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    1 (A) What Do You Understand by The Concept of Object Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) ?use Relevant Examples

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    1 (A) What Do You Understand by The Concept of Object Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) ?use Relevant Examples

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    1 (A) What Do You Understand by The Concept of Object Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) ?use Relevant Examples

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    1(a) What do you understand by the concept of Object Oriented Analysis and

    Design (OOAD)?Use relevant examples


    Object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) is a software engineering approach that
    models a system as a group of interacting objects.
    Each object represents some entity of interest in the system being modeled , and is
    characterised by its class, its state (data elements), and its behavior.

    Various models can be created to show the static structure, dynamic behavior, and
    run-time deployment of these collaborating objects. There are a number of different
    notations for representing these models, such as the Unified Modeling Language
    (UML).

    Object-oriented analysis (OOA) applies object-modelling techniques to analyze the


    functional requirements for a system. Object-oriented design (OOD) elaborates the
    analysis models to produce implementation specifications. OOA focuses on what the
    system does, OOD on how the system does it

    Object-oriented systems

    An object-oriented system is composed of objects. The behavior of the system


    results from the collaboration of those objects. Collaboration between objects involves
    them sending messages to each other. Sending a message differs from calling a
    function in that when a target object receives a message, it itself decides what
    function to carry out to service that message. The same message may be implemented
    by many different functions, the one selected depending on the state of the target
    object.

    The implementation of "message sending" varies depending on the architecture


    of the system being modeled, and the location of the objects being communicated
    with.

    In addition, OOD must specify some data organization of attributes and a


    procedural description of each operation. Shows a design pyramid for object-
    oriented systems. It is having the following four layers.
    1. The Subsystem Layer : It represents the subsystem that enables software to
    achieve user requirements and implement technical frameworks that meet
    user needs.
    2. The Class and Object Layer : It represents the class hierarchies that enable the
    system to develop using generalization and specialization. This layer also
    represents each object.
    3. The Message Layer : It represents the design details that enable each object
    to communicate with its partners. It establishes internal and external
    interfaces for the system.
    4. The Responsibilities Layer : It represents the data structure and algorithmic
    design for all the attributes and operations for each object.
    The Object-Oriented design pyramid specifically emphasizes specific product or
    system design. Note, however, that another design layer exists, which forms the
    base on which the pyramid rests. It focuses on the core layer the design of the
    domain object, which plays an important role in building the infrastructure for
    the Object-Oriented system by providing support for human/computer interface
    activities, task management.
    Some of the terminologies that are often encountered while studying Object-
    Oriented Concepts include:
    1. Attributes: a collection of data values that describe a class.
    2. Class: encapsulates the data and procedural abstractions required to describe
    the content and behaviour of some real world entity. In other words, A class is a
    generalized description that describes the collection of similar objects.
    3. Objects : instances of a specific class. Objects inherit a class’s attributes and
    operations.
    4. Operations: also called methods and services, provide a representation of one
    of the behaviour of class.
    5. Subclass: a specialization of the super class. A subclass can inherit both
    attributes and operations from a super class.
    6. Superclass: also called a base class, is a generalization of a set of classes that
    are related to it.

    Object-oriented analysis

    Object-oriented analysis (OOA) looks at the problem domain, with the aim of
    producing a conceptual model of the information that exists in the area being
    analyzed. Analysis models do not consider any implementation constraints that might
    exist, such as concurrency, distribution, persistence, or how the system is to be built.
    Implementation constraints are dealt during object-oriented design (OOD). Analysis is
    done before the Design[citation needed].

    The sources for the analysis can be a written requirements statement, a formal
    vision document, interviews with stakeholders or other interested parties. A system
    may be divided into multiple domains, representing different business, technological,
    or other areas of interest, each of which are analyzed separately.

    The result of object-oriented analysis is a description of what the system is


    functionally required to do, in the form of a conceptual model. That will typically be
    presented as a set of use cases, one or more UML class diagrams, and a number of
    interaction diagrams. It may also include some kind of user interface mock-up. The
    purpose of object oriented analysis is to develop a model that describes computer
    software as it works to satisfy a set of customer defined requirements.

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