Sociology Test 2 2024 Model Answer

Test Code: Socio 2402
SOCIOLOGY TEST SERIES 2024

TEST 02
Time Allowed: Three Hours Maximum Marks: 250
Question Paper Specific Instructions:
 There are EIGHT questions in the question paper divided in two sections printed in
ENGLISH.
 Question 1 and 5 are compulsory. You can attempt any THREE out of the remaining,
Choosing at least ONE Question from each section.
 The number of marks carried by a question /part is indicated against it.
 Word limit in questions, wherever specified, should be adhered to.
 Content is more important than content length.
Section A
Q.1) Comment on the following in about 150 words each: 10x5=50

(a) Trace the evolution of Formal organisation of work. How has it evolved with
the evolution of work?
Answer:
Define Formal organisation: Formal organisation: is a highly structured secondary
group deliberately created to achieve goals in the most efficient manner. The modern
bureaucratic organisations, characterized by an authority, hierarchy, a clear division of
labor, written rules and impersonality, are prime example of formal organisations.
Examples are colleges, corporations, government agencies, and hospitals.
As Max Weber first recognised in the 1920s, there has been a long-term trend in Europe
& North America towards formal organizations.
Since working conditions are changing, so is the organisational model.
Manual work (Pyramidal Bureaucracy) Service work (Pyramidal)Knowledge work

(Intelligent organisation)Gig work (Holacracy)
A century ago in the US, Weber’s ideas took hold in an organisational model called
scientific management. Earlier in the industrial society, the routine nature of jobs,
coupled with limited skills, and standardization required scientific management
model (conventional Pyramidal Bureaucracy) to follow.
Henry Mintzberg: has described evolution of Formal organisation from simple

Bureaucracy and Machine Bureaucracy to Divisional Bureaucracy and Adhocracy.
Burns & Stalker: Mechanistic model to organic model.
2nd Floor, 45 Pusa Road, Opp. Metro Pillar 128, Karol Bagh, New Delhi-110005
Ph: 08045248491, 7041021151 | Email: [email protected]
With evolution of work, the bureaucratic structures evolved as described above. Refer
Test discussion for details.
(b) The Bureaucracy in practice deviate from the Weberian Ideal type of
Bureaucracy. Do you agree?
Answer:
Define Bureaucracy
Define Ideal type
Weber’s Ideal type of Bureaucracy (describe features)
Connecting line: Bureaucracy is a product of historical experience. When Europe

experienced Industrialisation, most of the factory work was capital intensive and
workers did monotonous, repetitive, and standardised work. Machine Bureaucracy
supervised to ensure efficiency.
However, today’s Bureaucracy has evolved with evolution of work.

Bureaucracy in practice (deviation)
 Organismic model
 Adhocracy
(c) According to Durkheim, ‘society is a reality sui generis’. What does it imply?
Illustrate with examples.
Answer:
Describe Sui generis phenomenon:
Describe Social realism which describes social institutions and society as sui generis
reality.
How social institutions are sui generis (examples):

 Religion
 Suicide rate
 Deviance
 Division of labour
 Mob
(d) Open society is a mental construct only. Do you agree? Illustrate with research
work.
Answer:
Describe open society (with characteristic traits): merit based absolute mobility,
individualism, equality for all, equal opportunities for everyone,
Describe mental construct
How open society is a mental construct?

Describe how ascriptive statuses like race, gender, ethnicity influences and restrict life
chances.
Ethnicity & Race: Bamboo ceiling & Canvass ceiling

Gender: Glass ceiling, Glass wall, Glass floor
Goldthorpe: Britain isn’t an absolutely open society. It has limited short range mobility.
Goldthorpe et al tested the embourgeoisement thesis by interviewing car workers in
Luton. Only 2/80 were accepted as middle class by other middle class groups. Others
had become new middle class- who had their private home and wealth but did not
possess middle class outlook, norms, etiquettes, and attitude.
IHDS Survey on Social Mobility: In the Indian case, several studies have shown that
intergenerational mobility is weaker for individuals from disadvantaged groups such as
SC, ST, and OBC, religious minorities, and for individuals based in rural areas.
Kellner & Wilby gave a rule of 1:2:4 rule of relative hope- whatever the chance of a
working-class son being in the professional class as an adult, it was twice as much for
an intermediate-class son and 4 times as much for an upper-class son. Basically, there
is a greater chance of higher class people staying in that class than working class people
moving up. The elite recruit the sons of those already in the elite (elite-self recruitment).
(e) Explain whether Marx’s theory of Alienation is relevant in the present-day

context.
Answer:
Define Alienation
Discuss types of Alienation
 Alienation from means of production
 Alienation from product
 Alienation from production process
 Alienation from species being (creative self)
Relevance of Alienation:
 White collar alienation
 Digital alienation (Uber)
 Alienation varies from one to another industry
Not relevant
 White collar workers are shareholders (given ESOPs now)
 Cooperatives
 Start Up
 Stand Up
Conclusion
Q.2) (a) Critically assess the relevance of Davis & Moore’s theory of social
stratification in contemporary times. (20 Marks)
Answer:
Define Social stratification
Describe Davis & Moore’s social stratification theory

Some positions are valued more due to their importance.
Greater the importance of position, more rewards a society attaches to it. Rewards-
income, prestige, power, & leisure.
Major function of unequal reward is to motivate talented individuals and allocate them to
the functionally most important positions.
Davis & Moore argued Stratification is beneficial to society as a whole since it
integrates the system.
Give examples for each of the above point (wherever applicable)
DESCRIBE RELEVANCE:
Pick any organisation (School, university, bureaucracy, political party, Bank, Court) and
show how the above elements are visible in these.
Critical analysis:
Melvin Tumin’s rejection of Davis & Moore’s theory: Points & Give example:
Feminist rejection: Points & Give example:
(b) What do you understand by Intersectionality? How does it help us understand

inequalities in society comprehensively? Give suitable illustrations.
(20 marks)
(c) Describe R.K. Merton’s views on the process of generation of Deviant sub-
culture. (10 marks)
Answer:
Define Deviance:
Define Subculture:
Discuss types of subcultures as described by Merton:
 Ritualists
 Innovators
 Retreatists
 Rebellion (Counter-culture)
Describe the process of the formation of these 4 groups (focus on first 3):
Q.3) (a) Critically examine the dialectics involved in each mode of production as
propounded by Karl Marx. (20 marks)
Answer:
Define Dialectics: a mode of reasoning employed to explain evolution of ideas or material
conditions through opposition
Define Mode of production:

Give subheading for each mode of production and explain dialectics in each:
Start with Primitive communism & show dialectics.
Keep doing this till Capitalist Mode of production.
Critique:
Anthony Giddens:
Weber:
Popper: pseudoscience
(b) Describe the relevance of AGIL paradigm to explain functioning of

contemporary Indian society. What are the limitations of such an approach?
Illustrate with examples. (20 marks)
Answer:
Define AGIL Paradigm
Describe how it contributes to the maintenance of the social system
Describe relevance by explaining subsystems in modern society which fulfil each of the
AGIL needs.
Adaptation: India’s economy has undergone significant transformation, with rapid

growth in sectors such as information technology, manufacturing, and services. Policies
such as economic liberalization and initiatives like "Make in India" and "Digital India"
aim to adapt the economy to global standards and technological advancements.
Goal attainment: Key goals include economic development, social justice, poverty
alleviation, and national security
Integration: like the judiciary, educational system, and media play significant roles in
promoting social cohesion and addressing conflicts.
Latency: Family, Religion and School: India’s rich cultural traditions, values, and norms
are maintained through education, family structures, religious practices, and media.
Festivals, rituals, and cultural events play a significant role in sustaining these
traditions.
By examining these functions, the AGIL paradigm provides a comprehensive framework

to analyze how contemporary Indian society maintains stability, addresses challenges,
and pursues its goals amidst rapid change and diversity.
(c) How are poverty & social exclusion related to each other? (10 marks)
Answer:
Define Poverty: refers to deprivation of basic needs required for sustenance. This need
not be limited to deprivation of wealth. It includes deprivation of capability, energy,
information, culture etc.
Social exclusion: Process in which individuals may become cut off or prevented from
full involvement/having opportunities in the wider society
Poverty leads to social exclusion:

Deprivation may lead to lack of participation in mainstream society.
 Information poverty-
 Energy poverty-
 Capability poverty-
 Culture of poverty: Living in poverty creates a culture of poverty. It creates a cycle
of poverty which makes it difficult to escape. They internalize the values of their
culture. They make little use of institutions like banks, hospitals & museum.
They are separate part of society.
Social exclusion leads to poverty:

Lack of participation may lead to development of poverty or reproduction of poverty.
• Exclusion from labor market: can lead to exclusion from income and exclusion
from social relations and service exclusions. Jobless, unemployed, retired,
domestic and caring activity workers, disabled people who can’t work, and
students. Labor market exclusion can risk of wider social exclusion.
• Exlusion from social relations: Hinduism had excluded Avarnas, debtors,
women, slaves, Exclusion from Citizenship, public sphere, victims of AIDS,
leprosy, homosexuals, & Physically handicapped
Connect these forms of social exclusion to poverty.
Q.4) (a) According to Max Weber, ‘class’, ‘power’ and ‘status’ are not necessarily
correlated. Explain with suitable illustrations. (20 marks)
Answer:
Define each of the term
 Class
 Status
 Power
Marx: Marx gave monocausal & economic determinist explanation for the relation
between three. Power and status are necessarily the product of class position.
Weber: Weber gave multidimensional perspective. He believed that the 3 are not
interlinked necessarily. Show how class and status are two different dimension of power.
 People may be very wealthy but command little or no prestige in the society.
o Criminal gangster
 People may be very wealthy but command little or no political power. E.g. a
recluse who has inherited a large sum of money.
o Inherited Wealth: Many heirs and heiresses inherit large sums of money
or valuable assets without necessarily having the skills, influence, or
ambition to wield power. They may live comfortably without playing any
significant role in business or politics.
o Lottery Winners: Individuals who win large lottery prizes suddenly find
themselves wealthy. However, they often lack the connections, knowledge,
or inclination to convert that wealth into power.
 People may have prestige but not wealth. E.g.
o college professor who receives teaching excellence awards but live on a
relatively low income
o Poets or saints may have huge influence on society with often little
economic worth
 People may have great power but little wealth or prestige.
o a local official might exercise great power yet have little wealth or social
prestige.
• Status (Fame) is another source of power. E.g. Albert Einstein was offered the
presidency of Israel.
• Expert knowledge can be used to expand power, too. E.g. Many lawyers convert
their expertise into substantial amounts of political power.
(b) Modernisation presupposes class society; however, caste, ethnicity, and race
are still predominant. Explain. (20 marks)
Define Modernization: A process characterised by weakening of ascriptive statuses and

emergence of achievement orientation E.g. Breakdown of caste system and replacement
by class system.
Modernisation presupposes class society implies

 merit-based mobility of individuals as the precondition for modernisation of
society. E.g. An individual becoming a bureaucrat purely on the basis of
meritocracy (UPSC exam).
 Individual identity as overarching identity instead of caste identity or ethnic
identity
However, the role of ascriptive statuses and privileges associated with them continue to
exist in Indian society.
How caste Predominates

Show role of caste in education, politics, and workplace
Yogendra Singh:
 Caste, ethnicity, & race adapt to modern institutions.
 Individuals mobilise to form Caste-based association, caste based political party
to reap political benefits
 Individuals mobilise to form ethnic associations and spearhead ethnic
movements & regional sentiments (ethno-nationalism).
Rudolph & Rudolph: caste association as agents of democracy.
How Race predominates:

Show role of racism and privileges of white men in USA in sectors like politics, workplace
and education.
 Bamboo ceiling
 Canvas ceiling
 Sticky floor
Intersectionality phenomenon may be described:

Show how interwoven impact of ethnicity, race & caste may combine to influence
opportunities of individuals.
(c) Conformity & Deviance coexist in modern society. Clarify. (10 marks)
Answer:
Define conformity
Define Deviance
Explain how both coexist & why

In the mainstream society, culturally defined goals of material success are uniformly
distributed but the means to achieve them are not. Those who possess the legitimate
means and conform to material success, they are going by conformity in society. Those
who experience the strain, resort to different modes of adaptation (Retreatism,
innovation, rebellion and ritualism). We can show coexistence this way.
Do not just make the deviance typology in a box and leave it to the examiner. You need
to clearly highlight how both coexist.
Section B
Q5. Answer the following in about 150 words each: 10x5=50
(a) How can we explain social change using Parson’s structural functional
Paradigm?
Define Structural functionalism
Describe AGIL paradigm
AGIL paradigm explain how social system maintains social equilibrium. It does not
describe the social changes.
Parsons developed theory of evolutionary universals, factors causing strain, and

structural differentiation to explain social change.
He believed change starts with factors causing strain in the social system.
The Factors causing strain are:

 Demographic factors
 Physical factors
 Technological factors
 Cultural configurations
Strain disturbs the equilibrium, structural differentiation, adaptation and re-

equilibrating tendency of system initiates. This describes moving equilibrium.
(b) How do we differentiate between Race & Ethnicity? Are the boundaries blurred?
Describe.
Answer:
RACE ETHNICITY
Race describes physical traits like ethnicity refers to cultural traits like
skin, hair, facial, body type etc religion, nationality, language, customs,
food etc
Race is inherited Ethnicity is learned & maintained

through activities like festivals, religious
gatherings, celebrations & symbolic items
like dress, food and crafts
someone might say their race is “Black ethnicity might be Italian, Hispanic,
Latino, or Spanish descent
Individual belongs to one race (even if Individual may belong to multiple ethnic
its mixed race) groups. Jimi Hendrix was African
American, white and Cherokee,
Often used as a marker of superiority Often used as a way to celebrate diversity

and inferiority or to mark hierarchies and promote cultural understanding
How are boundaries blurred?

 Social Constructs: Both race and ethnicity are social constructs, which means
they are not based on objective biological or genetic differences but are products
of social and cultural categorization.
 Influence on Identity: Both race and ethnicity play a significant role in shaping
individuals' identities and self-perceptions. People often identify with particular
racial or ethnic groups as part of their personal and social identity.
 Impact on Social Interactions: Both race and ethnicity can influence how
individuals are perceived by others and can affect social interactions, including
stereotypes, prejudices, and biases.
(c) Is poverty limited to lack of wealth alone? Discuss other dimensions of poverty.
Answer:
Define Poverty: deprivation of basic resources.
Wealth is just one of the resource. Others resources that shape life-chances are: access
to electricity, water, transportation, internet, neat and clean environment like fresh air,
capability etc.
 Energy poverty: lack of access to basic services like electricity.
 Period poverty, or the inability to afford menstrual products
 Digital poverty is the term used to refer to those who live without, or with very
minimal, access to the internet and digital technologies capable of connecting to
it.
 Environmental poverty is the lack of a healthy environment needed for society's
survival and development.
 Culture of poverty: The theory suggests that people in poverty tend to focus on
their current troubles, which causes attitudes of dependency and
powerlessness. Poverty in this case is lack of aspirations.
 Information poverty has been defined as the ‘situation in which individuals and
communities, within a given context, do not have the requisite skills, abilities or
material means to obtain efficient access to information, interpret it and apply it
appropriately. It is further characterized by a lack of essential information and a
poorly developed information infrastructure’.
 Capability poverty: Poverty in this framework becomes a 'capability failure' –
people's lack of the capabilities to enjoy key 'beings and doings' that are basic to
human life.
(d) Describe the manifest & latent functions of caste census in Indian society.
Answer:
Define Manifest function:
Define Latent function:
Manifest function of caste census:

 Enumeration of castes to understand the degree of unequal distribution of
resources among castes.
 To make targeted policy for upliftment of caste groups
 To revise reservation policy for caste groups. E.g. Rohini commission for sub-
categorisation of OBCs.
Latent function of caste census:

 Caste consciousness
 Politicisation of caste
 Social movements against a caste group (E.g. Non Brahmin movement started in
1932 when 1931 caste census revealed over representation of Brhamins in
administration, education, and workplaces).
 Divisive tendencies
 Legitimisation of caste as primary identity.
(e) Describe Fordism with its merits and demerits.

Answer:
Features:
 Mass production,
 long term commitments to workers and wages linked to productivity,
 and collective bargaining agreements- agreements between firms and unions on
working conditions, wages, seniority rights, benefits etc.
Reasons for failure of Fordism:

 It was domestic oriented and could not serve global demand.
 Imported goods (Germany, Japan) became more popular.
 Helpful only to produce standardized products (once production line established,
it was quite rigid to alter a product).
 Good for mass production and consumption, but could not cater to individual
customers and different customized needs.
 High wages to labor led to its demise (could not compete with countries having
low production expenses like Japan).
Q.6) (a) How are Hierarchy & Exclusion the major impediments in the
transformation of societies? Discuss. (20 marks)
Answer:
Define hierarchy
Define exclusion
Describe how they restrict social mobility and make system a closed system.
Describe how system is not absolutely closed despite hierarchy and exclusion.
(b) Examine Karl Marx’s views on ‘class in itself’ and ‘class-for-itself’ with reference
to proletarians. (20 marks)
Answer:
Define class in itself
Define class for itself.
Describe how class in itself turns into class for itself. Through these 4 stages:
 Homogenisation
 Pauperisation
 Depression
 Critical thinking (true consciousness)
(c) Describe the difference between Merton’s idea of unanticipated consequences

and Latent Functions. Write suitable example.
Describe anticipated consequence (Manifest) and Unanticipated consequence (Latent)
Latent (unanticipated) consequences are of 3 types:

 Latent function
 Dysfunction
 Non-function
Basically you have to differentiate latent function from Dysfunction and non-function.
Write examples.
Q.7) (a) How does Weber’s conception of capitalism differ from Marx’s notion of
capitalism. (20 marks)
Answer:
Definition of  Marx defined  Weber called
capitalism capitalism as a mode capitalism a state of
of production mind: an outlook that
characterized by involved unrelenting
profit accumulation. pursuit of wealth as a
religious duty.
 views capitalism as
the central feature of
modern western  Capitalism is just one

societies of the aspects of the
larger process of
rationalization which
has come to
dominate modern
thought and society.
Model of Monolithic Multiple models
capitalism:
Capitalism is explained as a
Capitalism has always existed
unique historical occurrence
since ancient time. Only the
during Industrial revolution
forms have varied.
era Weber considered multiple
forms of capitalism (Booty,
pariah, traditional, and
modern rational) and
differentiated modern one
from previous three.
Origin of modern Material conditions like Weber suggests that material
capitalism industries were sufficient for conditions combined with
the rise of capitalism. Ideas, particularly religious
ideas, gives rise to modern
capitalism.
Rational capitalism was an
unintended consequence of
protestant reformation.
Weber disagreed with Marx's

assertion of the absolute
primacy of material
conditions in determining
human behavior. Weber
attempted to show that the
relations between ideas and
social structures were
multiple and varied, and that
causal connections went in
both directions. While Weber
basically agreed with Marx
that economic factors were
key in understanding the
social system, he gave
much greater emphasis to
the influence and
interaction of ideas and
values on sociocultural
evolution.
Commentary on Capitalism characterized by Weber sees not only
capitalism mechanization of production increasing mechanization of
production process, but also
increasing mechanization of
social structures (e.g.

Industrial organization) and
with it, an increasing
mechanization of human
consciousness
(instrumentality). He called
this rationalization.
Capitalism: Marx considered capitalism to Weber considered capitalism
Rational or be highly irrational because it highly rational because
irrational? fails to meet the basic needs of capitalists make money in
most of the people. most efficient manner.
(b) Explain the relevance of R.K. Merton’s Reference group theory. How can it help
a researcher to explain social change. (20 marks)
Answer:
Define reference group
Two types: Positive reference group & Negative reference Group
How to explain social change:

 Use Reference group theory to explain social changes like feminist movements,
dalit movements, civil rights movement, sanskritisation, desanskritisation,
westernisation etc.
But ensure that you explain these social changes by describing keywords like Positive
reference group, Relative deprivation & Anticipatory socialisation
(c) According to Mead, “we play a key role in our own socialisation”. Explain.
(10 marks)
Answer:
Define socialisation according to mead
Describe the socialisation process from prep stage to game stage (very briefly)
 Preparatory stage
 Play stage
 Game stage
Focus on game stage: This is the stage where we are playing key role in our own
socialisation. The individuals in this stage develop capability to take multiple roles of
generalised others and internalise expectations of generalised others. In any act,
according to Mead, the first reaction of the self comes from “I”. Before we act,
however, this reaction is directed into socially acceptable channels by the socialized
“me”.
Example: In the personality test, we may take the role of board members, internalise
their expectations, regulate our I accordingly, and redirect our mannerism, speech,
volume and tone through socialised ME.
Give more such everyday life examples.
Basically, we play a key role in our socialization.
Q.8) (a) Feminisation of workplace has emerged as a phenomenon associated with

Post-industrial societies. Explain the significance and challenges of the
feminisation of workplace. (20 marks)
Answer:
FEMINIZATION OF WORKFORCE: defined as process of incorporation of women into
labor force or increment in female labor force participation rate.
Post Industrial society: refers to society based on expansion of service sector.
However, there is pattern in feminization of workplaces: men and women are

concentrated in different types of jobs or positions within jobs based on understandings
of what is appropriate male and female work. This is called as Occupational
segregation.
Significance of feminization:
 Workplace Policies and Benefits: The increasing presence of women in the
workforce has led to re-evaluation and improvement of workplace policies and
benefits. Maternity leave, parental leave, childcare facilities, and family-friendly
policies have gained more attention, benefitting both men and women.
 Diversity and Inclusion: Greater gender diversity in the workplace can foster a
more inclusive environment. It allows for a wider range of perspectives, ideas, and
approaches, which often leads to better decision-making and problem-solving.
Companies benefit from diverse teams that reflect the diversity of their customer
base. Organisation researchers like Deborah Tannen argued that women bring
special management skills that strengthen an organisation.
o Women have a greater information focus and more readily ask questions
in order to understand an issue. Men, by contrast, have an image focus
that makes them wonder how asking questions in a particular situation
will affect their reputation.
o Women places greater value on communication skills than men and
share information more than men do.
o All these benefits dubbed female advantage generates more profits.
 Leadership and Representation: The feminization of the workplace can lead to
more women in leadership positions. This is crucial for providing role models and
breaking down stereotypes, encouraging more women to pursue leadership roles

and inspiring confidence in their abilities. Women are flexible leaders and give
employees greater freedom.
Challenges:
 Glass ceiling
 Glass floor
 Glass elevator
 Glass cliff
 Sexual harrassment
 Part time work
 Maternal leave
 Gender wage gap.
(b) Describe relevance of Durkheim’s theory of Division of Labor in contemporary

times. (20 marks)
Answer:
Define DOL
Describe Two types of DOL (as discussed by Durkheim)
Normal DOL: When roles are divided according to specialisation and this creates
interdependence between workers.
Give example:
Abnormal DOL: When there are anomalies in DOL.

 Anomic DOL: Example
 Forced DOL: Example
 Inadequately coordinated DOL: Example
(c) Present a sociological review on the ‘new middle class’.

Answer:
Define New Middle class first: Group of individuals who are beneficiaries of LPG in
India. (we have chosen Indian society as reference to define NMC)
Features of New Middle class:

 Promoters of high entreprenurial spirit in them (startup culture)-Banerjee
 They are drivers of consumption as well as savings in the national and global
economy.
 Social composition of the New Middle class: In terms of social composition,
they are still dominated by upper caste Hindus (included in other castes
category), while lower castes are mostly found among poor.
 Socially inclusive: Van der veer call this socially inclusive middle class that has
transcended traditional caste barriers of old middle class.
 Majority of them are employed in service activities brought forward by LPG post
90s.they have made a shift from earlier public sector occupations to IT and Mostly
found in IT and BPO industries. (Upadhyay)
 Aspirational class: At a personal level, they aspire to live in their own houses,
and many of them closer to the lower end of the threshold fondly look forward to
owning their first refrigerators, washing machines and two-wheelers.
 Emphasise strongly on education: They want their children to be better
educated them, and are ready to spend amounts they can scarcely afford on their
education in English-medium schools. This is because they see proficiency in
English as a passport to success.
 They prefer simple laws and hassle-free processes. They frown on subsidies
financed out of taxes they pay. Like taxpayers the world over, they want to see
the fiscal connection between the taxes the government collects from them and
the benefits they get in return.
 Active role in civil society: This class has decisive influence in moulding public
opinion on many national issues.

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Test Code: Socio 2402

SOCIOLOGY TEST SERIES 2024

Time Allowed: Three Hours Maximum Marks: 250

Question Paper Specific Instructions:

Q.1) Comment on the following in about 150 words each: 10x5=50

Since working conditions are changing, so is the organisational model.

Manual work (Pyramidal Bureaucracy) Service work (Pyramidal)Knowledge work

Henry Mintzberg: has described evolution of Formal organisation from simple

Define Ideal type

Weber’s Ideal type of Bureaucracy (describe features)

Connecting line: Bureaucracy is a product of historical experience. When Europe

However, today’s Bureaucracy has evolved with evolution of work.

How social institutions are sui generis (examples):

Describe mental construct

How open society is a mental construct?

Ethnicity & Race: Bamboo ceiling & Canvass ceiling

(e) Explain whether Marx’s theory of Alienation is relevant in the present-day

Describe Davis & Moore’s social stratification theory

Give examples for each of the above point (wherever applicable)

(b) What do you understand by Intersectionality? How does it help us understand

Define Mode of production:

Keep doing this till Capitalist Mode of production.

(b) Describe the relevance of AGIL paradigm to explain functioning of

Describe how it contributes to the maintenance of the social system

Adaptation: India’s economy has undergone significant transformation, with rapid

By examining these functions, the AGIL paradigm provides a comprehensive framework

Poverty leads to social exclusion:

Social exclusion leads to poverty:

Connect these forms of social exclusion to poverty.

Define Modernization: A process characterised by weakening of ascriptive statuses and

Modernisation presupposes class society implies

How caste Predominates

Rudolph & Rudolph: caste association as agents of democracy.

How Race predominates:

Intersectionality phenomenon may be described:

Explain how both coexist & why

Define Structural functionalism

Describe AGIL paradigm

Parsons developed theory of evolutionary universals, factors causing strain, and

The Factors causing strain are:

Strain disturbs the equilibrium, structural differentiation, adaptation and re-

Race is inherited Ethnicity is learned & maintained

Often used as a marker of superiority Often used as a way to celebrate diversity

How are boundaries blurred?

Define Latent function:

Manifest function of caste census:

Latent function of caste census:

(e) Describe Fordism with its merits and demerits.

Reasons for failure of Fordism:

Define class in itself

Define class for itself.

(c) Describe the difference between Merton’s idea of unanticipated consequences

Describe anticipated consequence (Manifest) and Unanticipated consequence (Latent)

Latent (unanticipated) consequences are of 3 types:

modern western  Capitalism is just one

Weber disagreed with Marx's

social structures (e.g.

Two types: Positive reference group & Negative reference Group

How to explain social change: