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    Classnotes Student 31272728464 Acids, Basesandsalts

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    Classnotes Student 31272728464 Acids, Basesandsalts

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    Classnotes Student 31272728464 Acids, Basesandsalts

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    racheallatilo

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    ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS.

    ACIDS
    An acid is a substance which when dissolved in water
    produces hydrogen ions as the only positive ion,
    For example
    H2SO4(aq) → H+(aq) + SO42-(aq)
    The H+(aq) ion produced do not exist free but
    immediately combines with water to form hydroxonium
    ion.
    H+(aq) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq)
    . . .. Hydroxonium ion
    This is generally written as
    H2SO4 + 2H2O → 2H3O+(aq) + SO42-
    The common acids in the laboratory are the mineral
    acids which include:
    Hydrochloric acid, HCl
    Trioxonitrate(v) acid HNO3
    Tetraoxosulphate (vi) acid, H2SO4
    PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ACIDS
    1. Acids have sour taste
    2. Turn blue litmus paper red
    3. Concentrated form of the mineral acids are corrosive
    CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACIDS
    1. Acids reacts with metals above hydrogen in the
    activity series to liberate hydrogen gas with
    exception of Trioxonitrate (v) acid HNO3
    Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2( )
    Mg(s) + H2SO4(aq) → MgSO4(aq) + H2(g)

    2. Acids neutralize bases to form salt and water only.


    NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq( + H2O(l)

    3. Acids liberate carbon (iv) oxide from trioxocarbonate


    (iv) and hydrogen trioxocarbonate (iv).
    2HCl(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
    Salt and water are formed also,

    TEST FOR ACIDS


    Acids turn blue litmus paper red. They have a pH
    value of less than 7.

    BASICITY OF ACID
    The basicity of an acid is the number of replaceable
    hydrogen atoms contained in one molecule of the acid.
    That is the number of hydrogen ions (H+aq) which can be
    produced by one molecule of the acid in aqueous
    solution.
    Acid Number of Basicity
    Hydrogen ions
    Hydrochloric acid H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) 1,
    HCl monobasic
    Trioxonitrate (v) H+(aq) + NO3-(aq) 1,
    acid, HNO3 monobasic
    Tetraoxosulphate 2H+(aq) + SO42-(aq) 2,dibasic,
    (iv( acid H2SO4
    Tetraoxophosphat 3H+(aq) + PO43-(aq) 3, tribasic
    e (v) acid H3PO4
    Ethanoic acid H+(aq) + CH3COO(aq) 1,
    monobasic

    BASES
    A base is a substance which neutralizes an acid. All
    metallic oxides are basic in nature. These oxides which
    are soluble in water produces their hydroxides which are
    also basic in nature. Soluble hydroxides yield the
    hydroxide ion when dissolved in water and they are
    referred to as alkalis. Examples of alkalis are sodium
    hydroxide (NaOH), Potassium hydroxide (KOH),
    Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) etc.
    PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BASES
    1. Bases have bitter taste
    2. They have a soapy feeling to touch.
    3. They turn red litmus paper blue
    4. Concentrated forms of the caustic alkalis (NaOH and
    KOH) are corrosive.
    CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
    1. Bases neutralize acids to form salt and water only
    2. Bases react with ammonium salts to liberate
    ammonia gas.
    NaOH (aq) + NH4Cl → NaCl (aq) + H2O(l)+ NH3(g)

    TEST FOR BASES


    Bases turn red litmus paper blue. They have pH values
    higher than 7

    NEUTRALIZATION
    This is a reaction in which an acid react completely
    with a sufficient amount of a base to form salt and
    water only.
    (i) NaOH(aq) + HNO3(aq) → NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
    (ii) CaO(s) + H2SO4(aq) → CaSO4(aq) + H2O(l)
    pH SCALE
    This is the scale which measures the acidity or
    alkalinity of a solution. The scale ranges from 0 to 14.
    A solution with a low pH has high hydrogen ion
    concentration and is strongly acidic. However, a
    solution with high pH value has low hydrogen ion
    concentration and is strongly alkaline.
    Hence a solution of pH 2 is more acidic than one of pH
    6.
    Similarly, a solution with pH 11 is more alkaline than
    one with pH 8.
    pH 7 is the neutral pH.

    SALTS
    A salt is formed when the replaceable hydrogen ions of
    an acid are replaced partially or completely by a
    metallic ion or ammonium ion. They are ionic
    compounds containing a metallic ion and a negative
    ion.
    They are formed by the process of neutralization. They
    are neither acidic nor basic (for normal salts). They are
    neutral to litmus.
    There are five types of salts:
    (i) Normal salts
    (ii) Acid salts
    (iii) Basic salts
    (iv) Double salts
    (v) Complex salts
    Simple salts can be prepared by various methods
    depending on the solubility of the salt in water and
    stability to heat.

    PREPARATION OF SIMPLE SOLUBLE SALTS


    Simple soluble salts may be prepared by any of the
    following methods after which they are the recovered
    from solutions either by evaporation or crystallization
    and filtration.
    (i) Neutralization of acid by an alkali
    H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(l)
    (ii) Action of dilute acid on metal
    Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
    (iii) Action of dilute acid on a trioxocarbonate (iv)
    2HCl(aq) + CuCO3(aq) → CuCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
    (iv) Action of dilute acid on insoluble base
    H2SO4(aq) + CuO(s) → CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l)

    PREPARATION OF SIMPLE INSOLUBLE SALTS


    These are prepared from solutions of the soluble salts by
    precipitation. In precipitation process, there is double
    decomposition reaction. For example, lead (ii)
    Tetraoxosulphate (vi) can be obtained as a precipitate
    insoluble salt from the reaction of lead (ii) Trioxonitrate
    (v) solution and a solution of tetraoxosulphate (vi) acid.
    That is
    Pb(NO3)(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → PbSO4(s) + 2HNO3(aq)
    . Precipitate

    PRACTICE QUESTIONS
    1. What is an acid?
    2. Give two examples of acids
    3. State the physical properties if acids
    4. State the chemical properties of acids
    5. What is a base?
    6. Give two examples of bases
    7. State the physical properties of bases.
    8. State the chemical properties of bases.
    9. Define neutralization reaction
    10. Define salt
    11. Give examples of salts
    12. What are soluble salts
    13. How would you prepare NaCl
    14. Define the basicity of an acid
    15. What is the basicity of H2SO4
    ASSIGNMENT
    1. Explain two properties of acids
    2. What are bases? Give two examples
    3. What are alkalis? Give two examples.
    4. Explain the statement “All alkalis are bases but not
    all bases are alkalis”

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