be more
genetically homogeneous than plant species with extensive ranges are. Based on these findings, researchers
recently ran simulations to predict how the genetic variation of several species of Mammillaria, a genus of
cactus found throughout the Americas, might change in different distribution conditions. One of these species.
M. anniana, is found only in the state of Tamaulipas. The researchers simulated what would happen if M.
anniana spread to new habitats outside Tomaulipas, and, consistent with previous findings, the results showed
that ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A) there was a gradual increase in the genetic homogeneity of Mammillaria species in states neighboring
Tamaulipas.
B) Mammillaria species other than M. anniana would become more common in Tomaulipas.
C) several other Mammillaria species could survive in Tomaulipas in the future.
D) the genetic homogeneity of M. anniana decreased over time
21. Evan MacLean and colleagues evaluated behavioral and genetic data from over 14,000 dogs, representing
more than 100 breeds, and found that certain similarities in bahevior between breeds correspond to genetic
similarities between those breeds, suggesting a genetic basis for breed differences in behavior. This was the case
for both dog rivalry and energy but was especially pronounced for chasing, which can be seen when a dog
pursues small animals like birds or squirrels. A different study found that the French bulldog and the bullmastiff
breeds exibit similar chasing behavior, suggesting that _________
Which choice most logically complete the text?
A) Their similarities with respect to that behavior could result from a shared aspect of their genetics
B) Individual French bulldogs likely display higher levels of chasing than individual bullmastiffs
C) French bulldogs and bullmastiffs show a greater tendency toward chasing than most other do breeds do
D) The two breed will likely become less genetically similar over time
22. The state of Wisconsin has classified the walnut twig beetle as an invasive species that could harm some of
the state’s native species. But researchers Aljandro Camacho and Jason have pointed out that “ invasive” and
“native” are labels that describe temporary circumstances. Changes in Earth’s climate may force animals from
their current ranges. Climate changes may also create good habitats in areas where a species could not live
previously. In the case of Wisconsin, these observations suggest that _________
Which choice most logically complete the text?
A) Thes state was previously home to some walnut twig beetles but they were outcompeted by invading
species.
B) It is useful at present for the state to distinguish between invasive and native species in some instances
but not in the case of the walnut twig beetle
C) Even if Earth’s climate does not hace in the way scientists predict, the walbut twig beetle will likely
establish itself in the state
D) The state’s designation of the walnut twig beetle as invasive may to appropriate not but not in the future