DESIGN AND TESTING OF SENSOR NETWORKS ON LAND

SURFACES TO PREVENT LANDSLIDES

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of

Engineering degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering by

SHIRLEY.V (37130376)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

SATHYABAMA
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)
Accredited with Grade “A” by NAAC
JEPPIAAR NAGAR, RAJIV GANDHI SALAI, CHENNAI - 600 119

APRIL - 2021
 SATHYABAMA
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)
Accredited with “A” grade by NAAC I 12B Status by UGC I Approved by AICTE
JEPPIAR NAGAR, RAJIV GANDHI SALAI, CHENNAI – 600 119
www.sathyabama.ac.in

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this Project Report is the bonafide work of SHIRLEY
.V(37130376) who carried out the project entitled “DESIGN AND TESTING OF
SENSOR NETWORKS ON LAND SURFACES TO PREVENT LANDSLIDES”
under our supervision from December 2020 to April 2021.

Internal Guide

Mrs. MARY SAJIN SANJU. I,M.Tech.,(Ph.D)

Head of the Department

Dr. T. RAVI, M.E., Ph.D.

Submitted for Viva voce Examination held on

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 DECLARATION

I SHIRLEY.V (Reg.No: 37130376) hereby declare that the Project Report entitled
“DESIGN AND TESTING OF SENSOR NETWORKS ON LAND SURFACES TO
PREVENT LANDSLIDES” done by me under the guidance of Mrs. MARY SAJIN
SANJU .I, M. Tech.,(Ph. D) is submitted in complete fulfilment of the requirements for the
award of Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electronics andCommunication Engineering.

DATE: 1.
PLACE: SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am pleased to acknowledge my sincere thanks to Board of Management of

SATHYABAMA for their kind encouragement in doing this project and for completing
it successfully. We are grateful to them.

I convey my thanks to Dr. N. M. NANDHITHA. M.E., Ph.D., Dean, School of

Electrical and Electronics and Dr. T. RAVI. M.E., Ph.D., Head of the Department,
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering for providing me
necessary support and details at the right time during the progressive reviews.

I would like to express my sincere and deep sense of gratitude to my

Project Guide Mrs. MARY SAJIN SANJU. I,M.Tech.,(Ph.D) her valuable guidance,
suggestions and constant encouragement paved way for the successful completion of
my project work.

I wish to express my thanks to all Teaching and Non-teaching staff members

of the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering who were
helpful in many ways for the completion of the project.
 ABSTRACT

Landslides are a common occurrence caused by loss of stability in mountain

areas. It can lead to human losses and other property destruction. It cannot be
controlled, but what can be done is prevent destructive aftermath by using real-
time monitoring techniques. The most important criterion is real-time monitoring of
environmental threats. Landslides will result in death of people, the destruction of
crops, the loss of forest cover, and the disruption of communication routes.
Landslide occurs due to the balance between weight of hill and hence the counter
resistance forces is more in favour of gravity. This paper describes how an
autonomous landslide detection system, supported by wsn works. Software
programs that are autonomous and self-contained are embedded into these
wireless sensor nodes. On integration with each other, the software programs
continuously collecting and analyse data from the sensors, such as the sensor
node positions along the slope and the observed ground movements. When
movement is observed, the collected datasets are sent immediately to a linked
server system for further analysis. This system for landslide detection as proposed
in this paper is centrally available through the Internet and provide the real-time
information on the current status of the slope that is monitored. we can view the
sensor values remotely using the IoT in the webserver and the forest officials can
track the landslide events and prevent the loss of life.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER DESCRIPTION PAGE

NO.
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Block diagram 1
1.1.1 Transmitter section 1
1.1.2 Receiver section 2
1.2 Problem definition 3
2 Literature survey 4
3 Aim and Scope of Present Investigation 8
3.1 Existing system 8
3.2 Disadvantages 8
3.3 Proposed system 8
3.4 Advantages 9
3.5 Problem 9
4 Experimental Material and Method 10
4.1 Hardware requirements 10
4.2 Microcontroller (PIC16F877A) 10
4.2.1 ADC in PIC16F877A 15
4.3 USART in PIC16F877A 16
4.3 PIR sensor 16
4.3.1 Internal layout 18
4.4 Seismic sensor 19
4.4.1 Specifications 21
4.5 Humidity sensor 21
4.6 Vibration sensor 22
4.6.1 Features of the vibration sensor 24
4.7 PCB 24
4.8 IoT board 25
4.8.1 Pin configuration 26
4.9 LCD display 27
4.9.1 Features 28
4.10 Buzzer 29
4.10.1 Features and specifications 30
4.11 Power supply 30
4.12 Node mcu 31
4.13 Software requirements 32
4.14 Embedded C 32
4.15 MPLAB ide 32
5 Result 34
6 Conclusion 36
Reference 37
LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE (FIG) NAME OF THE FIG PAGE

NO.
1.1.1 Block diagram of transmitter section 2
1.1.2 Block diagram of receiver section 6
4.2 PIC16F877A Microcontroller and Pin diagram 21
4.3 PIR Sensor 22
4.3.1 Internal Layout of PIR Sensor 23
4.4 Seismic sensor 20
4.5 Humidity sensor 21
4.6 Vibration sensor 23
4.7 PIC assembled PCB 25
4.8 Iot Board 26
4.9 16*2 LCD display 27
4.10 Active passive buzzer 28
4.11 Power Supply 29
4.12 Node mcu 30
5 Real time monitoring 34
5.1 Transmitter and reciever section 35

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NAME OF THE TABLE PAGE NO.

4.1 PIC16F877A Pin Configuration 11

4.2 Detailed Features of PIC16F877A 13
4.3 ADC Pin Configuration 15
4.4 ADC Register 16
4.5 Electrical specification 22
4.10 Buzzer Pin Configuration 30
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
A landslide is the downslope movement of a debris, rock mass or earth. Rainwater percolates during
monsoons, creating hydraulic pressure that exceeds the elastic limit of the soil or rocks. As a result, the
strain builds up, forcing the soil and rocks to loosen their adhesive strengths, resulting in landslides.
Landslides devastate agricultural/forest lands, road transportation, and the environment as a whole,
resulting in significant human loss. Landslides also refers to any gravity-driven downward displacement
of soil and rock. It results in personal injury, property damage, and death. It has a long-term negative
effect on various of resources such as water supplies, fisheries, sewage disposal systems, dams, and
roadways. When hill slope becomes unstable condition, landslides occur. Many factors, together or
separately, can cause changes in a slope's stability. Natural causes include groundwater pressure acting
on destabilising the slope, river or ocean wave erosion at the bottom of slope, earthquakes adding loads
to a barely stable slope, and earthquake-caused liquefaction destabilising slopes. Deforestation,
cultivation, and construction, all of which destabilise the already fragile slopes, as well as vibrations from
machinery, are examples of man-made causes. Landslides can be detected using data-driven methods
using wireless sensor networks (WSN).The primary goal of studying landslide detection is to prevent
natural disasters by detecting their early movement[11]. As a result, human losses from the avalanche
would be minimised or eliminated. The goal is also to find a way for the sensing elements to respond
quickly to rapid data changes and send the sensed data to a data analysis centre. The proposed
WSN/Internet of Things i.e. (IoT) based landslide detection and monitoring system is low cost, reliable,
and efficient in terms of delay.[1]

1.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

1.1.1 Transmitter Section
The working of the transmitter and receiver section is as follows:
Three types of sensors such as seismic sensor, PIR sensor, humidity sensor is used here. Each sensor
has its own unique features. Two Seismic sensors are placed in ground section. Humidity sensors check
the soils humidity levels because landslides mostly occur during heavy rainfall. Seismic sensors check if
any vibrations occur in the ground level. If it is occurring, then the buzzer will give immediate alert to
nearby areas about land slide detection sensor checks if any person presence on that place.

4
These sensors send out an analog signal that is there after converted into a digital signal using an
Analog-Digital Converter (ADC)because the compiler (HI-TECH C) accepts only digital signal in the
process. This signal is fed to the microcontroller from where the information is carried to the IoT with
the help of a UART cable which is then used for serial communication between peripheral devices.

PIR
SENSOR

IOT

SEISMIC MICRO
SENSOR
A CONTROLLE UART
D R
C
SEISMIC
SENSOR

HUMIDITY
SENSOR

Fig: 1.1 : Block diagram of transmitter section

1.1.2 Receiver Section

All the information received from the sensors are gathered from ground
section and it will be transmitted to receiver section through IOT unit. The SIM900 GPRS
modem is used in this. The information in the IoT is transmitted to the receiver end IoT via
WIFI where again with the help of UART cable communication is done between the IoT and
the microcontroller[1]. The output is shown on the LCD panel and buzzer is activated
according to the information received.

5
 IOT
LCD
MICRO DISPLAY
UART CONTROLL
ER BUZZER

Fig: 1.2 : Block diagram of receiver section

1.2 PROBLEM DEFINITION

This project provides a solution to prevent landslides from causing damage to human lives and the
destruction of properties. In the past few years, several solutions which provided a good deal of
ideas on how to prevent landslides especially on steep slopes during rainfall. However, most of the
solutions do not provide a beneficial and satisfactory result. To nullify this problem, in this system
various sensors are used for detection. It uses a microcontroller that has a built-in ADC, from which
the data is collected from the sensor. Then using the IOT module real-time monitoring of the sensor
is done to compare the data and then alert the system accordingly.

6
 CHATPER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

Adaptive Traffic Light Control of Multiple Intersections in WSN-Based ITS: Author: Binbin
Zhou; Jiannong Cao; Hejun Wu[2]
To research the issue of adaptive traffic light control at multiple intersections, use the data obtained
via real time by wi-fi networks (WSN). Previous research focused on maximising green signal cycles
in set traffic sequences and overlooked traffic flow features and unique traffic conditions. In this post,
an adaptive traffic signal management system is proposed that can change multi-intersection green
light sequence based on real-time traffic (including traffic volume, waiting time, number of stops and
stops, and vehicle density). The findings of the simulation demonstrate that this scheme produces
relative to the three control methods. The results of the simulation show that this system achieves
greater efficiency, lower average times of waiting and a lower time of stop compared with the three
control methods: The optimal control of a regulated and adaptive control is a fixed time.

Empirical prediction of packet transmission efficiency in bio-inspired Wireless Sensor

Networks
Author: Ahmed F. Abdelzaher; Bhanu K. Kamapantula; Preetam Ghosh; Sajal K. Das[3]
This article deals with a three-band handheld antenna. The resonance frequency of the antenna is
3.6 GHz, 5.6 GHz and 7.9 GHz. The triple-band antenna architecture has been miniaturised here.
Due to its rigid structure and failure type, the substratum used here is FR-4 Epocy resin. For the
three-band simulation and measurement results, the antenna produced a return loss of less than –10
dB. This antenna has a VSWR value lower than 2 and the gain is 0.86 dB. This antenna's sizes are
13.6 x 13.6 mm2 such that a circular substratum is used here.

7
Comparative Assesmentes of IEEE ZigBee an 6lowpan for Power Industrial Wsns in Realistic
Scenarios
Author: S. Nej and A. Ghosh
This article is about a Patch antenna of a microstrip This antenna is ideal in MIMO applications for
an antenna which is electrically small in dimension, with a thin folded wire or zig-zag form of
structure, the values simulated for this antenna in relation to direction, front to back and radiation
pattering are considered to be satisfactory. The substrate used is the FR4 Epoxy resin with a
permeability of 4,4 and thickness of 1,4 mm. The antenna has a compact wavelength of 0.375 μx
0.375 н, where н is the wavelength of free space. A quadrangular substratum is used here. It would
be ideal for MIMO applications because it is a small antenna design. [4]

Design of Meander Line Antenna for Wearable

Applications Author: E. Toscano, L. L. Bello
This report offers a complementary analysis and comparative assessment using experimental calculation
on actual research benches, using the IEEE 802.15.4/ Zig Bee and 6LoWPAN protocols. We have done
special work in order to make a realistic performance comparison to change the parameters of any
protocol to enable it to work correctly in low-power mode and to make the measures in terms of flow and
fuel consumption equal. After the modification process is resolved, the paper evaluate the protocol output
obtained in the same network, workload and service cycle. The distinction concentrates on the effect on
network efficiency of low-energy mechanisms. The experimental assessment shows the benefits and
drawbacks in low-power modes of the two protocols. [3]

Design an Application of Wireless Sensor Network Webserver Based On S3c2410 and ZigBee
Protocol
AUTHOR: Jiang Yongping, Feng Zehao, Xu Du
In the area of implementation of wi-fi technologies, the remote-control network is the subject of
research. In the world of low cost, low-power devices ZigBee technology brings about the void in the
wireless networking industry. This paper addresses the development and implementation of the
S3C2410 and ZigBee protocol-based wireless sensor network server. The remote object can be
motorised and controlled in real time on this server. Hardware and software are developed and core
implementing innovations are applied using B/S architecture and modular methods of design. The
server is stable and scalable and can be used extensively in smart homes, surveillance networks,
8
industrial controls and other areas. [4]

Smart Grid Initiative for Power Distribution Utility in India

AUTHOR: Arup Sinha; S. Neogi; R.N. Lahiri; S. Chowdhury; S. P. Chowdhury. Chakraborty[5]
The energy sector in India has undergone comprehensive changes since the 2003 "Electricity Act"
was adopted in India, and electricity distribution companies are now being reformed to deal with
regulatory changes to limit losses. Total technological and business improvement, stable power
supply and energy efficiency Customer satisfaction improvement and market rationalisation for
energy. In addition to the reorganisation and spin-off of the electricity market, "in-smart grid"
technology is also needed to increase the distribution network's operational and technological
reliability to meet the growing online energy demand of India. Domestic brutal commodity. Intelligent
grids are complicated. New communications and control systems are used to provide digitally
enhanced power systems with greater robustness, reliability and durability than existing power
systems. The intelligent grid affects all electricity components, especially in the distribution stage.
Smart metering/advanced measuring technology (AMI) etc. is one branch of smart grids. Both nodes
must be interconnected in an intelligent network to exchange data as needed. In addition to giving
users the opportunity and encouragement to join networks, the Smart Grid platform gives customers
the option to decide their time and volume of power usage based on electricity prices. Network,
energy efficiency improvement and adaptation of both energy generation and storage choices. In the
intelligent grid, different properties like self-healing and adaptability are also envisaged. The product
and technology portfolio of Smart Grid helps maximise device uptime, while allowing the utility to
recover home and business electricity faster in the case of an interruption. In order to allow smart
grid technologies inside Indian power distribution companies as part of its strategy to cater for smart
grids in developing countries, India's Government recently formed a Smart Grid and Smart Grid
Working Group. Demands like the US, Europe and so on. [5]

9
 CHAPTER 3
AIM AND SCOPE OF PRESENT INVESTIGATION

3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM

The geographic distribution of landslides has been recorded to be very heterogeneous in some parts
of countries, with areas of high incidence At the time of a landslide, some countries were in charge of
raising public consciousness and training in preventive systems, but this was not sufficient. A sliding
field review is currently carried out to evaluate movement by using photographic instruments, such
as Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), region-screening and movement checks, as there is no
immediate reaction on the floors or surroundings in order to avoid these kinds of disasters.

3.2 DISADVANTAGES
• Real time monitoring is difficult
• Create more Accidents
• Loss of human life

3.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM

The purpose of the landslide monitoring system is to detect dangerous pitch changes in the early
stages. When the pitch deformation is detected before the collapse, a possible earthquake is
immediately notified by the system. Available for detailed diagnosis of sloping movement, the related
measuring values collected from the slope are constantly kept. [6] We use embedded sensors here
to locate the ruts. In the field segment there are two seismic sensors. Moisture sensors monitor
soils' moisture levels, because landslides occur often in heavy rainfall. Seismic sensors will
immediately warn surrounding areas to land slide detection if any movements are present on the
ground floor if the buzzer occurs. All this information is collected from the ground area and
transmitted via the IOT device to the receiver portion. PIR sensor controls any person's presence at
the site. We can remotely monitor the sensor values via the IOT on a web server. Forest
representatives can track the incidents and avoid loss of life

3.4 ADVANTAGES
10
• Prevent more accidents
• Ensure more safety on peoples who is living hills area
• Prevent human losses

3.5 PROBLEM DEFINITION

This project offers a way of avoiding landslides that harm human life and destroy buildings. In recent
years, a number of solutions have given a number of ideas about how landslides can be prevented,
especially in steep slopes during precipitation. But the most advantageous and satisfactory results
are not seen in most remedies. In this device, various sensor types are used for detection, to
overcome this issue. It uses an ADC-built microcontroller that collects data from the sensor. Then
using the IOT module real-time monitoring of the sensor is done to compare the data and then alert
the system accordingly.

11
 CHAPTER 4

EXPERIMENTAL MATERIALS AND METHOD

4.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

• Micro Controller (PIC16F877A)

• ADC
• USART
• Seismic Sensor
• Humidity Sensor
• PIR Sensor
• LCD Display
• Buzzer
• IoT Board

4.2 MICROCONTROLLER (PIC16F877A)

The CMOS FLASH 8-bit microcontroller picks Microchips strong PIC architecture into a bundle of 40
PIC16C5X compatible, PIC12CXX and 16C7X PIC compatible . It's powerful, but simple to programme
(only 35 single-word instructions). The PIC16F877A comprises 256 bytes of EEPROM data memory, a
Self-Programming, a 3 Wire Serial Peripheral Interface (SAPI) and a Universal Assynchronous Receiver
Sending Operator and a two Wire interintegrated circuit (I2CTM). This synchronous serial port can be
configured using a three-wire Serial Peripheral Interface (SPITM) (USART).

12
 Fig: 4.1: PIC16F877A Microcontroller and Pin diagram

Table 4.1: PIC16F877A Pin Configuration[6]

Number of the Name of the Pin Details

Pin
1 MCLR/Vpp MCLR is mostly attached to the programmer
during programming.

2 RA0/AN0 Analog pin- 0 or 0th pin of PORTA

3 RA1/AN1 Analog pin-1 or 1st pin of PORTA

4 RA2/AN2/Vref- Analog pin- 2 or 2nd pin of PORTA

5 RA3/AN3/Vref+ Analog pin -3 or 3rd pin of PORTA

6 RA4/T0CKI/C1out 4th pin of PORTA
7 RA5/AN4/SS/C2out Analog pin -4 or 5th pin of PORTA

8 RE0/RD/AN5 Analog pin -5 or 0th pin of PORTE

9 RE1/WR/AN6 Analog pin -6 or 1st pin of PORTE

10 RE2/CS/AN7 7th pin of PORTE

13
11 Vdd MCU’s Ground pin

12 Vss Positive pin - MCU (+5V)

13 OSC1/CLKI External Oscillator (clock input pin)
14 OSC2/CLKO External Oscillator (clock output pin)

15 RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI 0th pin of PORT C

16 RC1/T1OSI/CCP2 1st pin - POCTC or Timer/PWM pin

17 RC2/CCP1 2nd pin - POCTC or Timer/PWM pin

18 RC3/SCK/SCL 3rd pin - POCTC

19 RD0/PSP0 0th pin - POCTD

20 RD1/PSPI 1st pin - POCTD
21 RD2/PSP2 2nd pin - POCTD

22 RD3/PSP3 3rd pin - POCTD

23 RC4/SDI/SDA 4th pin - POCTC or Serial Data in pin

24 RC5/SDO 5th pin - POCTC or Serial Data Out pin

25 RC6/Tx/CK 6th pin - POCTC or Transmitter pin of
Microcontroller
26 RC7/Rx/DT 7th pin - POCTC or Receiver pin of Microcontroller
27 RD4/PSP4 4th pin - POCTD
28 RD5/PSP5 5th pin - POCTD

29 RD6/PSP6 6th pin - POCTD

30 RD7/PSP7 7th pin - POCTD

31 Vss Positive pin -MCU (+5V)

32 Vdd Ground pin - MCU

33 RB0/INT 0th pin - POCTB or External Interrupt pin

34 RB1 1st pin - POCTB
35 RB2 2nd pin - POCTB

36 RB3/PGM 3rd pin - POCTB or Logged in to programmer

14
 37 RB4 4th pin – POCTB

38 RB5 5th pin – POCTB

39 RB6/PGC 6th pin - POCTB or Logged in to programmer

40 RB7/PGD 7th pin - POCTB or Logged in to programmer

Table 4.2: Detailed Features of PIC16F877A[6]

CPU 8-bit PIC

Architecture 8
Program Memory Size (Kbytes) 14
RAM (bytes) 368
EEPROM/HEF 256/HEF

Pin Count 40
Max. CPU Speed (MHz) 20
Peripheral Pin select (PPS) No
Internal Oscillator No
No. Of comparators 2
No. Of Operational Amplifier 0
No. Of ADC channels 14
Max ADC Resolution (bits) 10
ADC with Computation No
Number of DAC Converter 0
Max DAC resolution 0
Internal Voltage Reference Yes
Zero Cross Detect No
No. Of 8-bit timers 2
No. Of 16-bit Timers 1

15
Signal Measurement Timer
0
Hardware Limit Timer 0
No. Of PWM outputs 0
Max PWM resolution 10
Angular Timer No
Math Accelerator No
No. Of UART module 1
No. Of SPI Module 1

No. Of I2C module 1

No. Of USB Module 0
Windowed Watchdog Timer (WWDT) No
CRC/Scan No
Numerically Controlled Oscillator 0

Cap. Touch Channels 11

Segment LCD 0
Minimum Operating Temperature (*C) -40
Maximum Operating Temperature (*C) 125

Minimum Operating Voltage (V) 2

Maximum Operating Voltage (V) 5.5
High Voltage Capable No

4.2.1 ADC - PIC16F877A

In PIC16F877A, the built-in ADC 10-bit approximation is doubled by 8 input pins. A / D is equipped
for low and high voltage compare inputs, RA2 or RA3 VDD and VSS mixes. The resolution of
Pic16f877a ADC with 5v as the Vref is as follows:
ADC Resolution = Vref (2^{10}-1) = 5/1023 =0,004887 = 4,887mv/s ADC Resolution[7]
16
The following table shows that the ADC pins are multiplied by other GPIO pins.
You should set the corresponding ACON1 register to allow the ADC pin.
When an ADC function is chosen, the ADC input is isolated from the other digital signals
Table 4.3: ADC Pin Configuration[7]

ADC Channel PIN of PIC16f877a Feature of pin

0 RA0 AN0

1 RA1 AN1

2 RA2 AN2/VREF-

3 RA3 AN3/VREF+

4 RA5 AN4

2 RE0 AN5

3 RE1 AN6

4 RE2 AN7

Table 4.4: ADC Register

ADC Summary
Register

ADCON0 To turn ON the ADC,select the sampling freq and also Start
the conversion.

17
 ADCON1 The gpio pins are for ADC configuration

ADRESH Takes the larger ADC outcome byte

ADRESL Holds the lowest ADC outcome byte

4.2.2 USART - PIC16F877A

Installed in the USART which can be used for synchronous communication is provided with the
PIC16F877A. USART is a two-wire data flow networking system. USART is also a complete duplex
communication and can be used in simultaneous communication with Peripheral machines include
CRT and desktop computers.[6]
The USART can be customised in the following modes:
• Asynchronous (full-duplex)
• Synchronous – Master (half-duplex)
• Synchronous – Slave (half-duplex)

4.3 PIR SENSOR

PIR represents a radial pyroelectric or passive infrared sensor. PIR stands for PIR. PIR is an
electronic sensor which measures infrared light variations over a certain distance in response to a
sensed IR signal at its output. Any infrasound emitting objects such as people and animals can be
detected when it is the sensor range or when it is out, or moving in the sensor range. A sensitive
infrared (ir) crystal is divided into 2 areas of the pirated sensor module processing circuit

18
 Fig 4.2 :PIR Sensor

The sensing activity of a pyroelectric infrared sensor is determined by the property or feature
which changes the polarization of the material when the temperature changes occur. These
sensors use a double or couple of sensors to sensor IR signals in two stages, ensuring that the
unintended temperature fluctuations within the current EMI phase are cancelled. This two-step
sensing method increases overall sensor stability and only allows IR signals to be detected
from human presence.

Range of sensitivity:
Detector field angle is approximately 110°. A stick is used to change sensitivity; we can differ
perpendicular to senor from 3 meters to 7 meters. When we pass both sides of the electrode,
the sensitivity decreases.
Operating Temperature:
The working temperature of the HC-SR501 is remarkable, from -15 to +70°C.

Quiescent current:
When the sensor detects movement or is idle, the Quiescent current is the power absorbed
from the supply. It uses less than 50 uA, making it easy to battery the sensor.

4.3.1 Internal Layout

19
A few serial IR sensing components can be seen on the left. A small IR signal amplifier is
connected to the upper end of the series at the door of the integrated FET. The Rg pull-down
resistor provides the necessary zero standby logic of the FET in the absence of an IR signal to
hold the OFF fully off.
If the pair of sensing elements detects a moving IR signal, a pair of low logic signals is
produced, as discussed above. The FET correctly amplify these pulses and repeat them
through an attached circuit at its output pin for further processing.

Fig 4.3: Internal Layout of PIR Sensor

4.4 Seismic Sensor

This circuit simulates a vibration/sound seismic tracker. It is highly sensitive and can sense vibration
triggered by animal or human activity. It may be used for monitoring the entry in secured areas of
unauthorised persons and animals. The circuit uses open components and a direct layout. For
detecting vibrations/sounds because of pressure shifts, a conventional piezo sensor is used. The
piezo factor functions as a small condenser with a few nano farads capacitance. Like a condenser,
it can hold charges while its terminals have a potential. When disturbed, it

20
discharges through VR1.
For the testing of impact force, the vibration sensor is used. It has a high sensitivity to vibration
measurement and a good potential to intervene in the atmosphere for signal suppression.
When force is deployed over a crystal, a corresponding output is generated. The vibration
sensor operates according to the patch electric effect theory. This performance is amplified in
vibration sensors and is used.

Fig 4.4 : Seismic sensor

It includes a piezo electrical part, a spring oscillator, and a sensitivity control button and an
LED. We may control the nob to change the sensitivity, on the other hand, it decreases and the
output warning signalling open-collector output transistor mode, you can connect directly to
MCU with this sensor. The white line will be linked to the MCU's wireless I/O and upload code.
Fix first the port and output pull-up resistor for the DC 12V as"1"(high) Set the MCU'S port
as"1"(high) first and the output DC 12V pull-up resistor. If the vibratory signal is detected by the
sensor, Q1 can break through. Drop the voltage between 12 and 0.1v and drop down the line
up to 0.8v, though low voltage can be detected by MCU.

4.4.1 Specifications
• Power requirements: DC 12V

21
 • Device type: Solid-state fang-wide control unit
• Operating temperature: 30C – 65C
• Dimensions: 45mm*38mm*20mm

4.5 HUMIDITY SESNOR

A humidity sensor are sensors, checks and moisture and temperature registered (or hygrometer). The air
moisture ratio to maximum humidity at a given air temperature is known as a relative humidity. When looking
for warmth, relative moisture becomes a critical factor.

Fig : 4.5: Humidity sensor

Moisture sensors work by sensing variations that affect electrical currents or air temperature. There
are three different moisture sensors. The sensors detect minute changes to air to determine
moisture in the air.

• Capacitive
The electrical phenomenon humidness detector tests ratio by inserting a skinny strip of metal
chemical compound between 2 electrodes. Metal oxide's electronic potential depends on ratio within
the atmosphere. Climate, enterprise and industry are the primary areas of use. Relatively high
humidity between 0 and 100 percent can be calculated using linear capacitive sensors. The capture
here is a complex circuit and regular tuning. However, planners find it less difficult to precisely
quantify and track atmospheric and process measurements. This are the only full-range relative
moisture measuring devices down to 0% relative humidity.
22
 • Resistive
For calculating the atomic impedance, resistive moisture metres use ions in salts. When moisture
improves, electrode resistance rises from either side of the salt medium.

• Thermal
Resistive humidity metres use ions in salts to calculate atomic impedance. The resistance of the
electrodes on either side of the salt medium increases with changes in humidity.

Table: 4.5: Electrical specifications

Parameter Min. Typical Max. Unit

Accuracy (25℃) 0 ±4 0 %RH

Accuracy (0-50℃) 0 0 ±5 %RH

Measurement range (25℃) 20 0 95 %RH

Response time: 1/e（63%）25℃，1m/s air 6 10 15 S

4.6 VIBRATION SENSOR

The vibration sensor is the measurement mechanism, machine or part of a given system, which
measures the volume and frequency of the vibration. Such tests can be used to detect imbalances or
other asset problems and to predict future failures.

23
 fig:4.6: vibration sensor

Either the vibration sensor is directly connected to an asset, or wirelessly monitored. Once mounted,
vibrations are detected from the asset through different methods based on the sensor type (more on
that below). Over time, two forms of data will be received from the device:
• Frequency
The frequency or the occurrence of vibration is the first form of data. You can detect root causes by
detecting when vibration spikes occur in a specific asset.
• Intensity
The second data point you will get is the speed of the pulse as it happens. The greater the vibration
from a component of the device, the higher the amplitude measurements. Depending on the context,
the term 'frequency' is used differently. This is how many vibration peaks happen here. The
wavelength of the vibration may also be referred to in other contexts (which might reflect in intensity
measurements). When these two types of data are obtained, the CMMS records them as a reference
point in the history of the asset. If defects exist, they reflect on history, and by matching current data
with historical patterns, the device can forecast possible defects and malfunctions. This sensor
module produces logical conditions depending on its vibration and external force. The capacitive
moisture sensor checks relative moisture by placing between two electrodes a small strip of metal
oxide. The electrical potential of metal oxide depends on relative atmospheric humidity.

24
4.6.1 Features of The Vibration Sensor

• SW-420 vibration sensor types normally closed

• Performance of the comparator, clean signal, decent waveform, powerful driving ability, 15 ma

• Output form: digital output switch (0 and 1)

• fastened fast hole, easy mounting

4.7 PCB- Printed Circuit Board

The microcontroller could be a device that may perform bound tasks within the memory of the
programme betting on the program/code burnt. Relevant gadgets found in several different
uses, such as automobile, medical, battery storage, cell-phone appliances, motor and power
drives, USB and wireless, etc. Microcontrollers are unique tools. PCB architecture is one of the
most renowned producers of microcontrollers. They have the huge range of 8bit, 16, 32bit,
SMD, as well as whole kit microcontrollers. This board is designed as a microcontroller with
PIC16F877A. AC and dc can supply the input to the board. It uses an oscillator for frequency
generation. A UART protocol ensures serial correspondence. This board is particularly intended
to interfaced with serial communication devices, relay boards, etc. for connecting digital or
analogue sensor that has input voltage range 5 or 12VDC. Both LCD and pc will track the
display. Data EEPROM is used for the saving of user-defined files. If a variable is specified, the
variable's value is saved in the programme memory and in Data EEPROM. To connect with
other peripheral computers, including serial EEPROM, A/D and change records, synchronous
serial ports are used. Draft PCB.
They have two modes:
1. SPI Serial .Peripheral. Interface
2. 2- I2C Inter-Integrated Circuit

25
 Fig 4.7: PIC assembled PCB

FEATURES:
• Input Supply: Ac or Dc (9 to 12v) • Digital display 8bit • RS232 output • Analog channel: five
sensing element inputs • Frequency crystal: 4mHz

4.8 IOT BOARD

. IoT has developed wireless, micro and Internet technology convergence. The word "Internet of
Everything" is also used. Lumisense IoT Board has been optimised for a number of online
interface specifications with significant advantages such that the integral device manufacturer can
efficiently, fast and easily extend internet connectivity to its applications.
The UART notifications and controls on the module's web site make it ideal for online
wireless applications such as biomedical tracks, environmental sensors and mobile network
sensor performances.

26
 Fig 4.8 : Iot Board

4.8.1 PIN Configuration

• J10- 8 Digital Outputs

• J11- 8 Channels ADC inputs

• J13- 8 Digital Inputs

• J1- Network Status LED

• J7- Power Supply out (+5v DC)

Input Specifications

Power Supply: DC +12v 1Amp.

Baud Rate : 9600

ADC : 0-5V DC Analog Input

Format : * message or Data # (Start with * and End with #)

27
Enter ‘$’ for help- you can get webpage details and control page of the board

• Output Specifications
Digital Output Port Pins: +5V DC
• Features
Dedicated Webpage and face book community page will be provided for every board.
Network connectivity status.
8 switched to control - 8 digital output pins available in the iot board.

4.9 LCD DISPLAY

Liquid crystal show stands for LCD. Many multinationals such as Philips Hitachi Panasonic are
making their own LCDs to use in their devices. Either LCD'S feature is identical (special ASCII
character display character numbers etc.). The 14 pins (0-13) or 16 pins are also set to use (0 to 15).
In a wide variety of applications, alphanumeric displays like palmtop, word-processor, photocopying,
terminal selling points, medical devices, mobile phone etc. are used. This is a designated LCD
display. This is an E-blocks LCD display.
It is a 2-line alphanumeric 2-line LCD monitor with a 16-way D connector. The interface can thus be
linked to most I/O ports of the e-block. The LCD monitor requires serial data which is detailed in the
following user guide. A 5V power supply is also required for the show. Be careful not to exceed 5V
because that causes system damage. The 5V is better generated from the E-blocks Multi or 5V fixed
controlled power supply. A 16 x 2 clever alphanumeric dot matrix will represent a total of 224
characters and symbols.

Fig 4.: 16*2 LCD display

28
4.9.1 Features

• Tension input: 5v

• Compliant e-blocks

• Costs are low

• Available in the e-building range for most I/O ports.

• Easier to use Flow language icons to build programming code[12]

4.10 BUZZER
A buzzer is a tiny but powerful part of our project/system to incorporate sound. It is an extremely
small and lightweight 2-pin structure, and can also conveniently be used in the breadboard, on the
PCB and also in PCBs.
Both styles are often accessible buzzers. The one here seen is an ordinary buzzer with a Continuous
Beeeeep... sound when driven, the other kind is called a readymade buzzer that looks larger and
produces a beep. Beep. Beep. Beep. Beep. Beep. Beep. Sound because of the internal circuit inside
it. However, the one seen here is used most often because it can be conveniently adapted to our
application with the aid of other circuits. This buzzer can be used easily by charging it with a 4V to
9V DC power supply. It can also use a basic 9V battery, but the regulated supply of +5V or +6V DC
is preferred. The buzzer is normally associated with a switching circuit to turn ON or turn OFF the
buzzer at required time and require interval. Usually, the buzzer is paired with an interval to turn on
or off the buzzer at the appropriate moment.

29
 Fig 4.10: Active passive buzzer

4.10.1 Features and Specifications

• Rated Voltage: 6V DC
• Operating Voltage: 4-8V DC
• Rated current: <30mA
• Sound Type: Continuous Beep
• Resonant Frequency: ~2300 Hz
• Small and neat sealed package
• Breadboard and Perf board friendly

Table 4.5: Buzzer Pin Configuration

Pin Pin Description

Number Name

1 Positive Identified by (+) symbol or longer terminal lead. Can be powered

by 6V DC

2 Negative Identified by short terminal lead. Typically connected to the ground

of the circuit

30
4.11 POWER SUPPLY
The supply of power is a reference to an electricity source. A power supply unit or a PSU is a device
or system providing electric power or other energy for the output load or load group. The word is
most often used for electricity, less often mechanical, and occasionally for other supplies.[13]

Fig 4.11: Power Supply

A 230v, 50Hz AC single phase power transformer is provided to supply 12V. This voltage is converted
with a Bridge Corrector to DC voltage. The pulse voltage is filtered through a condenser of 2200uf and
then sent to a voltage control unit 7805 to achieve a constant supply of 5v. Both components in the
circuit are supplied with this 5V supply. To discharge all the condensers quickly, an RC time constant
circuit is added. A LED is attached for indication purposes to ensure the power supply.

4.12 NODE MCU

ESP-12E module containing ESP8266 chip, with the Tensilica Xtensa 32-bit LX106 RISC
microprocessor, is included on the Node MCU ESP8266 development board. It supports RTOS and
operates in a clock frequency from 80 to 160 MHz. NodeMCU's Flash memory stores data and
programmes with 128 KB of RAM. Their high processing capacity is suitable for IoT ventures with
built-in WI-FI / Bluetooth and deep sleep operations features.

Micro USB jack and VIN pin can be used to power NodeMCU (External Supply Pin). The UART, SPI
and I2C interface are supported.[8]

31
 Fig 4.12: Node Mcu

4.13 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

• Embedded C
• MPLAB IDE

4.14 EMBEDDED C
The most common use to programme the microcontroller is an embedded C language. It is
the soul of each embedded device and of the processor.[9] The programme is embedded
in all processors. The first part is the built-in software, which decides how the embedded
system works. It is designed to run on an application in particular.
Embedded c which works with limited resources such as RAM, ROM and programme
memory on microcontrollers. The system-dependent file that is compiled when c is compiled,
but only on microcontrollers executes the integrated c-Code. Main microchip microcontroller
is PIC16F877A.[9]

4.15 MPLAB IDE

MPLAB IDE is a Windows Operating System (OS) software programme used to build microcontroller
and optical signal controller applications on a PC.MPLAB IDE is running on MS Windows as a 32-bit
programme that is simple to use and provides a free software component to build and debug quickly.

32
MPLAB IDE also behaves as seamless, graphical user interface for more software and hardware
development tools from Microchip and third parties. It is a snap between tools, and upgrades to
hardware debug and programming instruments are made in flash from the free software
simulation, as MPLAB IDE contains the same user interface for all tools.
It includes a project manager which integrates and communicates between IDE and language
tools, text editors, assembled object code converters and programme simulation Simulator for the
editing or writing of programmes. For reliable programmes, it offers a versatile and rapidly changing
world.[10]

33
 CHAPTER-5 RESULT

RESULT
There are four sensors on the ground floor in the planned measuring setup. The sensors are initially
configured by the calibration and rotation of the surface in various fields. The machine then
compares the threshold values calibrated. The contribution of the sensor from all four sensors is
observed on the LCD. SIM900 GPRS modem for the processing of all UART input Data based on
GPRs that link to the Internet and is equipped with a system. Therefore, the land surface can be
tracked on the webpage easily, quickly and in real time.

Fig :5: real time monitoring

34
Fig : 5.1 transmitter and receiver section

35
 CHAPTER-6 CONCLUSION

One of the most challenging areas of geophysical research currently available is the wireless earth
slide sensor device using sensors. In hilly and mountainous areas landslides have become a big
concern. Many people risk their lives and their homes due to the catastrophe of landslides and
thunderstorms. It uses real-time tracking Mcu nodes interfaced with sensors, IOT and lcd computers.
The data from these sensors is transmitted and the parameter state appears on LCD. The findings
will then be provided with IOT support. Therefore, it is useful to use a sensor value for earth
detection System to prevention of human loss before sliding.

36
REFERENCE

[1] J. E. Vera, S. F. Mora and R. A. Cervantes, "Design and testing of a network of

sensors on land surfaces to prevent landslides," 2016 IEEE Biennial Congress
of Argentina (ARGENCON), Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2016, pp. 1-4.
[2] B. Zhou, J. Cao, and H. Wu, “Adaptative traffic control of multiple intersections in wsn based
its,” in Vehicular Technology Conference, IEEE Digital Object Identifier, 2011, pp. 1–5.

[3] A. Abdelzaher, B. Kamapantula, P. Ghosh, and S. Das, “Empirical prediction of packed

transmission efficiency in bio-inspired wireless sensor networks,” in 12th IEEE
Conference in Digitial Object Identifier, 2012, pp. 705–710
[4] J. Yongping, F. Zehao, and X. Du, “Desing an application of wireless sensor network
web server based on s3c2410 and zigbee protocol,” in Networks security, Wireless
Comunications and Trusted Computing, 2009, pp. 28–31.

[5] https://components101.com/microcontrollers/pic16f877a-pin-diagram-description-
features-datasheet

[6] https://www.exploreembedded.com/wiki/ADC_Using_PIC16F877A

[7] https://components101.com/development-boards/nodemcu-esp8266-pinout-features-
and-datasheet

[8] https://components101.com/development-boards/nodemcu-esp8266-pinout-features-
and-datasheet

[9] https://www.elprocus.com/basics-and-structure-of-embedded-c-program-
with-examples-for-beginners/

[10] https://www.elprocus.com/basics-and-structure-of-embedded-c-program-
with-examples-for-beginners/

[11] Vinodini Ramesh, Maneesha. (2009). Real-Time Wireless Sensor Network for
Landslide Detection. Proceedings - 2009 3rd International Conference on Sensor
Technologies and Applications, SENSORCOMM 2009, pp. 405-409.

37
[12] A. Terzis, A. Anandarajah, K. Moore, and I. J. Wang, “Slip surface localization in
wireless sensor networks for landslide prediction}, Proc. Information Processing in
Senor Networks (IPSN'06), April 19- 21, 2006.
[13] C. Hill and K. Sippel, “Modern deformation monitoring: A multi sensor approach.
[14] M. V. Ramesh, and P. Ushakumari, “Threshold based data aggregation algorithm to
detect rainfall induced landslides”, Proc. The 2008 International Conference on Wireless
Networks (ICWN'08), CSREA Press, July, 2008, vol. 1, pp. 255-261.

[15] R. M. Iverson, “Landslide triggering by rain infiltration”, Water Resource Research,

July 2000, vol. 36, pp. 1897-1910.

[16] T. He, B. M. Blum, J. A. Stankovic, and T. Abdelzaher, “AIDA: Adaptive application

independent data aggregation in wireless sensor networks,” ACM Trans. Embedded
Computer. System, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 426–457
[17] N. Caine, “The rainfall intensity-duration control of shallow landslides and debris flows,”
Geografiska Annaler, vol. 62, nos. 1–2, pp. 23–27.
[18] M. V. Ramesh, “Design, development, and deployment of a wireless sensor network
for detection of landslides,” Ad Hoc Netw., vol. 13.

[19] W. Ye, J. Heidemann, and D. Estrin, “An energy efficient MAC protocol for wireless
sensor networks,” in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, vol. 3, Jun. 2002, pp. 1567– 1576.

38
 Plagiarisim Report
by Sarah P

Submission date: 16-Apr-2021 05:13PM (UTC+0700)

Submission ID: 1560844128
File name: landslide_report.docx (5.05M)
Word count: 5121
Character count: 27164
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