Readings in Philippine History
Readings in Philippine History
Readings in Philippine History
VERSION
LESSON LEARNING LEARNING ACTIVITIES & LINKS &
OVERVIEW OBJECTIVES DISCUSSIONS DRILLS REFERENCES
READINGS IN
PHILIPPINE
HISTORY
LESSON 4.0
PHILIPPINE PRE-HISTORY
EAC-CAVITE RPH TEAM
1 st Semester, CY 2024-2025
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LESSON OVERVIEW
This lesson comes in two sections – Lesson
4.1 and Lesson 4.2. The first section discusses
the Philippine Pre-history while the second
section will analyze the theories regarding
Philippine pre-historic past.
Before the discussion, there is a
Preparatory Activity to set the tone of the
discussion.
Assigned Readings are provided for the Manunggul jar
students to deepen their understanding on the
Philippine Prehistory.
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LESSON OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to:
PREPARATORY ACTIVITY
INSTRUCTION:
Find at least a partner from your class and
look for at least two “artefacts” from your
bags or belongings that you think will
provide a glimpse of your daily life to a
curious historian 1,000 years from now.
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PROCESSING TIME
Share your outputs.
Teacher’s Input: Artifacts may be made of a number of raw materials, the most
common of which are: chipped stone, ground stone, ceramic, bone, shell, wood,
fibers, glass, and metal. These often take the form of tools, weapons, utensils,
ornaments, and artistic and ceremonial items. These artifacts may have been used
in relation to a number of activities, including architecture; food procurement,
preparation, and consumption; defense; toolmaking; clothing; personal use and
recreation; household activities; ceremonies and rituals; transportation, etc. –
James R. Jones III, Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology, Indiana
Department of Natural Resources
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• Homo luzonensis and Callao • Tabon Man, Tabon Cave, • Out-of-Taiwan Hypothesis (Austronesian expansion –
Man (Callao Cave, Lipuun Point, Quezon, Malayo-Polynesian speakers migrated southward to the
Peñablanca, Cagayan Valley) Palawan (24 - 22 KYO) Philippines) – Peter Bellwood
• Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication • Sa Huyn – Kalanay Culture (1000 BCE to 200
Network – Wilhelm Solheim II CE) – Kalanay Cave, Masbate
• Arrival of first Homo species (Kalinga artifacts and fossil • Modern Austronesian expansion from Yunan Plateau in China to
fauna remains – Thomas Ingicco, 2018) Taiwan (4500 BCE – 4000 BCE)
• Rhinoceros philippinensis remains showing ridges left by • Balobok Archaeological Site (6810 – • Maitum anthropometric pottery
stone tools to remove bone marrow 3190 BCE)
• 67 KYO Sierra Madre hominin (2007)
• Angono-Binangonan
Petroglyphs (2000 BCE)
The period between 900 CE and before the
arrival of Magellan and the subsequent Spanish
colonization by Legaspi in 1565 can be
designated as Philippine History in Antiquity
for the purpose of periodizing Philippine history
in this course.
Written History as the Beginning
of History
The appearance of written materials serves as the
reckoning period for the beginning of history. But if
we are going to accept Teodoro A. Agoncillo’s
nationalist view in historiography which posits that
Philippine history started in 1872,
written history is NOT the beginning of
history – it is the birth of nationalism.
Before it, therefore is Philippine Prehistory
regardless of its narrative written or not
because there is no nation to speak yet.
TIME SIGNIFICANT EVENTS
PERIOD
Arrival of first Homo species (Kalinga artefacts, Thomas Inggico, 2018)
777,000 YA Rhinoceros philippinensis remains showing ridges left by stone tools to remove
bone marrow.
Sierra Madre hominin (2007)
67,000 YA
Homo luzonensis (Callao Man) – Callao Cave, Peñablanca, Cagayan Valley
30,000 YA Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network – Wilhelm Solheim II
24,000 – 22,000 YA Tabon Man, Tabon Cave, Lipuun Point, Quezon, Palawan.
6,810 – 3,190 BP Balobok Archaeological Site (6810 – 3190 BCE)
4,500 – 4,000 BP Modern Austronesian expansion from Yunan Plateau in China to Taiwan
2000 BCE Angono-Binangonan Petroglyphs
Out-of-Taiwan Hypothesis (Austronesian expansion – Malayo-Polynesian speakers
1500 BCE
migrated southward to the Philippines (Peter Bellwood)
1000 BCE – 200 CE Sa Huyn – Kalanay Culture, Kalanay Cave, Masbate
5 BCE – 370 CE Maitum anthropometric pottery
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Evidence of
Humans in the
Philippines
PREHISTORIC
CAGAYAN
The earliest evidence of
human activities in the
Philippines was said to be
around 777 KYA to 700
KYA as evidenced by the
stone tools and butchered
animal bones (Rhinoceros
philippinensis) in Kalinga
at the Cagayan Valley in
https://www.sci.news/archaeology/archaic-hominins-philippines-05980.html
northern Luzon.
CALLAO
MAN
The Cave of Callao in Cagayan where the molars and premolars of Callao
Man (Homo luzonensis) was found by archaeologists.
TABON
MAN
Tabon Cave is a Late
Pleistocene site, dubbed
as the Philippines’ Cradle
of Civilization due to the
huge number of discoveries
that have been made there
composed of 215 caves, but
so far only 29 of them have
actually been explored and
around 9 are open to the
public. The Tabon Cave Archeological Site
The Tabon Cave
Archeological Site and the
Tabon Man
It is located on the southwest of the
island of Palawan, this site is one of the
major sites of Philippine prehistory as it
yielded thousands of lithic artefacts,
human and animal bones, and hearth
features that date back to the end of the
Pleistocene to early Holocene.
THE PLEISTOCENE EPOCH
Early Filipinos used natural features of their surrounding to shelter them from the elements. But
personal and communal necessities enabled them to build shelters using found materials.
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Cabalwan Flake
Tools (71-G4-295,
71-G-296)
Kalinga stone
tools
Metal
arrowhead
(VII-2012-R-4
460)
Arrowhead found associated with shell midden.
San Remigio, Cebu.
Source:
https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/our-collections/archaeology/tools/
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reached the islands of Fiji, Samoa, and Tonga at around 900 to 800 BCE -
the furthest extent of the Austronesian expansion into Polynesia until
around 700 CE when there was another surge of island colonization
reached the Cook, Tahiti, and the Marquesas by 700 CE
MIGRATION OF
AUSTRONESIAN
PEOPLE AND THEIR
LANGUAGES
Image: Pavljenko - Own work using: Map first shown in Bellwood et al. (2011) and taken from Benton et al. (2012)
NUSANTAO MARITIME TRADING AND
COMMUNICATION NETWORK
a hypothesis developed by Wilhelm Solheim, an alternative to OOT
hypothesis by Peter Bellwood about the spread of Austronesian
language family.
a trade and communication network that first appeared in the
Asia-Pacific region during its Neolithic age, or beginning roughly
around 5000 BCE
Nusantao is an artificial term coined by Solheim, derived from the
Austronesian root words nusa "south" and tao "man, people".
Austronesian proto-historic and historic maritime trade
network in the Indian Ocean.
Image: Pavljenko - Own work using: Map first shown in Bellwood et al. (2011) and taken from Benton et al. (2012)
WHAT IS MIGRATION?
The dictionary meaning of migration is
‘movement of people to a new area or
country in order to find work or living
conditions’. Simply stated, migration is
leaving one’s place for another place.
THE PUSH AND PULL OF
MIGRATION
Push Factors. People leave their place because of
problems and challenges such as food shortage, conflict,
war, or natural calamities and disasters like frequent
flooding.
Pull Factors. People leave their place because of
something good or opportunities like nicer climate, better
food supply, and security.
TYPES OF MIGRATION
INTERNAL Moving WITHIN a state, country, or
MIGRATION continent.
NATURAL RESOURCES
Abundance of natural resources is an important
driver or motivator of human activities. The early
‘visitors’ of this archipelago were possibly drawn by
the abundance of these natural resources that they
need to sustain their hunting and gathering way of
life.
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FOOD SOURCES
Food is essential to physical nourishment and
human survival. When food resources are no
longer available or becomes scarce in one
place, prehistoric people moves to a place
where resources is abundant. This is
because they don’t plant crops or domesticate
animals for food consumption.
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POPULATION GROWTH
As population grows, human activities also increases.
When human activities are to numerous to handle and
manage, people tend to disband or engage into conflict.
The end result is either competition for survival or
expulsion by the victorious groups of the losing
groups. Early settlers in the Philippines are product of
population growth from their original place of origin.
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SCARCITY
Scarcity drags people to unexplored realms
to search for what they need. In the
prehistoric time, when agriculture is yet to be
perfected, population growth in one area often
leads to food scarcity urging prehistoric
people to look for another sources.
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ADVENTURE
Curiosity enables man to discover things, methods,
and places. Man’s curiosity launches him to
venture into unknown places and distant lands to
seek adventure. Ancient tales and epics narrate
these adventures which provides us the idea on
how they move from one place to another.
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CLIMATE CONDITION
Changes in the environment brought by the changing
climate triggers mass movement of insects and animals.
The same is true among humans who also seeks shelter
from the harsh conditions around them. When the climate
condition is no longer bearable, they tend to become
environmental refugees in places where there is an
enabling environment for their growth and survival.
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NATURAL DISASTERS AND CALAMITIES
ACTIVITY NO. 01
INSTRUCTION: Use the List of Assigned Readings for Lesson 4.0
attached to this Lesson Presentation. Answer all the guide questions in
each reading material; write your answers in a yellow pad paper, one
inch margin on both sides.
Reading No. 01 – Willian Henry Scott (Old Stone, New Stone, and Iron Age)
Reading No. 02 – Meet The Hobbit-Like Early Human Ancestor Known As Callao Man
(Marco Margaritoff, 2019)
Reading No. 03 – The invisible plant technology of Prehistoric Southeast Asia: Indirect evidence
for basket and rope making at Tabon Cave, Philippines, 39–33,000 years ago (Xhauflair, et al.,
2023)
Reading No. 04 – Sa-huYnh Related Pottery in Southeast Asia (Wilhelm G. Solheim II, 2019)
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Waves of Migration
ACTIVITIES & DRILLS
Preparatory Activity
Activity No. 01
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REFERENCES
Austronesian peoples. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Migration_from_Taiwan
Ingicco, Thomas. et al. “Earliest known hominin activity in the Philippines by 709 thousand years ago.
Nature, published online on May 2, 2018; doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0072-8 cited in Sci News, “Archaic
Hominin Arrived in Philippines as Early as 700,000 Years Ago.” Web.
https://www.sci.news/archaeology/archaic-hominins-philippines-05980.html, 07 May 2018. Accessed 20 July
2024.
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REFERENCES
Margaritoff, Marco. Meet the Hobbit-Like Early Human Ancestor Known as Callao Man. All That’s
Interesting Website, 19 April 2019, https://allthatsinteresting.com/callao-man-homo-luzonensis.
Accessed 29 July 2023.
Moya, Jove. Earliest evidence of basket and ties making in Southeast Asia found in Palawan, says
archeologists and researchers. Tatler Asia, 07 July 2023,
https://www.tatlerasia.com/lifestyle/others/basket-and-ties-making-found-in-palawan. Accessed July
14, 2023.
Scott, William Henry. Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History Revised Edition
(2003). William Henry Scott and New Day Publishers: Quezon City, 1984.
Wade, Lizzie. “Ancient humans settled the Philippines 700,000 years ago.” Science, 02 May 2018,
https://www.science.org/content/article/ancient-humans-settled-philippines-700000-years-ago-new-fo
ssils-reveal. Accessed 20 July 2024.