Internal Assignment

SESSION FEBRUARY/MARCHE 2024

NAME KADIATOU DIALLO
ROLL NUMBER 2414108047
PROGRAM BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATION
SEMESTER 1
COURSE CODE AND NAME Assignmnet_DCA1104_Set 1&2_March'24
1. The concept of overclocking is also referred to as speed margining. The main reason for
overclocking is for the increment of its speed which results in less or no cost. For
instance, if my CPU is not good enough or cannot stand my new game which I am
excited to play, I can go with the process of overclocking. I would increase the CPU’s
speed and make it run faster than its average speed.
Overclocking is the process through which, the CPU’s speed is pushed to its absolute best
in order to get a better performance of it. The CPU is a subpart of a microprocessor; the
only differences, are the bandwidth, and clock speed along the instruction set.
Additionally, overclocking is a way of increasing the CPU’s performance and speed work
at its peak.
“For example, by increasing the BUS speed on the motherboard you can increase the
speed of the computer with an Intel Pentium III processor running at 933MHz to run at
speeds equivalent to a Pentium III 1050MHz processor.” [Section 1.3 CPU
Overclocking.]
Overclocking like any other concept, has both a good side as well as a dark part of it; let
us enumerate both sides in the following lines:
A good overclocked system may lead to the following:
Personal computer performance gain at a lower price;
Easy to learn;
Effective task execution;
Multiple over-clocking options;
Increase the data processing;
It pushes your GUI to a better performance for intensive graphic tasks such as gaming;
therefore, the CPU is enabled to process more sets of instructions in a shorter time.
Better frame rate and decrement in latency are other benefits of overclocking the RAM.

However, overclocking your system may result in an increment in power consumption

and heat release from both the CPU and GPU. Therefore, it is crucial to keep your system
cooled after overclocking to avoid crashes, freezes, and permanent damage;
Additionally, overclocking can reduce the warranty of the hardware of the computer;
It requires a much bigger CPU cooler; use a fan or a liquid coolant to avoid system
crashes.
It void reliability;
Outright failure because it reduces the life span of your CPU; therefore, the die time of
the CPU is maximized.
When the CPU releases more heat and is not properly managed/cooled, the system may
shut down for some time until properly cooled.
Overclocking your CPU may cause damage to your system. Since overclocking is
considered a violation, it may not be recovered.
It may also cause CPU instability since not every CPU and motherboard can handle or
recover from overclocking. Therefore, it requires a lot of testing and adjustment which
may result in time consumption.
 Therefore, to ensure safety after overclocking your CPU, kindly increase the clock speed
slowly and check its stability after every change is done. Keeping your voltage low and
use the quality of PSU that can support the power needed;
In sum, overclock your system according to your needs and do not exceed expectations.
Use the effective steps by steps of overclocking including changing the bus speed,
changing the voltage, and changing the multiplier.

2. Expansion slots are connectors on a computer's motherboard that permit extra cards to
be installed to increase the computer's expertise or competencies. Here are some
common types of expansion slots:
 (PCI) Peripheral Components interconnect: in the early 1990’s, Intel brought
into existence the PCI. They permit the installation of many expansion cards such
as network cards, sound cards, modern cards, and storage controllers.
Their capacity is 32-bit or 64-bit data paths and can ruin at speeds up to 66MHZ.

 PCI Express (PCIe):

PCIe is known to be the inheritor to PCI and AGP (accelerate Graphic Port) slots.
They came into existence in 2004. The uses of PCIe slots range from high-speed
components like graphics cards, SSDs (Solid State Drives), network cards, and
more.
PCIe slots come in different configurations, typically denoted by their lane count
(x1, x4, x8, x16, etc.), where each lane consists of two pairs of wires, one for
sending and one for receiving data. PCIe can transfer data at very high speeds,
with PCIe 4.0 supporting up to 16 GT/s (giga-transfers per second) per lane.

 AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port): AGP was introduced in the late 1990s and is
designed mainly for the graphic card. It helps in the process of setting a
connection between the graphics card and the CPU. It permits a faster and more
effective performance when it comes to data sharing for 3D graphics.
They exist in numerous forms such as 1x, 2x, 4x, and 8x. Each version amplifies
the performance of the data transfer rate of its antecedent.
Overall, we can say that AGP has substituted PCIe.

 ISA (Industry Standard Architecture): introduced in the 1980s, we can say that
ISA is considered one of the oldest expansion slots and is now considered as
obsolete. They were used to link or connect older peripherals.
They support 8-bit to 16-bit and have a maximum speed of 8MHZ speed.

CNR (Communications and Networking Riser): they were introduced by Intel

mainly for audio functionalities as well as networking.
They were used to install low-cost expansion cards for audio and networking
capabilities.
 These different types of expansion slots have advanced to support the growing
speed and density of modern computer peripherals. When discussing these slots,
it's compulsory to note their background context and main use cases to understand
why the latest slots like PCIe have massively swapped older types like ISA and
AGP.

3. A. Hard disk drive

A hard disk drive (HDD) is a device designed to store and retrieve digital data through a
system of rotating disks called platters, which are coated with magnetic material. The
primary components of a hard drive include:

Platters: These disks are responsible for storing data. Each platter is covered with a layer
of magnetic material.

Spindle: This component is the axis that allows the platters to spin. It ensures that the
platters rotate at high speeds.

Read/Write Head: This element reads information from and writes information to the
platters. Each side of a platter has its read/write head.

Actuator Arm: This arm moves the read/write head to the correct location on the platter.
It is directed by the actuator mechanism.

Actuator Mechanism: This motor drives the actuator arm, ensuring precise positioning
of the read/write head over the appropriate track on the platters.

Controller Board: This circuit board manages data reading and writing, converting data
between analog and digital forms, and connects the HDD to the computer.

Casing: The enclosure of the hard drive protects its internal components from dust, static
electricity, and physical damage.
Diagram:

hard disk drive with labels - Search Images (bing.com)

(Kindly, press ctr+click to follow the image and see where it was taken from)

All the disks of a hard drive move concurrently at the central shaft swaps in the same
direction and at the same speed.
  B. .List of tips for troubleshooting a switch power supply:

Check Power Cable and Connections: Ensure that all power cables are firmly
connected to both the switch and the power source. Inspect for any visible damage to the
cables.

Verify Power Outlet: Test the power outlet by connecting another device to ensure it is
working correctly.

Inspect LEDs on the Switch: Most switches have indicator LEDs. Check if these LEDs
are lit to confirm that the switch is receiving power.

Test with Another Power Supply: If possible, try using a different, compatible power
supply to determine if the issue lies with the original power supply unit.

Look for External Damage: Check the power supply unit and the switch for any signs
of physical damage that might affect operation.

Measure Output Voltage: Use a multimeter to measure the output voltage of the power
supply. Compare the reading with the specifications provided by the manufacturer.

Listen for Unusual Noises: Pay attention to any strange sounds coming from the power
supply, such as humming or buzzing, which can indicate internal faults.

Check for Overheating: Feel the power supply for excessive heat. Overheating can
cause the power supply to shut down or function improperly.

Reset the Switch: If your switch has a reset button, try resetting it to see if that resolves
the issue.

Consult the Manual: Refer to the user manual for specific troubleshooting steps related
to your switch model.

Seek Professional Help: If all else fails, contact the manufacturer’s support team or a
professional technician for further assistance.
 4. Blu-ray Disc (BD):
BD is a digital optical disc storage format designed to supersede the DVD format. It is
capable of storing high-definition (HD) and ultra-high-definition (UHD) video
resolutions.
Introduced in 2006, Blu-ray Discs have a substantially higher storage capacity than
DVDs, with a single-layer disc holding up to 25 GB and a dual-layer disc up to 50 GB.
The multiplication in storage is accomplished through the use of a blue-violet laser,
which has a shorter wavelength than the red laser used for DVDs, allowing for more
precise data placement and thus more data per disc.
The name Blue-ray is derived from the color it uses to read data added to the name ray
which is derived from the Blu-ray disk association.

Blu-ray Discs adhere to a set of standards that ensure compatibility, performance, and content
protection. Some key standards include:

BD-ROM: Read-only memory discs used for distributing movies, games, and other
content. These discs are encoded with high-definition video and audio content, following
the MPEG-2, MPEG-4 AVC (H.264), and SMPTE VC-1 video compression standards,
and using audio codecs like Dolby Digital, DTS, and LPCM.

BD-R: Recordable discs that allow users to write data once. They follow standards that
ensure data integrity and compatibility with BD players and recorders.

BD-RE: Rewritable discs that can be recorded and erased multiple times. These discs are
useful for data storage and personal video recording, adhering to standards for durability
and data consistency.

BD-J: A software platform based on Java, used for creating interactive menus and
applications on Blu-ray Discs. This standard allows for advanced interactivity features
such as games, online connectivity, and enhanced user navigation.

AACS (Advanced Access Content System): A digital rights management standard that
protects Blu-ray Disc content from unauthorized copying and distribution. This system
uses encryption and key management to secure the data on the disc.

By following these standards, Blu-ray Discs ensure high-quality video and audio playback,
robust content protection, and compatibility across different players and devices.
 5. Let us provide a brief discussion on the following modes:

 Compatibility Mode: Also referred to as Centronics mode, this is the most basic
operational mode of a parallel port. It's primarily used for printers and permits simple data
transmission from the computer to the connected device. Data flows in one direction, one
byte (8 bits) at a time, from the computer to the peripheral. This mode employs handshaking
signals to confirm the receipt of each byte before sending the next, ensuring accuracy but
limiting speed.

 Nibble Mode: This mode allows for two-way communication, unlike the one-way data
flow in Compatibility mode. Nibble mode facilitates the reading of data from the
peripheral to the computer in 4-bit chunks, called nibbles. This is achieved through the
use of the parallel port's status lines. Although this method is slower than full-byte
transfers, it is adequate for transmitting smaller data volumes from the peripheral to the
computer.

 Enhanced Parallel Port (EPP) Mode: EPP mode is intended for rapid data transfer
and supports sophisticated peripherals that require faster communication, such as external
hard drives. This mode enhances the parallel port's capabilities by enabling efficient bi-
directional data transfer through an improved handshaking mechanism. EPP mode is
optimized for the quick transfer of large data sets, making it ideal for high-performance
devices

6. Keyboard Maintenance:

Now, here's the paraphrased version:

Maintenance and Troubleshooting of a Keyboard

Keyboards are vital for computer input, and keeping them in good condition is key to their
longevity and performance. Regular maintenance and effective troubleshooting can help avoid
common problems and extend the life of your keyboard.

Maintenance

Routine Cleaning: Dust and debris can gather under the keys, causing them to jam or not
work properly. To clean your keyboard, flip it upside down and shake it gently to remove
loose particles. Use compressed air to clear out any remaining debris. For a thorough
clean, if possible, remove the keys and use a soft brush or cotton swab with isopropyl
alcohol to clean the key surfaces and spaces between them.
 Proper keyboard maintenance includes regular cleaning, which involves using
compressed air to remove debris (Klosowski, 2020). Handling spills promptly is crucial
to prevent electrical damage

Handling Spills: Spills can damage keyboards significantly. If the liquid is spilled on
your keyboard, immediately power it off, unplug it, and turn it upside down to let the
liquid drain. Dry the keyboard with a paper towel and leave it to air dry fully before using
it again. You may need to remove the keys to clean underneath them more thoroughly.

Avoid Eating Near the Keyboard: Eating close to your keyboard can lead to crumbs
and spills, causing keys to stick and potentially damaging internal parts. To maintain your
keyboard, refrain from eating and drinking near it.

Using a Cover: Covering your keyboard when not in use can protect it from dust, spills,
and other contaminants, reducing the need for frequent cleaning.

Troubleshooting of a keyboard:

Non-Responsive Keys: If a key isn't working, check for physical blockages and clean the
area around the key. If the issue remains, try reconnecting the keyboard or testing it on
another device. Updating or reinstalling the keyboard driver might also fix the problem.

(Chen, 2021). Troubleshooting common issues, such as non-responsive keys or

connectivity problems, often involves simple steps like cleaning or updating drivers
(Klosowski, 2020; Chen, 2021)

Connection Problems: For wireless keyboards, ensure the batteries are charged or
replaced, and check the Bluetooth or wireless settings on your computer. For wired
keyboards, make sure the connection is secure and try different USB ports.

Software Issues: Sometimes, software glitches can cause keyboard problems. Restart
your computer to reset the system. If the problem persists, check for software updates for
your operating system and keyboard drivers.

Physical Damage: Physical damage can cause keys to malfunction. Inspect your
keyboard for visible damage. If it’s still under warranty, contact the manufacturer for a
replacement. For keyboards out of warranty, replacing the keyboard might be more cost-
effective than repairing it.

Regular maintenance and prompt troubleshooting are crucial for keeping your keyboard in good
working condition. By following these steps, you can prevent many common issues and ensure
your keyboard remains operational for an extended period.
 References

 Wikipedia contributors. (2023). Hard disk drive. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.
Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive

 HowStuffWorks. (n.d.). How Hard Disks Work. Retrieved from

https://computer.howstuffworks.com/hard-disk.htm

 PCMag. (n.d.). Definition of hard disk drive. Retrieved from

https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/hard-disk-drive

Klosowski, T. (2020). How to Clean and Maintain Your Mechanical Keyboard. Retrieved
from Wirecutter.
Chen, J. (2021). Keyboard Troubleshooting: How to Fix Common Issues. Retrieved from
PCMag.