Nguyen Van Hoi

MATH2144.M31.CTTT-Analysis I
February 17, 2024
Derivatives and Its derivatives

1. Derivative
Describe how fast the function y = f (x) change with respect to x around x
dy f (x + ∆x) − f (x)
(1) y ′ (x) = = lim
dx ∆x→0 ∆x
′
• y (x0 ) > 0 means f (x) increases around x0 .
• y ′ (x0 ) < 0 means f (x) decreases around x0 .
• y ′ (x0 ) = 0, inconclusive.
• Geometry: a slope of a tangent line to the graph of function!

2. Maximum and Minimum values

Definition 2.1. c is a number belonging the domain D of f , then f (c) is
1) absolute maximum value of f on D if f (c) ≥ f (x) for all in x ∈ D.
2) absolute minimum value of f on D if f (c) ≤ f (x) for all in x ∈ D.
3) local maximum value of f if f (c) ≥ f (x) when x nears c.
4) local minimum value of f if f (c) ≤ f (x) when x nears c.
Example: cos x has both absolute min and max with absmin = −1 and absmax = 1.

The following theorem gives conditions under which a function is guaranteed to possess extreme values
(i.e., the function has absmin and absmax).
Theorem 2.2. If f is continuous on a closed interval [a, b], then it attains an absolute maximum value
f (c) and an absolute minimum value f (d) at some numbers c and d in [a, b].
Theorem 2.3. If f has a local maximum or minimum at c, and if f ′ (c) exists, then f ′ (c) = 0.

1
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Figure 1. absmin - absminmax.

Question 1. For each of the following functions, find all critical points (i.e., is a point c such that f ′ (c) = 0
or f ′ (c) does not exist). Use a graphing utility to determine whether the function has a local extremum
at each of the critical points.
1 5
1) f (x) = x3 − x2 + 4x.
3 2
2) f (x) = (x1 − 1)3 .
4x
3) f (x) = .
1−x
The Closed Interval Method To: find the absolute maximum and minimum values of a continuous
function on a closed interval I:
1) Find the values of at the critical numbers of in I.
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Figure 2. localminmax.

2) Find the values of at the endpoints of the interval.

3) The largest of the values from Steps 1 and 2 is the absolute maximum value; the smallest of these
values is the absolute minimum value.

Question 2. For each of the following functions, find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum over
the specified interval and state where those values occur.
1) f (x) = −x2 + 3x − 2 over [1, 3].
2
2) f (x) = x2 − 3x 3 over [0, 2].

Question 3. exercises 29-42 and 59-62/ Jame Stewart.

3.1. The mean value theorem

The mean value theorem is one of the most important theorems in calculus. We look at some of its
applications at the end of this section. First, let’s start with a special case of the Mean Value Theorem,
called Rolle’s theorem.

Theorem 3.1.1. Let f be a continuous over the closed interval [a, b] and differential over the open interval
(a, b) such that f (a) = f (b). Then, there exists at least one c ∈ (a, b) such that f ′ (c) = 0.
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Figure 3. Caption

Figure 4. The mean value theorem.

Question 4. For each of the following functions, verify that they satisfies the criteria stated in Rolle’s
theorem and find all value c in the given interval for which f ′ (c) = 0.
1) f (x) = x2 + 2x over [−2, 0].
2) f (x) = x3 − 4x over [−2, 2].
Theorem 4.0.2. Let f be continuous over the closed interval [a, b] and differential over (a, b). Then there
exists at least one point c ∈ (a, b) such that
f (b) − f (a)
f ′ (c) = .
b−a
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Question 5. Verify that the function satisfies the hypotheses of MVT on the given interval. Then find
all numbers that satisfy the conclusion of the mean value theorem.
1) f (x) = 2x2 − 32x + 1 over [0, 2].
2) f (x) = x3 − 3x + 2 over [−2, 2].

Question 6. Suppose a ball is dropped from a height of 200 ft. Its position at time t is s(t) = −6t2 + 200.
Find the time t when the instantaneous velocity of the ball equals its average velocity.

We know the derivative of any constant function is zero. The Mean Value Theorem allows us to conclude
that the converse is also true.
Corollary 6.0.2.1. Let f be differentiable over an interval I. If f ′ (x) = 0 for all x ∈ I, then f (x) =
constant for all x ∈ I.
Corollary 6.0.2.2. Let f, g be differentiable over an interval I. If f ′ (x) = g ′ (x) for all x ∈ I, then
f (x) = g(x) + constant for all x ∈ I.

Question 7. Show that the equation has exactly one real root.
1) f (x) = 2x + cos x.
2) f (x) = 2x − 1 − sin x.

Question 8. Show that the equation x3 − 15x + c has at most one root in the interval [−2, 2].
Question 9. Show that the equation x4 + 4x + c = 0 has at most two real roots.
Question 10. If f (1) = 10, f ′ (x) ≥ 2 for all 1 ≤ x ≤ 4, how small f (4) can possibly be?
Question 11. Does there exist a function f such that f (0) = −1, f (2) = 4 and f ′ (x) ≤ 2 for all x?

Question 12. Find where the function f (x) = 3x4 −4x3 −12x2 +5 is increasing and where it is decreasing.

12.1. Derivatives and shape of a graph of functions

Corollary 12.1.0.1. Let f be continuous over the closed interval [a, b] and differentiable over the open
interval (a, b).
• If f ′ (x) > 0 for all x ∈ (a, b), then f is an increasing function over [a, b].
• If f ′ (x) < 0 for all x ∈ (a, b), then f is an decreasing function over [a, b].
Corollary 12.1.0.2. Suppose that c is a critical number of a continuous function f .
1) If f ′ changes from positive to negative at c, then has a local maximum at c.
2) If f ′ changes from negative to positive at c, then has a local minimum at c.
3) If f ′ does not change sign at c (for example, if f ′ is positive on both sides of c or negative on both
sides), then has no local maximum or minimum at c.

Question 13. Find the location of all local extrema for f (x) = x3 − 3x2 − 9x − 1. Use a graphing utility
to confirm your results.
Question 14. Use the first derivative test to locate all local extrema for f (x) = −x3 + 32x2 + 18x.
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Figure 5. dersha.

Figure 6. 1sttes.

1
Question 15. Use the first derivative test to find all local extrema for f (x) = (x − 1) 3 .

15.1. Concavity and points of inflection

Definition 15.1.1. Let f be a function that is differentiable over an open interval I. If f ′ is increasing
over I, we say f is concave up over I. If f ′ is decreasing over I, we say f is concave down over I.
Test for concavity: Let f be a function that is twice differentiable over an interval I.
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Figure 7. concavity.

1) If f ′′ (x) > 0 for all x ∈ I, then f is concave up over I.

2) If f ′′ (x) < 0 for all x ∈ I, then f is concave down over I.
Question 16. For the function f (x) = x3 − 6x2 + 9x + 30, determine all intervals where f is concave up
and all intervals where f is concave down. List all inflection points for f (i.e., where f changes concavity
at). Use a graphing utility to confirm your results.
Question 17. For f (x) = −x3 + 32x2 + 18x, find all intervals where f is concave up and all intervals
where f is concave down.
Theorem 17.0.2. Suppose f ′ (c) = 0, f ′′ is continuous over an interval containing c.
1) If f ′′ (c) > 0, then f has a local minimum at c.
2) If f ′′ (c) < 04, then f has a local maximun at c.
3) If f ′′ (c) = 0, then c is inconclusive..

Question 18. find the location of all local extrema for f (x) = x5 − 5x3 .
Question 19. Consider the function f (x) = x3 − 32 x2 − 18x. The points c = 3, −2 satisfy f ′ (c) = 0.
Determine whether f has a local maximum or local minimum at those points.
19.1. L’Hopital’s rule
Consider
f (x)
lim .
x→a g(x)
If limx→a f (x) = L1 and limx→a g(x) = L2 ≤ 0, then
f (x) L1
lim
x→a g(x)
= .
L2
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Figure 8. sectest

But what happens if limx→a f (x) = limx→a g(x) = 0. We call this one of the indeterminate forms, of type
0
0
. Let’s reveal how to deal with such problem
Theorem 19.1.1. L’Hopital’s rule. Suppose f, g are differential functions over an open interval containing
a, except possibly at a.
• If limx→a f (x) = limx→a g(x) = 0,
• or limx→a f (x) = limx→a g(x) = ±∞,
• or limx→a f (x) = 0, limx→a g(x) = ∞,
Then,
f (x) f ′ (x)
lim
x→a g(x)
= lim
x→a g ′ (x)
.

Question 20. Evaluate each of the following limits by applying L’Hôpital’s rule.
x2 − 9
1) limx→3 .
x−3
1 − cos x
2) limx→0 .
x
x
3) limx→0 .
tan x
x−π
4) limx→π .
sin π
Question 21. Evaluate each of the following limits by applying L’Hôpital’s rule.
3x + 5
1) limx→∞ .
2x + 1
ln x
2) limx→∞ .
5x
x2 +5
Question 22. Consider limx→1 3x+4
. Show that the limit cannot be evaluated by applying L’Hôpital’s
rule.
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