Fourier series expansion of period 2L

Some Important Integration Results:-

𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
∗ ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
−𝜋 −𝜋 0 0

𝜋 𝜋, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚 = 𝑛
*∫−𝜋 cos 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = { }
0, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚 ≠ 𝑛
𝜋 2𝜋
∗ ∫−𝜋 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎 = ∫0 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝜋 2𝜋
∗ ∫−𝜋 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒎𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎 = ∫0 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒎𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝜋 𝜋, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚 = 𝑛
*∫−𝜋 sin 𝑚𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = { }
0, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚 ≠ 𝑛

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 − 𝟏.Expand in Fourier series f(x) =𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 , (− 𝝅 < 𝑥 < 𝝅),

𝟏 𝟏 𝝅𝟐
Hence prove that 𝟏 + 𝟐
+⋯+ =
𝟐 𝒏𝟐 𝟔

Ans:-The Fourier Series expansion of f(x) with period 2 𝜋 in the interval – 𝜋 <
𝑥 < 𝜋is given by
∞
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ (𝑎𝑛 cos nx + 𝑏𝑛 sin nx) − (1)
2
𝑛=1

Now
𝜋
𝑎0 = 1/π ∫ 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥
−π

𝜋
2π2
𝑎0 = 1/π ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ). 𝑑𝑥 = 1/π[ 𝑥/2 + 𝑥 2 /3 ]π−π =
−π 3
𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = 1/π ∫−π 𝑓(𝑥). cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
= 1/π ∫−π(𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ). cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
=1/π ∫−π(𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ). cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 1 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋 𝜋 sin 𝑛𝑥
= {[(𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )( )] − ∫−𝜋(1 + 2𝑥) . 𝑑𝑥 }, since[(𝑥 +
𝜋 𝑛 −𝜋 𝑛
sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
𝑥 2) ( )] =0
𝑛 −𝜋

=
1 1+2𝑥 −cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋 𝜋 2 −cos 𝑛𝑥
𝜋
{[( 𝑛
)( 𝑛
)] − ∫−𝜋 (
𝑛 𝑛
)𝑑𝑥}
−𝜋

1 1+2𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋 2 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋 2 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋

= {[(
𝜋 𝑛
)( 𝑛
)] −( (
𝑛 𝑛
)) } , since (𝑛 ( 𝑛
)) =0
−𝜋 −𝜋 −𝜋
−1
= [{(1 + 2𝜋) cos 𝑛𝜋 − (1 − 2𝜋) cos 𝑛𝜋} + 0]
𝑛2 𝜋

4 4
= cos 𝑛𝜋 = (−1)𝑛
𝑛2 𝑛2

4
2
𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑛 ={𝑛−4
𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑛2

−4 4 −4 4
𝑎1 = , 𝑎2 = , 𝑎3 = , 𝑎4 = … 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑜 𝑜𝑛.
12 22 32 42

𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = 1/π ∫ 𝑓(𝑥). sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−π
𝜋
=1/π ∫−π(𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ). sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
π π
=1/ π{∫−π 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫−π 𝑥 2 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 }

(𝑥 2 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = odd function = 0)

π
1
= 1/π ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥(− cos 𝑛𝑥/𝑛) + sin 𝑛𝑥/𝑛2 ]π−π
−π π
−2 cos 𝑛π −2
= 1/ π(−2π cos 𝑛π/n) = = (−1)𝑛
𝑛 𝑛

2
𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑛
Therefore 𝑏𝑛 = {−2
𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
𝑛
Put the value of 𝑎0 , 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑏𝑛 in equation (1), we get
2𝜋3 4 4 4 2 2
f(x) = + (− 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + cos 2𝑥 − cos 3𝑥 + ⋯ ) + ( sin 𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 +
6 12 22 32 1 2
2
sin 3𝑥 − ⋯ )
3

2𝜋3 cos 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 sin 𝑥 sin 2𝑥

= − 4( − + − ⋯ ) + 2( − + ⋯)
6 12 22 32 1 2

1 1
Put x=𝜋 then [𝑓(−𝜋 + 0) + 𝑓(𝜋 − 0)] = [−𝜋 + 𝜋 2 + 𝜋 + 𝜋 2 ] = 𝜋 2
2 2

𝜋2
2
1 1 1
𝜋 = + 4 (1 + + + + ⋯ ) + 2 ∗ 0
3 1! 2! 3!
𝜋2
2
1 1 1
=𝜋 − = 4 (1 + + + + ⋯ )
3 1! 2! 3!
2𝜋2 1 1 1 1 1 1
= (1 + + + + ⋯ ) ⇒ (1 + + + + ⋯ )=𝜋 2 /6
3∗4 1! 2! 3! 1! 2! 3!

EXERCISE 2.1

1. Find the smallest positive period of the following function.

2𝜋𝑥 2𝜋𝑛𝑥 2n𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
(a) sin , cos (b)tan , cot
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘

2. Find the Fourier series expansion of the following functions which is

assumed to have the period 2𝜋.

−𝑘 𝑓𝑜𝑟 − 𝜋 < 𝑥 < 0 1 1 1 𝜋

(a) f(x) = { , and hence deduce (1 − + − + ⋯ ) =
𝑘, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋 3 5 7 4

𝜋2 1 1 1
(b) f(x)=𝑥 2 (−𝜋 < 𝑥 < 𝜋) , ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 = (1 + + + + ⋯)
6 22 32 42

𝑥2
(c) f(x)= (−𝜋 < 𝑥 < 𝜋) ,and hence show that
2

1 1 1 𝜋2 1 1 1 𝜋2
(1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯ ) = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (1 − 2 + 2 − 2 + ⋯ ) =
2 3 4 6 2 3 4 12
−𝜋, 𝜋 < 𝑥 < 0 1 1 1 𝜋2
(d) f(x)={ ,and deduce that (1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯ ) =
𝑥, 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋 1 3 5 8
3. Find the Fourier series expansion of f(x)of the (-𝜋 < 𝑥 < 𝜋)
𝜋 𝜋
<𝑥< 𝑥 −
(𝑎)𝑓(𝑥) = { 2 2 (𝑏) 𝑓(𝑥)
𝜋 𝜋
𝜋−𝑥 <𝑥<3
2 2
2 (−𝜋
=𝑥+𝑥 , < 𝑥 < 𝜋), ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡

1 1 1 1 𝜋2
( 2 − 2 + 2 − 2 + ⋯) =
1 2 3 4 12
Fourier series in an Arbitrary (period) Interval:-

Let f(x) be the periodic function with period 2π consider as arbitrary period 2L
then the Fourier series expansion with period 2L is given by
∞
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ (𝑎𝑛 cos + 𝑏𝑛 sin ) , (−𝐿 < 𝑋 < 𝐿)
𝐿 𝐿
𝑛=1

Where 𝑎0 , 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑏𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 .

Here

𝜋
𝑎0 = 1/L ∫−π 𝑓(𝑥).𝑑𝑥
𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = 1/L ∫−π 𝑓(𝑥).cos
𝑛𝜋𝑥 } Euler’s form of Fourier coefficient with arbitrary period
𝑑𝑥
𝐿
𝜋 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = 1/L ∫−π 𝑓(𝑥).sin 𝐿 𝑑𝑥

2L

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 − 𝟐.Find the Fourier series for f(x) = 1 − 𝑥 2 𝑖𝑛(−1 < 𝑥 < 1)

The Fourier series expansion of f(x) is given by

∞
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + ∑ (𝑎𝑛 cos + 𝑏𝑛 sin ) , Here 2L =2 ⇒L=1
𝑛=1 𝐿 𝐿

1 𝜋 1 1 1
Now 𝑎0 = ∫−π 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥 = ∫−1(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 2 ∫0 (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 =
L 1
𝑥3 1
2(𝑥 − )
3 0

=4/3
1 𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥). cos 𝐿 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 −L
 1 1 1
= ∫ (1 − 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ (1 − 𝑥 2 ) cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2)
1 −1 0

2)
sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 1
= 2 {[(1 − 𝑥 ( )] + ∫ (2𝑥 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 /𝑛𝜋 ) dx }
𝑛𝜋 0 0

𝑠𝑖 𝑛(𝑛𝜋𝑥) 2𝑥𝑐𝑜 𝑠 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 1 4𝜋 1

= 2 [(1 − 𝑥 2 ) − + sin(𝑛𝜋𝑥)] =[− cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥] =
𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑛3 𝜋 3
0 𝑛2 𝜋 2
0
4 4
− (−1)𝑛 = (−1)𝑛+1
𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑛2 𝜋 2

1 𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥
Now 𝑏𝑛 = ∫−L 𝑓(𝑥). sin 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 𝐿

1 1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= ∫ (1 − 𝑥 2 ) sin 𝑑𝑥 = 0 (𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛).
1 −1 1

Therefore the required series is

∞ ∞
𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 4 1 2
f(x) =𝑎0 + ∑ (𝑎𝑛 cos ) = 3 + 𝜋2 ∑ (−1)𝑛+1 ( 𝑜𝑟) +
𝑛=1 𝐿 𝑛=1 n2 3
∞
4 1
∑ (−1)𝑛−1
𝜋2 𝑛=1 n
2

Exercise 2.2

1. Find the Fourier series expansion of the following function which are
assumed to the arbitrary period 2L.

1 𝑖𝑓 − 1 < 𝑥 < 0
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = {
−1 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑥 < 1

(b) f(x) =|x| ,(-2<x<2)

(c) f(x) = 3x^2 (-1<x<1)

(d) f(x) = 𝜋 sin 𝜋𝑥 (0 < 𝑥 < 1)

𝜋𝑥 3
(e) f(x) = (-1<x<1)
2