Water Quality For Birds

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Translated from Portuguese to English - www.onlinedoctranslator.

com

MANAGEMENTFROM THE

DRINKING WATER
INPOULTRY FARMING
Susan Watkins MS,
Ph. D / Honorary Professor, Emeritus
University of Arkansas, Department of
Agriculture

As the most important input in meat


and egg production,Water is finally

pathology
getting the careful attention it
deserves to optimize bird
productivity and health.

Water can act as a vector


for many diseaseswith
impact
in the income of
poultry operations.

A brief list of
isolated pathogens
in water systems
includesAvian Cholera,
Bordetella, E. Coli,
Salmonella, Influenza
Avian, Campylobacter and
Staphylococci.

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aviNews Brazil December 2019|Drinking water management in poultry farming
BIOFILM

If the pipes it passes through are


dirty,the development of biofilm
(biofilm) within it possible. This
biofilmIt is formed from the
accumulation of a large number of To complicate matters further,Each
resistant microorganisms. farm can have a unique supply system.

The biofilm can even create a


barrier that protects these
organisms from the
disinfectants used daily.
Allowing them to wait
pathology

patiently,until there is no more


disinfectant present to release
through the water supply.

Researchers at Auburn
University have proven Since each source is composed of its
whatthe live vaccine against avian own unique set of minerals, or
laryngotracheitis can adhere to contaminants, it becomescomplicated
the process of identifying and solving
biofilm, remaining viable for up to
water-related problems.
three weeks later.
At times it may seem a bit daunting
implement a cost-effective water
management program. However,This is
Once pathogens become a priority for the poultry industries that
incorporated into the biofilm have set out to accomplish this task.
(inside water distribution
pipes, in reservoirs,
regulators and drinkers in The consensus is thatThese programs
sheds), may contribute to the have a significant return on bird
emergence of health health and productivity.
problems in subsequent
batches.

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aviNews Brazil December 2019|Drinking water management in poultry farming
The keys to successful programsWater
management can be summarized in
five points:

1 EVALUATE WATER MANAGEMENT


AND IDENTIFY OPPORTUNITIES Each type of source has its own
risks, which need to be managed to
This involves critically inspecting aspects of the help preserve water quality.
system, from the supply to the last water fountain,
and determining where there may be risks that
need to be corrected. It is important to pay attention
to surface sources, or shallow
wells, which can often pose a
What is the source (origin of the water)?
greater risk of microbial
Is it a deep well, or a shallow contamination, particularly after
well?
floods.
Is it an open reservoir (like a river,
or a dam), or is the water brought
in from elsewhere?

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CEP09193142PRT
How far does the water have to
travel through the distribution
pipes to the production
warehouses?

How old are the water


distribution lines or pipes? Do
they have any blind spots or
blockages?

It is possible to clean

deep into the pipes when there This checklist can bepart of
are no birds present? the water system
assessment process,
Does the system have reservoirs? How
pathology

establishing a management
long does the water last?
programto reduce risks and
remains stored?
prevent the introduction
It empties and cleans itself. and proliferation of
if completely the pathogenic microorganisms.
water reservoirs?

Is the tank open, or a closed


container?

Is any water treatment used?

Is water sanitation carried


out constantly, or is it
intermittent?

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aviNews Brazil December 2019|Drinking water management in poultry farming
2KNOW THE WATER CONDITIONS

Not only must we know the amount of Furthermore,It is recommended to carry out
E. coliand coliforms, as well as the tests on the bird drinkers.
total aerobic bacteria (APC), since this
is a clear indicator of contamination. Comparing the results at the end of a line of

Several studies link contamination by drinking fountains with those at the source

pseudomonas in supplies with poor allows us to know whether water quality is

performance. being lost and whether it needs to be


treated.

A mineral profile that includes:


Therefore, this is another microorganism that
is commonly diagnosed when there are Iron
performance problems.
Manganese;

Calcium;
A good rule of thumb for
interpreting microbial results is

pathology
Magnesium;
that anyE. coli, or coliform
present, as well as more than Sodium;

10,000 colony forming units


Chloride;
of total bacteria per milliliter,
justify adopting measures for Sulfates;
thewater system sanitation
Nitrates...
and to maintain good quality
constantly(Table 1).
. . . as well as thealkalinity and pH, are very
useful for identifying problems that can be
created by water(Table 2).

There is no such thing as pure water, unless


it has been distilled and deionized, or treated
by reverse osmosis.

Contaminants in waterare very


similar to people's clothes,
serving as indicators of its own
identity.

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aviNews Brazil December 2019|Drinking water management in poultry farming
DEVELOPMENT OF A
3 PROGRAM WITH SUPPLEMENTS

Most contaminants have acceptable This can be as simple aschoose an


levels and their values can be related to inorganic acid rather than an organic
certain problems. acid to lower the pH of the waterwith
high levels of alkalinity and pH above 8.

Typical problems include:


contaminants(iron and
manganese)that promote
pathogensasE. coli, intestinal
health (sodium, chloride,
magnesium and sulfate),
reduced consumption (low pH, ACID ALKALINE
with less than 50 ppm alkalinity, NEUTRAL

or excess alkalinity >300 ppm);


SCALE OF
equipment failures such as
pathology

WATER PH
clogged drinking fountains,
leaks, or even sealed pipes
(calcium, magnesium, iron,
manganese, sulfates). This may also mean that for acidic
water (pH <4.5), with low buffering
capacity (alkalinity <40),sodium
While an annual test may not bicarbonate may be needed as a buffer
be feasible,This can help point and to improve consumption.
out trends when water quality
changes due to flooding,
drought, or other activities. The options for sanitation also should
such as mining and industrial be a good complement to the water.
processes close to the water
supply source for poultry
Choose disinfectants that are pH
production.
compatible, or use stabilized
products to overcome
disinfectant loss during low flow
or standing water conditions.

On some occasions, the control of certain


diseasesmay require the use of more than
one sanitation product.

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aviNews Brazil December 2019|Drinking water management in poultry farming
DEVELOP A SYSTEM
4 SANITATION CONSISTENT

The question often arises:

How much chlorine, chlorine


dioxide, or hydrogen
peroxide is enough?
By regulating a residual level of
free chlorine, with an acceptable
microbial test result,production
While there are good starting points for personnel will have validation
disinfectant levels in drinking water,The that it is being effective.
final test should be to check
microbial levels. A daily water sanitation program,
coupled with a deep cleaning
These must be under controlwithout program of water pipes between
excessive application of disinfectants, batches, helps to
which may prevent birds from drinking minimize the risk of biofilm
properly. formation.
pathology

WATER QUALITY SHOULD BE A


5 PRIORITY FOR EVERYONE

Companies with the most successful Providing batches with the best possible
water programs consider water water is not a guarantee of results,
quality to be an important task and however,when it is missing, it becomes
make it part of their team culture. an invitation to have problems with the
equipment, the health of the batches and
From the management level, to the production of eggs and meat.
the employee who takes care of

the birds on a daily basis,


It may seem overwhelming to start
it must be recognized
a solid, ongoing water quality
that providing the best
assurance program, but this
possible water quality makes
mission, which requires time and
the differenceand therefore planning, is not a luxury, but a
everyone must be alert to necessity to optimize the
prevent deviations from the performance of modern poultry.
programs.

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aviNews Brazil December 2019|Drinking water management in poultry farming
Table 1.Water quality standards for poultry

MEDIUM LEVELS MAXIMUM LEVEL


CONTAMINANTS COMMENTS
CONSIDERED ACCEPTABLE

Total bacteria is a unit used as an


Bacterium indicator of the cleanliness of a
system. High numbers do not
necessarily mean that the bacteria
Total Bacteria (TPC) 0 CFU/ml 1000-10,000 present are harmful, but they do
mean that the system is capable of
harboring pathogenic organisms.
CFU/ml 0 CFU/ml CFU/ml High levels of bacteria can affect
the taste of the water and reduce
bird consumption.
Total coliforms 0CFU/ml 50 CFU/ml
The presence of any fecal
coliform means that the water is
Fecal coliforms 0 CFU/ml not suitable for consumption by
poultry or humans.

CFU/UFC:Colony Forming Units

Table 2 / Part 1.Water quality standards for poultry

MEDIUM LEVELS MAXIMUM LEVEL


CONTAMINANTS COMMENTS
CONSIDERED ACCEPTABLE

pH below 5 can be harmful


to drinking equipment,
causing corrosion of metal

pathology
components with long-
term exposure.
pH 6.5-7.8 5-8 pH above 80 impacts the
effectiveness of chlorine. A high
pH, associated with high
alkalinity, can cause birds to
consume less water due to the
“bitter” taste.

Hardness can also be


determined by adding calcium
and magnesium content.
Hardness causes deposits that
Water hardness 60-180 mg/l 250 mg/l can reduce the volume of the
piping and cause water fountain
nipples to have flow problems
or even leak.

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aviNews Brazil December 2019|Drinking water management in poultry farming
Table 2 / Part 2.Water quality standards for poultry.Natural Elements.

MEDIUM LEVELS MAXIMUM LEVEL


CONTAMINANTS COMMENTS
CONSIDERED ACCEPTABLE

There is no upper limit for calcium. Birds are


very tolerant to calcium, but if the values
exceed 110 mg/l they may require products
Calcium (Ca) 60 mg/l to mitigate water hardness, such as
polyphosphates or acidifiers to prevent the
formation of deposits.

High levels combined with sulfate can


Magnesium (Mg) 14 mg/l 125 mg/l cause loose stools due to the laxative
effect.

Birds are tolerant to the metallic taste


of iron, however, high iron content can
Iron (Fe) 0.2 mg/l 0.3 mg/l damage drinkers and promote the
growth ofE. coliand pseudomonas

It can interfere with the absorption of other


microminerals. It can cause black grain
residues in filters and drinkers, and it is also a
Manganese (Mn) 0.01 mg/l 0.05 mg/l key nutrient for pathogens. Treatment
includes oxidation with chlorine, chlorine
pathology

dioxide or ozone, followed by filtration with


green sand.

When combined with high levels of sodium, it


results in salt water that can act as a laxative
and cause high levels of corrosion in
equipment.

Saltwater can promote the growth of


enterococci, which can cause enteric
problems. Saltwater can damage the
Chloride (Cl) 50 mg/l 200 mg/l reproductive tract of breeding birds,
causing shell quality problems and a
higher incidence of dirty eggs.

Treatments - reverse osmosis, lower salt levels


in the diet, mixing with salt water, keeping the
water clean and using daily disinfectants such
as hydrogen peroxide, or iodine to prevent
microbial growth.

When combined with high chloride


levels, saltwater can act as a laxative.
Saltwater can promote the growth of
enterococci, which can contribute to
enteric problems. Saltwater can harm
the reproductive tract of breeding
hens, causing eggshell quality
Sodium (Na) 50 mg/l 200 mg/l problems.

Treatment - reverse osmosis, lower salt levels


in the diet, mixing with salt water, keeping the
water clean and using daily disinfectants such
as hydrogen peroxide, or iodine, to prevent
microbial growth.

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aviNews Brazil December 2019|Drinking water management in poultry farming
MEDIUM LEVELS MAXIMUM LEVEL
CONTAMINANTS COMMENTS
CONSIDERED ACCEPTABLE

Sulfates can cause diarrhea in birds. If there is


a rotten egg odor, then hydrogen sulfide
producing bacteria are present and the
system will require shock chlorination, plus
Sulfates 15-40 mg/l 200 mg/l the establishment of a good daily water
sanitation program.
Sulfates can be removed by aerating the
water in a holding tank, treating with
disinfectants, followed by filtration.

If nitrates are converted to


nitrites, this can result in poor
growth rates and feed conversion.
The presence of nitrates may indicate fecal
Nitrates 1-5 mg/l 25 mg/l contamination, which is why tests for bacterial
detection should also be performed.

Can be removed with reverse osmosis.

Long-term exposure can cause weak


Lead 0 mg/l 0.014 mg/l bones and fertility problems in
breeders and turkeys.

pathology
Continued exposure to copper could
Copper 0.002 mg/l 0.6 mg/l result in proventriculitis

Zinc 1.5 mg/l


It can cause bitterness in water, resulting
in reduced water consumption.

Drinking water management


in poultry farming

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