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    EquationSheet 2023

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    artemosneocleous

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    EquationSheet 2023

    Uploaded by

    artemosneocleous
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    EquationSheet_2023

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    3 views2 pages

    EquationSheet 2023

    Uploaded by

    artemosneocleous

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 2

    version 2 - 06/04/2023

    Equation Sheet 4RA10 - ITP


    Flow Heat
    Constants Constants
    2
    g = 9.81 m/s NA = 6.02 · 1023
    ρw = 1000 kg/m3 (water) kB = 1.38 · 10−23 J/K
    ηw = 1.0 · 10−3 Pa s (water at 20 ◦ C) mu = 1.67 · 10−27 kg
    Standard atmospheric conditions at sea level: σ = 5.67 · 10−8 W/(m2 K4 )
    p0 = 101 325 Pa R = 8.3145 J/(mol K)
    T0 = 293 K lf = 333 kJ/kg (water/ice)
    lv = 2186 kJ/kg (water/steam)
    Density cv = 4.186 kJ/(kg K) (water)
    ρ= m
    V cv = 2.1 kJ/(kg K) (ice)
    kg = 0.78 W/(m2 K) (glass)
    Pressure
    p= F A Turn over for tables with material constants
    p(h) = p0 + ρgh
    p(y) = p0 exp( −ρp00gy ) = p0 exp( −M gy
    RT ) Thermal expansion
    ∆L = αL0 ∆T or ∆V = βV0 ∆T (β ≈ 3α)
    Buoyancy
    Fb = ρf gV ′ Ideal gas law
    pV = N kT = nRT with N = NA n and R = kNA , or
    Surface tension p = NV kT = nV RT with NV = N/V and nV = n/V ,
    γ = FL = ∆A
    W
    =E A or p = ρRs T with Rs = R/M
    Laplace pressure:
    ∆p = 2γR Kinetic theory
    1 2 3
    2 mv = 2 kT
    Mass conservation
    ρ 1 v 1 A1 = ρ 2 v 2 A2 Diffusion
    1
    lm = 4π√2r 2N
    V
    Momentum conservation J = −D dn D dpi
    with D = 13 vlm
    dx = − RT
    V
    P ⃗ dx
    ⊥
    vi = − A p⃗n dA + F⃗external
    P R P
    i Ii = i ρvi Ai⃗
    Heat
    Bernoulli solid/liquid:
    p1 + 21 ρv12 + ρgy1 = p2 + 12 ρv22 + ρgy2 Q = ∆U = mc∆T
    Ce = M c with M = m/n
    Viscous frictional force gas (constant V):
    dv
    F = −ηA dy Q = ∆U = mcv ∆T
    gas (constant p):
    Poiseuille flow Q = ∆U + p∆V = mcp ∆T
    −p2
    v(r) = p14ηL (R2 − r2 ) phase transition:
    (p1 −p2 )R2
    v̄ = 8ηL
    QV,F = mlV,F

    Reynolds number Conduction


    dQ dT
    Re = ρvD
    η dt = −kA dx

    Modified Bernoulli Convection


    1 2 1 2
    P fi Li 1 2 dQ
    2 ρv1 +p1 +gρy1 = 2 ρv2 +p2 +gρy2 + ( Di )( 2 ρvi )+ dt = −hA(T − T∞ )
    i
    (Ki )( 12 ρvi2 ) + ∆pi
    P P
    i i Radiation
    dQ 4 4
    dt = −eσA(T − Tsur )
    Potential flow
    ⃗v = (u, v) = ( ∂ψ(x,y)
    ∂y , − ∂ψ(x,y)
    ∂x ) Heat flux
    Parallel flow: ψ(x, y) = V (−x sin α + y cos α)
    Q y−y0 q = A1 dQ
    dt
    Point source: ψ(x, y) = 2π arctan x−x 0
    Γ
    Vortex: ψ(x, y) = − 4π ln((x − x0 ) + (y − y0 )2 )
    2
    version 2 - 06/04/2023

    Substance Mass density (kg/m3 )


    air 1.29
    water 1.0 · 103
    ice 0.917 · 103
    aluminum 2.7 · 103
    steel 7.8 · 103
    concrete 1.6 · 103
    glass 2.6 · 103

    Table 1: Mass density of various substances.

    Material e
    silver, polished 0.02
    aluminum 0.09
    iron (rusted) 0.74
    iron (molten) 0.28
    concrete 0.88
    black paint 0.90
    white paint 0.88
    aluminum paint 0.39

    Table 2: Emission coefficients for a number of materials.

    Substance k (J/s m K) Substance k (J/s m K)


    aluminum 237 asbestos (wool) 0.2
    copper 403 concrete 2.1
    gold 318 cork 0.045
    iron 80.4 glass 0.78
    lead 35.3 marble 2.8
    steel 43.0 wool 0.036
    silver 429 water 0.56
    zinc 116 air 0.026
    polyurethane 0.024

    Table 3: Thermal conductivity coefficients of some substances

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