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    Continuity at A Point and On An Open Interval

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    Continuity at A Point and On An Open Interval

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    Original Title

    2.3

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    Continuity at A Point and On An Open Interval

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    of 20

    Continuity at a Point and on an Open Interval

    We noticed that the limit of a function as x approaches a


    can often be found simply by calculating the value of the
    function at a. Functions with this property are called
    continuous at a.

    In mathematics, the term continuous has much the same


    meaning as it has in everyday usage. (A continuous
    process is one that takes place gradually, without
    interruption or abrupt change.)

    Informally, to say that a function f is continuous at x = c


    means that there is no interruption in the graph of f at c.
    That is, its graph is unbroken at c and there are no holes,
    jumps, or gaps.
    2.3 Continuity
    • 2.3.1 Continuity at a point

    The definition says that f is


    continuous at a if
    f(x) approaches f(a) as
    x approaches a. 2
    A continuous function f
    has the property that a small change in x produces only a
    small change in f(x). In fact, the change in f(x) can be kept as
    small as we please by keeping the change in x sufficiently
    small.
    3
    If f is defined near a (in other words, f is defined on
    an open interval containing a, except perhaps at a),
    we say that f is discontinuous at a (or f has a
    discontinuity at a) if f is not continuous at a.

    Example 1 Figure 2
    shows the graph of a
    function f. At which
    numbers is f
    discontinuous?
    Why?
    SOLUTION It looks as if there
    is a discontinuity when a = 1
    because the graph has a break
    there. The official reason that f
    is discontinuous at 1 is that f(1)
    is not defined.
    Figure 1.25 identifies three values of x at which the graph of
    f is not continuous. At all other points in the interval (a, b),
    the graph of f is uninterrupted and continuous.

    Figure 1.25
    In Figure 1.25, it appears that continuity at x = c can be
    destroyed by any one of the following conditions.

    1. The function is not defined at x = c.


    2. The limit of f(x) does not exist at x = c.
    3. The limit of f(x) exists at x = c, but it is not equal to f(c).

    If none of the three conditions above is true, the function f


    is called continuous at c.
    All polynomials are continuous for all real
    numbers.
     All rational functions are continuous for
    every number in its domain. (i.e. f(x)=x/(x-
    1) is not defined for x = 1, but it is continuous
    for all other numbers)
    The kinds of discontinuity:
    1.
    and exist ,
    but x0 is not defined: Removable
    x0 : Jump
    2.

    At least one of them does not exist,


    If one of them is  , x0 : Infinite
    Examples:
    y
    y  tan x


    x  o
    2
    x

    2
    y 1
    y  sin
    x

    0 x
    x0
    y Oscillating discontinuity point

    x 1 o 1 x
    x , x 1
    (4) y  f ( x)   y
     2 , x 1
    1
    1
    1
    lim f ( x)  1  f (1) 2
    x 1
    o 1 x
    x 1
    x 1 , x  0
    y

    (5) y  f ( x)   0 , x  0 1
     x  1 , x  0
    o x
      1
    f (0 )  1, f (0 )  1
    x0
    The Intermediate Value Theorem

     If f(x) is defined on closed interval [a,b] and


    continuous on the open interval, (a,b), and if
    f(a)<W< f(b), then there is at least one point,
    c, between a & b, such that f(c) = W.
    Corollary

    There exists at least one point

    Such that
    y
    y  f (x)
    a
    o b x

    Example – An Application of the Intermediate Value Theorem

    Use the Intermediate Value Theorem to show that the


    polynomial function has a zero in the
    interval [0, 1].

    Solution:
    Note that f is continuous on the closed interval [0, 1].

    Because

    it follows that f(0) < 0 and f(1) > 0.


    You can therefore apply the Intermediate Value Theorem to
    conclude that there must be some c in [0, 1] such that
    Exercise:

    There is at least one root in Interval [0,1]


    Infinite Limits

    Figure 1.40
    Example 1 – Finding a Limit at Infinity

    Find the limit:

    Solution:

    20

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