Man G-Aenial Anterior-Posterior en

G-ænial
Anterior & Posterior

technic al manual
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction 4
2.0 Product description 4
3.0 Indications for use 4
4.0 Composition 5
4.1 Fillers 5
4.2 Matrix 6
4.3 Interfaces 7
4.3 Initiators 7
5.0 Shades 8
5.1 Introduction 8
5.2 Shade system 11
5.3 Shade taking 14
5.4 Clinical hints 16
6.0 Physical properties 17

6.1 Modulus of elasticity and fracture toughness 17
6.2 Shrinkage 18
6.3 Three – body wear resistanc 19
6.4 Gloss rate 20
6.5 Radiopacity 21
6.6 Working time 21
6.7 Depth of cure 22
Vita® is a registered trademark of Vita® - Zahnfabrik

Bad Säckingen, Germany.
RECALDENT is a trade mark used under license.
2 G-ænial Anterior & Posterior Technical Manual

7.0 Field evaluation 23
7.1 Handling 23
7.2 Aesthetics 24
7.3 Overall evaluation 25
8.0 Literature 26
9.0 Instructions for use 27
10.0 Packaging 30
G-ænial Anterior & Posterior Technical Manual 3

1.0 Introduction
Since the introduction of Thermoresin LC in 1992 and GRADIA – micro ceramic composite in 2000,
GC Corporation has demonstrated its expertise in composite technology. The experience gained
in developing indirect composite resins that were aesthetically comparable to porcelain was the
starting point of the research for a highly aesthetic direct composite material: Gradia Direct. Today,
after 6 years of clinical success of Gradia Direct, and in response to feedback from clinicians, GC is
now offering a restorative material combining the same unsurpassed easy aesthetics together with
improved handling and increased radiopacity. With G-ænial from GC, create æ-motion with
invisible, beautiful and easy restorations.
2.0 Product description

G-ænial is a light-cured radiopaque MFR hybrid composite restorative with a combination of 2
types of pre-polymerized resin fillers. Each filler size and concentration has been carefully selected
to provide the best aesthetic results while maintaining optimal physical performance and user-
friendliness.
G-ænial is available in two different versions: G-ænial Anterior and G-ænial Posterior. These have
been formulated to fulfil the different requirements of Anterior and Posterior composites with
respect to such features as radiopacity and handling.
By offering different shades, opacities and values with tooth like opalescence and fluorescence,
G-ænial Anterior and Posterior are designed to provide an appearance similar to that of the natural
tooth. G-ænial was developed to provide the clinician the following advantages:
• Beautiful restorations with an easy shade system

• Optimal handling; a smooth, non-sticky and sculptable formula for G-ænial Anterior, and a more
packable formulation for G-ænial Posterior
• Extended working time under operatory light, particularly in Anterior
• Improved radiopacity for patient follow up and control of restorations
3.0 Indications for use

G-ænial Anterior
• Direct restorative for Class III, IV, V cavities.
• Direct restorative for wedge-shaped defects and root surface cavities.
• Direct restorative for veneers and diastema closure.
G-ænial Anterior
• Direct restorative for Class I and II cavities.
Anterior (Blue) and Posterior (Beige)

syringes of G-ænial

4.0 Composition
G-ænial is classified as an MFR hybrid composite with a combination of 2 types of pre-polymerized
resin fillers. It is composed of matrix, fillers, pigment and photo-initiators. Variations of monomer
concentration, filler types and content between the Anterior and Posterior versions make the
material ideally suited to its uses, with more radiopacity in G-ænial Posterior and softer handling in
G-ænial Anterior.
Table 1: Main composition of G-ænial Anteror and Posterior
G-ænial G-ænial
Components
Anterior Posterior
Methacrylate Monomers X X
Silica containing X X
Pre-polymerized fillers
16-17µ Strontium and Lanthanoid
X X
Fluoride containing
Silica X -
Inorganic filler > 100 nm
Fluoroaluminosilicate - X
Inorganic filler < 100 nm Fumed silica X X
Pigments Trace Trace
Catalysts Trace Trace
4.1 Filler
Two different kind of pre-polymerized fillers are used, offering clinical useful radiopacity while
keeping perfect aesthetics both in Anterior and Posterior. The pre-polymerized fillers also
contribute to the low level of shrinkage found with G-ænial. They are produced by polymerizing a
resin matrix in which micro-fillers were incorporated, and then milling the polymerized resin into
particles averaging 16 to 17µ in size.
Fluoroaluminosilicate glass is added to the Posterior formulation for increased radiopacity while
Silica is used in the Anterior formulation.
Finally, fumed silica is dispersed between the pre-polymerized fillers and the other inorganic
fillers.
Figure 1: SEM Image of the filler system in G-ænial Anterior and Posterior. Magnification 2,500
Anterior Posterior
Prepolymerized Fillers
Fluoro-alumino-silicate
Silica

Figure 2: Structural drawing of the filler system
Prepolymerized Filler 17 µm
400 nm Strontium Glass

100 nm lanthanoid fluoride
Prepolymerized Filler 16 µm
16 nm silica
Inorganic Filler 850 nm
Anterior : Silica glass
Inorganic Filler 16 nm
Fumed silica
4.2 Matrix
The matrix consists of a mixture of urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) and dimethacrylate

co-monomers. G-ænial is bis-GMA free.

4.3 Interfaces
To improve the bond between the silica and matrix

resin, the silica surfaces are treated hydrophobically
with dimethyl constituents rather than with silanol.
This hydrophobic treatment improves the intimate
contact between the silica and the matrix because
both ingredients will attract each other. Moreover,
this type of dimethyl-treated silica is more stable than
silica treated with methacryloxysilane, resulting in an
improved shelf life with less risk of stiffening of the
material during storage.
The Fluoroaluminosilicate glass used in G-ænial

Posterior is silanated.
Three types of interaction occur at the pre-

polymerized filler and resin matrix interface, helping
to prevent disruption of the fillers and thereby
maintaining the long-term integrity of the restoration
in time.
The three types of interaction are as follows:
1 Covalent bonds derived from residual C=C.
2 Hydrogen bonds from polar constituents, such as –OH, –NH, and -C=O.
3 Hydrophobic interactions between organic groups (e.g. alkyls).
4.4 Initiators
G-ænial uses a combination of camphorquinone and amine as the catalyst. Light activation can
be carried out with quartz halogen, plasma or LED curing units.

5.0 Shades
5.1 Introduction
One of the biggest challenges in prosthetic and restorative dentistry is to reproduce Mother
Nature’s well balanced tooth colour harmony. Patients demand restorations that equal or surpass
the aesthetics of nature and that are indiscernible from the tooth structure. One of the main
objectives in developing G-ænial was to create a state-of-the-art composite that would offer
predictable aesthetics in both simple and complex situations. With G-ænial, it is possible for the
clinician to balance dental science and the artistry of a patient’s smile.
It is not only about translucency, value, hue and chroma…
Colour depends on three factors: the colour (hue), the saturation of the colour (chroma) and the
lightness/darkness of the colour (value). In dentistry, a fourth factor, translucency, is equally important.
Translucency is defined as the property to allow light to pass through, but only diffusely; as a result,
an object on the other side is not clearly distinguishable. Opaque materials are not translucent.
Translucency of a composite material is necessary to adjust the value of the restoration to that of
the natural tooth and avoid a non-aesthetic opaque result. However, restoration thickness will vary
in a cavity, giving more or less translucency. Light reflection will also differ depending on the angle
from which the restoration is observed. Therefore, it can be assumed that translucency and
variations in opacity alone will not result in a chameleon effect.
The natural reflection of light from the tooth determines the colour observed by the human eye.
When we look at a tooth, reflected light is observed that consists mainly of mirror and diffused
reflection. Mirror reflection determines the quality of the gloss, while we “feel” the hue, chroma,
value and translucency from diffusively reflected light.
Figure 3: Transmission, Fluorescence and reflection of light on the

tooth structure. Courtesy Mr. F. Feydel and Dr. E. D’Incau, France
Figure 4: Light reflection of a natural tooth varies

according to the diverse refractive index of its
structure (enamel, dentin, enamodentinal
junction...)

Light is scattered and reflected by internal tooth structures (e.g., enamel crystals, dentine-enamel
junction and dentinal tubules). Certain wavelengths are absorbed, whereas the remaining light
possessing information on tooth hue, chroma, value and translucency is diffusively reflected. For
example, enamel mostly consists of apatite crystals and will allow light to pass through without
much scattering while dentin has a more complex structure of hydroxyapatite crystals and collagen
and will scatter the light in all directions.
Measuring the scattering properties of a composite: the goniophotometer
The light scattering property of a material can be evaluated using a goniophotometer. This is
designed to measure the intensity of transmitted light at various angles (-90 to +90 degrees).
+90 Degrees Light source Composite sample

Light detector
Light source
Composite
sample
Light Tran
smission
0 Degrees Low light Scattering
Light source Composite sample
-90 Degrees High light Scattering

Figure 6: Observation of light diffusion with different
Figure 5: System set-up of the goniophotometer
composites
Figure 7 shows artificial cavities in a block of composite shade A3 that were filled with 2 different
composites with shade A2. Only one of these is able to mimic the surrounding environment. After
analysing their light diffusing properties with the goniophotometer, it appears that the one which
adapts the best possesses higher scattering properties.
Figure 7: A3 cavity filled with A2 composite
These results suggest that light scattering is

even more important than hue to ensure that
the material is invisible.
Block of Low-scattering High-scattering

composite shade composite composite
A3 with cavity
What makes a composite restoration become invisible?
The ability of a composite to scatter light and diffusely reflect it similarly to the natural tooth makes
it possible to achieve a perfect match with the surrounding tooth structure. A composite material
becomes invisible only when it has this scattering property and can then be used in a single shade
layer technique.
Like the tooth, G-ænial contains different interfaces with different optical properties, resulting in
varied reflection of light. The excellent scattering ability of G-ænial is related to the extremely
diverse structural composition, which results in it mimicking the reflectivity of a natural
tooth.

Figure 8: Diffuse reflection on natural tooth structure Figure 9: Diffuse reflection with G-ænial
Reflection by
enamel crystals
Reflection by
dentin enamel
junction
Reflection by
peritubular
dentin
Reflection by
dentinal tubules
Enamel Pulp Dentin Light scattering on the different fillers

of the material
The scattering properties of G-ænial provide its unique blending abilities
G-ænial Anterior exhibits the highest light scattering amongst the competitors tested. An excellent
chameleon effect can thus be achieved, resulting in invisible restorations. This is the main reason
why highly aesthetic results can be obtained with only one shade of G-ænial, as can been
observed on Figure 11.
Figure 10: Scattering properties of G-ænial Anterior vs. Competitors
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Human Dentin
Dentin G-ænial AO2
AO2 Herculite Ultra DA2
Herculite Ultra DA2
PREMISE Opaque
OpaqueA2A2 Venus AO2
AO2 EsthetX HD
HD A2-O
A2-O
Tetric Evo-ceram
Evo-ceram DentinA3.5
DentinA3.5 Empress Direct
Direct DentinA2
DentinA2
Figure 11: Single shade restoration with G-ænial Posterior Courtesy of Dr. Tapia, Spain
Note the perfect blending ability of the Standard Shade.

5.2 Shade system
G-ænial offers flexibility, enabling placement of aesthetically invisible single-shade restorations or
aesthetic masterpieces with a multi-shade build-up. In order to achieve this, 3 clearly differentiated
shade groups have been defined for G-ænial:
• Standard shades: for the single-shade restorations
• Outside shades: placed on top of Standard shades in aesthetically demanding cases
• Inside shades: placed underneath Standard shades in aesthetically demanding cases
Figure 12: Single- and multi-shade restorations using G-ænial
Standard Shade Inside Shade Outside Shade
Single-shade restoration Two-shade restoration using standard Multi-shade restoration using standard, inside and
using standard shade and outside shades outside shades
Standard shades
Standard shades have been designed to be used mainly in the single-shade technique and present
a very delicate balance between value, translucency, hue and chroma. They are grouped into A
(reddish-brown), B (reddish-yellow), C (grey), Bleach and Cervical shades. Each shade from the
same group has the same hue and conforms to the arrangement of the Vita® classical shade guide,
with an increasing amount of chroma per group.
Table 2: G-ænial standard shades
Hue
XBW
BW A1 B1
A2 B2
A3 B3 C3
A3.5
A4
CV
CVD
XBW: Extra Bleach White; BW: Bleach White; CV: Cervical; CVD: Cervical Dark
As can be seen on Figure 13, G-ænial shade A3 Figure 13: Blending (chameleon) effect observed with
applied to the central part of single Vita shade G-ænial A3 when applied on diverse Vita shade tabs
guide tabs has unique blending and invisible
properties: the material adapts to the underneath
shade tabs and perfectly matches the environment.
As a result, one shade will be sufficient for most
cavities.

Inside and Outside Special shades
Although excellent aesthetics can be achieved for the majority of cases with just a single shade,
there may be times when a multi-shade technique is preferred, such as when extensive restorations
are required. G-ænial offers two additional types of shades to choose from, called Special Shades.
Inside shades are placed underneath a Standard Shade, and are more opaque to block the
transmission of light from the oral cavity. Outside shades are placed on top of Standard shades to
copy the value (lightness/darkness) of a tooth, to mimic age-dependent changes in the enamel and
to give more “depth” to a final restoration.
Outside Special Shades – replacing ename
Outside special shades give an extra dimension to the restoration. Monochromatic composite
restorations are often found to have the appearance of less vitality compared to ceramic. This
happens when the value of the restoration is not appropriate for the tooth; the enamel surface is
the main contributor to the value of a tooth.
Enamel changes over time, becoming thinner and more translucent. It also decreases in value from
high (whiter) to low (darker). Outside special shades are designed to reflect these changes, helping
the dentist to create restorations with age-appropriate values. Depending on the intended use,
several slightly-pigmented outside shades can be used to obtain a highly indication-specific hue
and chroma. Due to the uniqueness of these shades, a classification to Vita is not possible. For
shade reference, the G-ænial shade guide should be used.
Outside Shades offer the same degree of translucency, but have different values to provide for
age-appropriate values.
Figure 14: Outside shades selected to replace enamel in Figure 15: Outside shades with similar translucency but
accordance with the age of the patient different values
G-ænial
G-ænial Anterior
Anterior
Value Value of Oustide
of Oustide SpecialSpecial
ShadesShades
White background, 1.5mm thickness
White background, 1.5mm thickness
90 88,7
88
86
84 82,5
Junior Enamel: Adult Enamel: Senior Enamel: 82
JE & P-JE AE SE 80
78 76,4
for young patients for adult patients for elderly patients 76
74
72
70
JE AE SE
At the same time as the thickness of the enamel decreases with age, the translucency increases.
To mimic this change at, for instance, the incisal edges of teeth, IE (Incisal Enamel) and TE
(Translucent Enamel) have been developed.

Figure 16: Incisal (IE & P-IE) and Translucent (TE) Enamel shades
IE & P-IE can be applied on the In elderly patients, TE can be

incisal edge, occlusal third and applied on the occlusal third, incisal
proximal surfaces in adult patients edge and proximal surfaces
Additionally, the TE shade can be used to reproduce the transparent layer that
can be observed at the enamodentinal junction (Figure 17). This will simulate a
natural in-depth effect.
Figure 17: Mesio-distal section of an incisor . Courtesy Mr. F. Feydel and Dr. E. D’Incau, France
As patients are becoming older and teeth Figure 18: Cervical Enamel brings translucency to cervical
remain longer in the mouth, special attention restorations
must be paid to the aesthetics in the cervical
Translucency
Translucency of
of cervical
cervical shades
area. The application of CVE (Cervical Enamel) Standard
Standard(CV
(CV&&CVD)
CVD)vs.
vs. Outside
Outside (CVE)
(CVE)
will increase the translucency and therefore
the vividness of Class V restorations 25
20,4
significantly. 20
15
Figure 19: Cervical Enamel Shade (CVE)
10 8,4
7,5
5
CVE offers the appropriate
0
translucency to let the cervical
CV CVD CVE
dentin shine through
Inside Special Shades – adding opacity Figure 20: Inside Shades are less translucent than Standard
Shades
Inside special shades have a higher opacity
TranslucencyofofG-ænial
Translucency G-ænialAnterior
Anterior
(lower translucency) than standard shades and Standardvs.
Standard vs.Inside
InsideShades
Shades
are available as AO2, AO3 and AO4. Conforming
to the Vita classification, these 3 shades have 14
12
similar hue but an increased chroma content.
10
Opacity is kept at the same level. 8
6
Inside special shades are placed underneath a 4
2
Standard Shade to add warmth to the final
0
restoration and, compared to standard shades,
A2 A3 A4
have an increased opacity to eradicate the
Standard Shades Opaque Shades
Shades
characteristic 'dark shine' throughout the
mouth. They are also particularly useful to
mask dentin discolorations and to hide the preparation line in large class IV restorations.
Figure 21: Differences in opacity between G-ænial Standard A2 and Inside AO2
G-ænial Anterior Standard Shade G-ænial Anterior Special Inside

A2, ∆L 12.4 Shade AO2, ∆L 6,7

5.3 Shade taking
It is advised to always select composite shade(s) after cleaning the tooth and before tooth
preparation. It is also important to select the shade(s) prior to rubber dam placement, since
desiccated teeth are lighter in value and if used for shade matching could result in the wrong shade
being selected.
Single-shade layering technique
Worldwide, the VITAPAN Classical shade guide is the guide dentists use when selecting shades.
Consequently, our composite shades are mostly in line with this shade guide. For shade matching
with G-ænial, reference should be made to the Body section part of the tabs of this guide.
Alternatively, the G-ænial shade guide can be used to select the appropriate Standard Shade for
the clinical situation.
Multi-shade layering technique
In some cases, e.g., larger-sized cavities or cases with high aesthetic Figure 22 Cross-section of
demands, more shades may be required with different translucencies and an incisor showing the
values. These can be selected from the G-ænial Special Shades. dental structures
Outside Shades: These should be used to replace the enamel layer

(part 3 of Figure 22)
Standard Shades: These should be used to replace most of the lost dental
1
structure (mainly dentin) (part 2 of Figure 22).
2
Insides Shades: These should be used to bring opacity to the part of the 3
restoration replacing dentin (part 1 of Figure 22).
Step1: Taking the value

The value is the most underestimated parameter in shade selection. In most cases, only hue and
chroma data are determined in order to obtain information on the required composite “shade”.
From the images below, it can be seen that a lack of value results in a less life- like image.
Figure 23: Influence of value on colour perception
Full colours - combination Black and white - only “Full colours”

of hue, chroma and value values are seen but with less value
The incisal/approximal areas of the teeth are good sites to determine the value. The three main
G-ænial shades which will help in reproducing these values are the age-related shades: JE (Junior
Enamel), AE (Adult Enamel) and SE (senior Enamel). Alternatively, the classical Vita shade guide can
be re-organised according to value, as shown in Figure 24.

Figure 24: The Classical VitaPan Shade guide was reorganised according to the value of the shade tabs. A correspondence to
the 3 main value shades from G-ænial (JE, AE and SE) can be observed.
HIGH VALUE LOW VALUE
JE AE SE
Step 2: Choosing the hue

The hue is the pure colour itself. It can be chosen from the 5 groups of the Standard shade (A, B,
C, Cervical and Bleach). In order to best choose the hue, it is recommended to look at the colour
of the dentin core, especially where enamel is thin, i.e., at the cervical area of the natural tooth. The
cervical enamel layer is particularly thin around the canines.
Step 3: Establishing the chroma

The chroma indicates the lightness or darkness of a shade, in one particular hue group. The chroma
can be determined by looking at the intensity of the previously defined hue. For example, knowing
that the hue is A, the dentist will define how intense this is: A1, A2, A3, et cetera.
Hue and chroma are mainly determined using the G-ænial Shade guide. Alternatively, the classical
Vita shade guide can be used, paying attention to cover and ignore the cervical part of the tab
which is too dark and could result in the selection of an incorrect colour.
Additional tips for better shade matching

In complex cases, a mock-up can help selection of the best combination of shades. This should be
applied on the tooth before the bonding procedure is started, taking care that the tooth is not
desiccated. When finishing the restoration, it is important to reproduce the morphology and
anatomy of the tooth as this will contribute to light reflection that is similar to that of the adjacent
tooth and result in better aesthetic integration of the restoration.
Shade guide
Although most of G-ænial shades are linked to the Vita classical shade guide, several Special
outside shades and some Standard shades (Bleach, Cervical) are custom. The G-ænial shade guide
is fabricated from plastic and each respective shade guide finger is wedge-shaped with increasing
thickness. This design was chosen to offer dentists the possibility of judging the influence of the
thickness of a composite layer on the shade.

5.4 Clinical hints
In most cases, Standard shades alone will be used and will result in natural-looking aesthetic
restorations.
In some more aesthetically demanding cases, however, Inside and Outside shades will be required
to bring life to the restoration. Table 3 provides possible shade combinations.
Table 3: Possible shade combinations for large multi-layer anterior restorations
A1 A2 A3 A3.5 A4 B1 B2 B3 C3
Inside special BW AO2 AO3 AO3 AO4 BW AO2 AO3 AO4
Standard A1 A A3 A3.5 A B1 B2 B3 C3
Outside special JE AE AE AE AE JE JE AE AE
Table 4: Restoring enamel with age-appropriate shades
Junior Adult Senior

Enamel body JE AE SE
Incisal edge JE IE TE
In order to ease the shade selection and support the practitioner in the multi-layering build-up, GC
has developed a unique 3D interactive tool: the G-ænial Configurator. For more information on GC
G-ænial Configurator, please ask your local GC representative. The G-ænial Quick start Configurator
is available on our website: http://www.gceurope.com/goto/multimedia.

6.0 Physical properties
6.1 Modulus of elasticity and fracture toughness
The modulus of elasticity (Young’s modulus) – a measure of the rigidity of the material – is defined
by the initial slope of a stress-strain curve. A material with a high modulus is stiff and rigid, whereas
a material with a low modulus is flexible. Ideally, a material should not have a too high modulus
of elasticity as brittle materials are less able to buffer masticatory pressure.
Figure 25: Modulus of elasticity of various composite materials. Source: GC Corporation
Modulus of elasticity (GPa) The modulus of elasticity of G-ænial was

determined according to the ISO
G-ænial A
4049:2000 specifications.
G-ænial P
CeramX Mono
Venus G-ænial Anterior is shown to
Tetric EvoCeram be amongst the most flexible
IPS Empress Direct
of the tested composites.
Estelite ∑ Quick
G-ænial Posterior shows a
Herculite XRV Ultra
EsthetX HD similar flexibility compared to
Filtek Z250 most composites tested.
Filtek Supreme XTE Flexible materials have the
0 5 10 15 20 ability to buffer forces in (high)
stress- bearing areas.
Fracture toughness is a measure of a material’s ability to resist the propagation of a formed crack,
also defined as the toughness against bending stress. The toughness is related to the energy
absorbed in the bending process. The toughness is calculated as the underlying area of the Stress-
Strain curve. A higher value for fracture toughness implies a better resistance to the catastrophic
propagation of cracks.
Figure 26: Fracture toughness of various composite materials. Source: GC Corporation
Fracture toughness (MPa) Test method is based on ASTM E-399,

Fracture toughness test
G-ænial A
The following can be concluded

G-ænial P
from this test:
CeramX mono G-ænial shows an ability to resist
Venus
the propagation of cracks similar
to most of the competitors
IPS Empress Direct
tested and better than Tetric
Tetric Evoceram
Evo Ceram, CeramX Mono.
Estelite ∑ Quick
EsthetX HD
Filtek Z250
Filtek Supreme XTE
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0

6.2 Shrinkage
Volumetric shrinkage (%)
Pre- and post-curing composite resin densities were measured and the polymerization shrinkage
calculated accordingly
Figure 27: Volumetric shrinkage of various composites Source: GC Corporation
Volumetric shrinkage (%) The volumetric shrinkage was measured

following ISO Draft Date: 2007-07-10
G-ænial A
(Dentistry - Polymerization shrinkage of
G-ænial P
filling materials) specifications.
CeramX mono
Venus
Clearfil Majesty Esthetic This study demonstrated that
Tetric EvoCeram the volumetric shrinkage of
Estelite ∑ Quick G-ænial is within the average
Herculite Ultra of the tested composites.
EsthetX HD
Filtek Z250
0,00 0,50 1,00 1,50 2,00 2,50 3,00 3,50
Shrinkage stress
Figure 28: Shrinkage stress test with universal testing machine
The sample was light-cured for 40 seconds from the underside using a G-Light 11mm fiber rod,
then light-cured for 20 seconds from above. The setting shrinkage stress was measured for 20
minutes and the highest figure reached was recorded as the shrinkage stress.
Figure 30: Shrinkage stress of various composites Source: GC Corporation

Figure 29: Shrinkage stress of various composites Source: GC Corporation
Shrinkage Stress (N) The volumetric shrinkage was measured

following ISO Draft Date: 2007-07-10
G-ænial A
(Dentistry - Polymerization shrinkage of
G-ænial P
filling materials) specifications.
CeramX mono
Venus
This study demonstrated that
Tetric Evoceram
the shrinkage stress generated
Herculite Ultra
by G-ænial is amongst the
Premise
lowest of the tested
EsthetX HD
composites.
Filtek Z250
0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 12,0 14,0 16,0
6.3 Three – body wear resistance
Wear is the loss of material resulting from removal of the material through the contact of two or
more materials. The three-body wear test simulates wear in the oral cavity using a slurry of PMMA
and glycerol as the intermediate abrasive agent and an acrylic plate as the opposing material.
Figure 30: Three-Body wear resistance test set-up
2mm
Sample holder 1mm
2mm
2mm
7mm
Composite slurry
Acrylic plate

To measure three-body wear resistance, composite specimens were prepared and moved up and
down along a 5 cm path at a rate of 30 strokes per minute. They were held in indirect contact with
an acrylic plate under a load of 350 gf load and, simultaneously, the sample holder slid horizontally
along a 2 cm path at a rate of 30 strokes per minute. A mixture of PMMA and glycerol (1:1 vol%)
was used as an intermediate abrasive. After 100,000 cycles (with one complete lateral and vertical
movement being defined as one cycle), the material wear was measured by evaluating by
measuring height loss.
Figure 31: Three-body wear of various composites Source: GC Corporation
3 Body wear (µm) Based on this test, it can be

G-ænial A concluded that:
1 G-ænial has similar wear to
G-ænial P
nanohybrid composites such
CeramX Mono
as EsthetX or Venus.
Venus
2 The wear of G-ænial is
Tetric EvoCeram significantly less than the wear
Filtek Z250 of the nanohybrid composite
Filtek Supreme XTE
CeramX.
0 50 100 150 200 250
6.4 Gloss rate
Test Set-up
Samples of materials with a 15mm diameter and 1.5mm thickness were prepared.
The surface was first polished with 600 grit paper and then finished for 2 minutes with a silicone
point (Pre Shine, GC). The surface gloss rate was then measured for the first time with a VG-2000,
Nippon Denshoku.
The surface was then polished for 2 minutes with a diamond silicone point (Dia-Shine, GC) and the
surface gloss rate measured for the second time.
Lastly, the surface was polished for 2 minutes with a Diamond polishing paste with buff for polishing
and super-polishing (Dia Polisher Paste, GC). The surface gloss rate was then measured for the third
time.
Figure 32: Gloss rate of various composites Source: GC Corporation
Gloss rate (%)
G-ænial Anterior Based on this test, it can be

G-ænial Posterior concluded that the gloss rate
CeramX Mono
of G-ænial is similar to that of
Venus
the other tested composites.
Clearfil Majesty
Tetric EvoCeram
Estelite ∑ Quick
Filtek Z250
0 20 40 60 80 100
pre-shine dia-shine dia-polisher-paste

6.5 Radiopacity
Literature has reported that at 1 mm, dentin and enamel have radiopacities of 1.5 mm Al and 2.25
mm Al, respectively (Attar et al, 2003; ADA, 2006).
Figure 33: Radiopacity of various composites Source: GC Corporation, test according to ISO 4049:2000 specifications
Radiopacity (% Al) G-ænial Anterior offers a

clinically relevant radiopacity,
G-ænial A
without compromising on
G-ænial P
highly aesthetic results.
CeramX Mono
Venus
Being more radiopaque,
IPS Empress Direct G-ænial Posterior fulfils the
Tetric EvoCeram requirements for posterior
Estelite ∑ Quick restorations. This is possible
Premise through the use of lanthanoid,
EsthetX HD
strontium and fluoroalumino-
Filtek Z250
silicate particles.
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Figure 34: X-rays of G-ænial Posterior (mesio-occlusal restoration on tooth 37) and Anterior (Distal restoration on tooth 21)
Dr. J. Sabbagh, Belgium
Dr. E. D'Incau, France
6.6 Working time
Figure 35: Working time of various composites Source: GC Corporation
The working time was evaluated

WorkingWorking time (sec)
time (sec)
according to ISO4049:2000.
G-ænial A
Based on this test, the working

G-ænial P time of G-ænial Posterior is
similar to the other tested
Tetric EvoCeram
composites.
G-ænial Anterior demonstra-
EsthetX
ted a longer working time of
about 4 minutes in total, which
Filtek Z250
is favourable when creating
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 multi-layer aesthetic resto-
rations.

6.7 Depth of cure
The depth of cure of G-ænial was determined with a scraping technique described in the ISO
4049:2000 specifications.
Table 5: G-ænial Anterior: Irradiation time and effective depth of cure
Irradiation time
Plasma arc (2000 mW/cm²) 3 sec. 6 sec.
GC G-Light (1200 mW/cm²) 10 sec. 20 sec.
Halogen / LED (700 mW/cm²) 20 sec. 40 sec.
Shade
TE, IE, JE, SE, CVE 3.0 mm 3.5 mm
A1, A2, B1, B2, XBW, BW, AE 2.5 mm 3.0 mm
A3, B3 2.0 mm 3.0 mm
A3.5, A4, C3, AO2, AO3, AO4, CV, CVD 1.5 mm 2.5 mm
Table 6: G-ænial Posterior: Irradiation time and effective depth of cure
Irradiation time
Shade
P-A1, P-A2, P-JE, P-IE 2.5 mm 3.0 mm
P-A3, P-A3.5 2.0 mm 3.0 mm
Filtek Z250 and Filtek Supreme XTE are trademarks of 3M/Espe. Tetric EvoCeram is a trademark of Vivadent. EsthetX HD and
CeramX Mono are trademarks of Dentsply. Clearfil Majesty is a trademark of Kuraray. Venus is a trademark of Heraeus.
Estelite ∑ Quick is a trademark of Tokuyama.

7.0 Field evaluation
Major objectives in the development of G-ænial Anterior and Posterior were to develop a material
with easy handling properties, perfect shade matching with an easy shade selection, and
radiopacity. Following in-vitro handling tests to determine the best viscosities, a large field study
was conducted with 132 dentists in more than 20 European countries to test if these improvements
were achieved.
7.1 Handling
Handling of G-aenial
Handling Anterior
of G-ænial Anterior
100%
86%
77% 80% 79% 80%
80%
58%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Viscosity Stickiness Shaping Wettability Working under Radiopacity
light
Poor / Not Good Average Good/ Excellent
The handling of G-ænial Anterior was rated favourably, including the radiopacity which is new in
the Anterior version.
Handling of G-aenial
Handling Posterior
of G-ænial Posterior
100%
86% 88%
80% 80% 82%
80%
68%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Viscosity Stickiness Shaping Wettability Working under Radiopacity
light
Regarding G-ænial Posterior, the handling was also evaluated as very good. 88% of users rated the
shaping properties of G-ænial Posterior as good or excellent (respectively 37% excellent and 51%
good).

7.2 Aesthetics
Aesthetics of G-ænial Anterior

Aesthetics of G-ænial Anterior
100%
85% 87%
81% 83% 81%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Colour Change Ease of polishing Gloss after Adaptability to Aesthetic end
after LC polishing tooth colour result
With G-ænial, only one shade is necessary for restoration of most cavities. Therefore, the test was
performed with a choice of A2 or A3 only in order to check the blending ability of the material.
Several users highlighted that the aesthetics were very good with a single shade. The aesthetic end
result was rated good (39%) or excellent (48%).
Aesthetics of G-ænial Posterior

Aesthetics of G-ænial Posterior
100%
87%
83% 80% 83%
77%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Colour Change Ease of polishing Gloss after Adaptability to Aesthetic end
after LC polishing tooth colour result
In the posterior region, the shade available for the test was P-A2. Once again, the aesthetics were
rated very positively. The colour adaptation was judged as good (43%) or excellent (40%). One user
commented: only one colour used, but appears to be useable as a "universal" shade.

7.3 Overall evaluation
Approximately 85% of dentists OverallOverall

evaluation G-ænial
evaluation G-ænial
judged G-ænial as good to 100%
84% 86%
excellent. Both the Anterior and 80%
Posterior version received excellent 60%
ratings. 40%
20% 11% 9%
3% 3%
0%
Poor / Not good Average Good/ Excellent
G-ænial Anterior G-ænial Posterior
For G-ænial Anterior, 69% of Overall evaluation G-ænial G-ænial

Overall evaluation
compared compared
to current composite
to current composite
dentists judged the material to be
slightly better and 27% better than 40%
39%
33% 31%
their current composite; for G-ænial 23%
27%
Posterior, 33% of dentists found it 20% 17%

10%
to be slightly better and 31% better. 4% 4%
6%
Only 10 to 14% rated it as slightly 0%

Worse Slightly Same Slightly Better
worse to worse. worse better
Easier handling, colour match and G-ænial Anterior G-ænial Posterior

radiopacity were quoted as the
main reason for preferring G-ænial
to their current composite material
72% to 74% of dentists would

WouldWould you recommend
you recommend G-ænial
G-ænial
recommend G-ænial to their to colleagues?
to your your colleagues?
colleagues for the characteristics
80%
mentioned above, namely, the
60%
excellent aesthetics, easy handling
40%
and reliable end results.
20%
0%
No Maybe Yes
G-ænial Posterior G-ænial Anterior

8.0 Literature
Light diffusion property of newly developed composite resin “G-ænial”
K. HIRANO, F. FUSEJIMA, T. KUMAGAI, and T. SAKUMA, GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
Abstract 3019, Genera session IADR 2010, Barcelona
Objectives: Human teeth have unique light diffusion property which creates special colour
property. Light diffusion property of composite resin is important to provide excellent aesthetic
result on direct composite resin restorations. We developed new composite resin "G-ænial" which
has excellent esthetic property and radiopacity. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare
the light diffusion property of human teeth (dentin), newly developed composite resin "G-ænial"
and various composite resins.
Methods: Human teeth and five composite resins [G-ænial (GN, GC Corporation), Herculite XRV
Ultra (HU, Kerr Corporation), PREMISE (PR, Kerr Corporation), Venus (VE, Heraeus Kulzer GmbH)
and Esthet. X HD (EH, Dentsply)] were examined. Human teeth (dentin) specimen was prepared by
slicing and polishing to form 0.5mm in thick. Disk specimens 0.5 mm thick were prepared from each
composite resin. LED curing light (G-Light, GC) was used for curing composite resin specimens.
The light diffusion property was measured as diffusive light transmittance distribution through
specimen by Goniophotometer (GP-200, MURAKAMI COLOUR RESERCH LABORATORY Corporation)
and evaluated for Haze that is calculated from the ratio of diffusive light transmittance to total light
transmittance. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA (p-value<0.01).
Results: Mean values of Haze including standard deviations were shown as follows; (tests per
material; n=3).
Haze (%)
Human Dentin 97.2(0.7)
GN 95.6(0.1)
HU 58.9(0.4)
PR 66.8(0.2)
VE 60.2(0.5)
EH 46.9(0.4)
There is no significant difference on Haze between Human dentin and GN. However, Haze for other
composite resins except GN were significantly lower than Human dentin.
Conclusion: Haze of G-ænial was higher than those of other composite resins and similar to that of
Human dentin. These results suggested that G-ænial can provide esthetic result similar to natural
teeth on direct composite restorations.

9.0 Instruction for use
LIGHT-CURED COMPOSITE RESTORATIVE
For use only by a dental professional in the recommended indications.
RECOMMENDED INDICATIONS
A. G-ænial ANTERIOR
1. Direct restorative for Class III, IV, V cavities.
2. Direct restorative for wedge-shaped defects and root surface cavities.
3. Direct restorative for veneers and diastema closure.
B. G-ænial POSTERIOR
1. Direct restorative for Class I and II cavities.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
1. Pulp capping.
2. In rare cases the product may cause sensitivity in some people. If any such reactions are
experienced, discontinue the use of the product and refer to a physician.
DIRECTIONS FOR USE

1. Shade Selection
Clean the tooth with pumice and water. Shade selection should be made prior to isolation. Select
the appropriate G-ænial shades by referring to the G-ænial shade guide.
2. Cavity Preparation
Prepare cavity using standard techniques. Dry by gently blowing with oil free air.
Note : For pulp capping, use calcium hydroxide.
3. Bonding Treatment
For bonding G-ænial to enamel and / or dentin, use a light-cured bonding system
such as GC G-BOND™, GC Fuji BOND LC or GC UniFil® Bond (Fig. 1). Follow
manufacturer’s instructions. Fig. 1
4. Placement of G-ænial
1. Dispensing from a Unitip
Insert the G-ænial Unitip into the Unitip APPLIER or equivalent. Remove the cap
and extrude material directly into the prepared cavity. Use steady pressure (Fig . Fig. 2
2). Maintain pressure on the applier handle while removing the Unitip APPLIER and Unitip from the
mouth. This prevents the Unitip from coming loose from the applier.
2 Dispensing from a syringe

Remove syringe cap and dispense material onto a mixing pad. Place the material into the cavity
using a suitable placement instrument. After dispensing, screw syringe plunger anticlockwise by a
half to full turn to release residual pressure inside the syringe. Replace cap immediately after use.
Note :
1. Basically, material can be applied in a single layer to achieve aesthetic restorations using
Standard shades. For details, refer to the Clinical Hints.
2. Material may be hard to extrude immediately after removing from cold storage. Prior to use,
leave to stand for a few minutes at normal room temperature.
3. After dispensing, avoid too long exposure to ambient light. Ambient light can shorten the
manipulation time.

Clinical Hints
1. Anterior cavities
a. In the case of small cavities
Restore using a one shade layering technique. In most cases the use of one Standard shade alone
will be sufficient. In cases where a higher degree of translucency is needed, one of the Outside
special shades can be selected. See also Examples of Clinical applications.
b. In the case of large cavities
In most cases a multi shade layering technique will give the best aesthetic results. To block out
shine throughs from the oral cavity or to mask discoloured dentin, select an appropriate Inside
special shade and continue to build up with a Standard shade. To make a restoration more life like
e.g. to copy age related changes in appearance, the final layer should consist of an Outside special
shade. See also Examples of Clinical Applications and / or consult the Shade Combination Chart.
2. Posterior cavities
a. In the case of small cavities
Restore using a one shade layering technique. In most cases the use of one Standard shade alone
will be sufficient. In cases where a higher translucency is needed, one of the Outside special shades
can be selected. See also Examples of Clinical Applications.
b. In the case of deep cavities
Place a flowable composite such as G-ænial Flo or G-ænial Universal Flo on the cavity floor. Then
place a Standard shade. For optimal aesthetics use an Outside special shade as the final composite
layer. See also Examples of clinical applications.
*GC Fuji LINING® PASTE PAK, GC Fuji LINING® LC or GC Fuji IX GP can also be used as a liner
or base material. Follow the respective manufacturer’s instructions for use.
Examples of Clinical Applications (Clinical Hint No.1, 2)
(1-a) Standard (1-b) (2-a) (2-b) Outside special

Standard
Standard Inside Standard

Standard special
Outside
Outside special special
One shade Flowable composite
layering technique Multi shade layering technique One shade layering technique Multi shade layering technique
Shade combination chart for multiple layers in large cavities of anterior teeth (1-b)
A1 A2 A3 A3.5 A4 B1 B2 B3 C3
Inside special BW AO2 AO3 AO3 AO4 BW AO2 AO3 AO4
Standard A1 A2 A3 A3.5 A4 B1 B2 B3 C3
Outside special JE AE AE AE AE JE JE AE AE
For details of shades, refer to the following section of SHADES.
5. Contouring before Light Curing

Contour using standard techniques.
Fig. 3
6. Light Curing
Light cure G-ænial using a light curing unit (Fig. 3). Keep light guide as close as possible to the
surface. Refer to the following chart for Irradiation Time and Effective Depth of Cure.

Table 7: G-ænial Anterior: Irradiation time and effective depth of cure
Irradiation time
Shade
TE, IE, JE, SE, CVE 3.0 mm 3.5 mm
A1, A2, B1, B2, XBW, BW, AE 2.5 mm 3.0 mm
A3, B3 2.0 mm 3.0 mm
A3.5, A4, C3, AO2, AO3, AO4, CV, CVD 1.5 mm 2.5 mm
Table 8: G-ænial Posterior: Irradiation time and effective depth of cure

Irradiation time
Shade
P-A1, P-A2, P-JE, P-IE 2.5 mm 3.0 mm
P-A3, P-A3.5 2.0 mm 3.0 mm
Note :
1. Material should be placed and light cured in layers. For maximum layer thickness, please consult
the tables.
2. Lower light intensity may cause insufficient curing or discoloration of the material.
7. Finishing and Polishing

Finish and polish using diamond burs, polishing points and discs. To obtain a high gloss, polishing
pastes can be used.
STORAGE
Store in a cool and dark place (4 – 25°C / 39.2 – 77.0°F) away from high temperatures or direct
sunlight. (Shelf life: 3 years from date of manufacture)
CAUTION
1. In case of contact with oral tissue or skin, remove immediately with cotton or a sponge soaked
in alcohol. Flush with water.
2. In case of contact with eyes, flush immediately with water and seek medical attention.
3. Take care to avoid ingestion of the material.
4. Wear plastic or rubber gloves during operation to avoid direct contact with air inhibited resin
layers in order to prevent possible sensitivity.
5. For infection control reasons, Unitips are for single use only.
6. Wear protective eye glasses during light curing.
7. When polishing the polymerised material, use a dust collector and wear a dust mask to avoid
inhalation of cutting dust.
8. Do not mix with other similar products.
9. Avoid getting material on clothing.
10. In case of contact with unintended areas of tooth or prosthetic appliances, remove with
instrument, sponge or cotton pellet before light curing.
11. Do not use G-ænial in combination with eugenol containing materials as eugenol may hinder
G-ænial from setting.
12. All shades except for the outside special shade TE are radiopaque.

10.0 Packaging
Shades
1. 22 shades for anteriors
Standard shades: XBW (Extra Bleaching White), BW (Bleaching White), A1, A2, A3, A3.5, A4, B1,
B2, B3, C3, CV (Cervical), CVD (Cervical Dark)
Inside special shades : AO2, AO3, AO4
Outside special shades: JE (Junior), AE (Adult), SE (Senior), TE (Translucent), IE (Incisal), CVE
(Cervical)
*1 TE shade is not radiopaque.
2. 6 shades for posteriors

Standard shades: P-A1, P-A2, P-A3, P-A3.5,
Outside special shades: P-JE (Junior), P-IE (Incisal)
Note:
A, B, C, AO shades are based on Vita® shade.
Vita® is a registered trademark of Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany.
Syringes
1. Quick start kit
7 syringes (1 each in 7 anterior shades: A1, A2, A3, B2, AE, IE, JE) (2.7 mL per syringe)
Shade guide
2. Advanced kit
7 syringes (1 each in 7 anterior shades: A3.5, AO2, AO3, B1, B3, C3, TE) (2.7 mL per syringe)
3. Refill
1 syringe (available in 28 shades) (2.7 mL per syringe)
Note:
Weight per syringe: 4.7 g for anterior syringes, 5.5 g for posterior syringes
Unitips
1. Quick Start Kit
35 tips (5 tips each in 7 anterior shades: A1, A2, A3, B2, AE, IE, JE) (0.16 mL per tip)
Shade guide
2. Advanced kit
35 unitips (5 tips each in 7 anterior shades: A3.5, AO2, AO3, B1, B3, C3, TE)
3. Refill
a. Pack of 20 tips (packs available in one of 14 shades) (0.16 mL per tip)
(8 anterior shades -A1, A2, A3, A3.5, AO3, CV, IE, AE)
(6 posterior shades-P-A1, P-A2, P-A3, P-A3.5, P-JE, P-IE)
b. Pack of 10 tips (packs available in one of 14 shades) (0.16 mL per tip)
(14 anterior shades - XBW, BW, A4, B1, B2, B3, C3, AO2, AO4, CVD, TE, JE,SE,CVE)
Note:
Weight per Unitip: 0.28g for anterior tip, 0.33g for posterior tip
Accessories
1. Unitip Applier
2. G-ænial Shade Guide
3. Mixing pad (No.14B)

Notes

GC CORPORATION GC EUROPE N.V. GC AMERICA INC. GC ASIA DENTAL PTE. LTD.
76-1, Hasumuma- Head Office 3737 West 127th 19 Loyang Way #06-27
ChoItabashi-ku Researchpark Haasrode- USA - Alsip, Illinois 60803 Singapore 508724
JP -Tokyo 174-8585 Leuven 1240 Tel. +1.800.323.7063 Tel. +65.6546.7588
Tel. +81.339.65.1221 Interleuvenlaan 33 Fax.+1.708.371.5103 Fax. +65.6546.7577
Fax. +81.339.65.3331 B - 3001 Leuven http://www.gcamerica.com http://www.gcasia.info
http://www.gcdental.co.jp Tel. +32.16.74.10.00
Fax. +32.16.40.48.32
http://www.gceurope.com
z O MA EN 8 68 04/12

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G-ænial

Anterior & Posterior

2.0 Product description 4

3.0 Indications for use 4

6.0 Physical properties 17

Vita® is a registered trademark of Vita® - Zahnfabrik

2 G-ænial Anterior & Posterior Technical Manual

9.0 Instructions for use 27

G-ænial Anterior & Posterior Technical Manual 3

2.0 Product description

• Beautiful restorations with an easy shade system

3.0 Indications for use

Anterior (Blue) and Posterior (Beige)

4 G-ænial Anterior & Posterior Technical Manual

Table 1: Main composition of G-ænial Anteror and Posterior

G-ænial Anterior & Posterior Technical Manual 5

400 nm Strontium Glass

Inorganic Filler 850 nm

Anterior : Silica glass

The matrix consists of a mixture of urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) and dimethacrylate

6 G-ænial Anterior & Posterior Technical Manual

To improve the bond between the silica and matrix

The Fluoroaluminosilicate glass used in G-ænial

Three types of interaction occur at the pre-

The three types of interaction are as follows:

1 Covalent bonds derived from residual C=C.

3 Hydrophobic interactions between organic groups (e.g. alkyls).

G-ænial Anterior & Posterior Technical Manual 7

It is not only about translucency, value, hue and chroma…

Figure 3: Transmission, Fluorescence and reflection of light on the

Figure 4: Light reflection of a natural tooth varies

8 G-ænial Anterior & Posterior Technical Manual

Measuring the scattering properties of a composite: the goniophotometer

+90 Degrees Light source Composite sample

Light source Composite sample

-90 Degrees High light Scattering

Figure 7: A3 cavity filled with A2 composite

These results suggest that light scattering is

Block of Low-scattering High-scattering

What makes a composite restoration become invisible?

G-ænial Anterior & Posterior Technical Manual 9

Enamel Pulp Dentin Light scattering on the different fillers

The scattering properties of G-ænial provide its unique blending abilities

Figure 10: Scattering properties of G-ænial Anterior vs. Competitors

-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50

Note the perfect blending ability of the Standard Shade.

10 G-ænial Anterior & Posterior Technical Manual

Figure 12: Single- and multi-shade restorations using G-ænial

Standard Shade Inside Shade Outside Shade

Table 2: G-ænial standard shades

G-ænial Anterior & Posterior Technical Manual 11

Outside Special Shades – replacing ename

12 G-ænial Anterior & Posterior Technical Manual

IE & P-IE can be applied on the In elderly patients, TE can be

G-ænial Anterior Standard Shade G-ænial Anterior Special Inside

G-ænial Anterior & Posterior Technical Manual 13

Single-shade layering technique

Multi-shade layering technique

Outside Shades: These should be used to replace the enamel layer

2.0 Product description 4

3.0 Indications for use 4

6.0 Physical properties 17

9.0 Instructions for use 27