Chapter

Nationalism in India
CHAPTER-2 : 2
LISM IN INDIA
NATIONASummary
FIRST WORLD WAR, KHILAFAT AND
NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT

The First Khilafat Non-Cooperation

World War : Movement : Movement :
(a) The First World War (1914-18) was the (a) Rowlatt Act (1919), Jallianwala Bagh (a) At the behest of Gandhi, Khilafat and
watershed in the history of Indian national massacre (13 April, 1919) and the Khilafat Non-Cooperation seamlessly coalesced and
movement. It created a shattering image in Movement led Gandhiji to start his Non- installed a campaign for Swaraj.
political and economic domain. Cooperation Movement in 1920. (b) The programme of the Non-Cooperation
(b) National movement permeated new (b) Khilafat Movement was spearheaded by Movement was adopted at the Nagpur
areas and instigated varied forms of two brothers, Shaukat Ali and Muhammad Session of Congress in 1920.
struggle. Nationalists aimed to demand new Ali. The movement aimed to vindicate the
concessions from Great Britain. The First Turkish wrong and vehemently protested
World War adversely affected the economic against the harsh treatment against the
and social situations of India leading to the Khalifa, Emperor of Turkish Empire in the
death of hundreds and thousands of people. aftermath of the World War-I (1914-18).

DIFFERENT STRANDS WITHIN

THE MOVEMENT
Movements in Towns : Movements in
In towns and cities, middle Plantations : Workers in
stratum played a crucial role. Assam fought against the
Students, lawyers and teachers Movements in the injustice. It was a protest
adopted non-cooperative attitude Countryside : Peasants and against the Inland Emigration
towards the British rule and gave workers dominated the Act (1859), which prevented
up their profession and entire scene in the rural areas. them from leaving the
education. In the aftermath of the plantations without British
Chauri Chaura incident of consent.
1922, Gandhi called off the
movement.

TOWARDS CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE

• Swaraj Party :
(a) C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru established the Swaraj Party within the Congress. The Simon Commission (1928)
arrived in India.
(b) At the Lahore Session of the Congress (Dec. 1929), the Congress adopted the resolution of Complete Swaraj as its
goal. 26th January, 1930 was celebrated as the Independence Day.
• Famous Dandi March :
(a) Famous Dandi March began on March 12, 1930. On 6th April, 1930 Gandhiji reached Dandi, a village in Gujarat and
broke the Salt Law by boiling water and manufacturing salt. Thus, began the Civil Disobedience Movement.
42 | CBSE Question Bank Social Science – X
• The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22) attempted to bring the government to a standstill by non-cooperating with
the administration.
• The Civil Disobedience Movement aimed at paralyzing the government by performing illegal acts.
• Boycott of foreign goods, non-payment of taxes, breaking forest laws were its main features.
• The British Government followed a policy of brutal repression. It arrested all the leaders including Gandhiji and Nehru.
Nearly 1,00,000 people were arrested.
• Lord Irwin, the Viceroy, signed a pact with Gandhiji on 5 March, 1931. Gandhiji agreed to attend the Second Round
Table Conference and the British agreed to release all the political prisoners.
• Gandhiji returned disappointed from the Second Round Table Conference in December 1931. Civil Disobedience
movement was started again.

LIMITS OF CIVIL
Formation of
DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT Limited Participation
Poona Pact of Muslims
(a) The Dalits or the untouchables did not actively participate in the (a) Congress seemed more visibly associated with Hindu religious
movement; they demanded reservation of seats, separate electorates. nationalist groups. The leader of the Muslim League M.A. Jinnah
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the leader of the Dalits, formed an association in wanted reserved seats for Muslims in Central Assembly. Civil
1930,called the Depressed Classes Association. He clashed with Disobedience Movement started in an atmosphere of distrust and
Gandhiji. suspicion between the two communities.
(b) Gandhiji began a fast unto death against separate electorates. (b) Gandhiji channelised the anger against colonial government into a
Finally Poona Pact between the two leaders (1932) gave reserved common struggle for freedom in the first half of the twentieth century.
seats in Provincial and Central Councils but was voted by general He saw the emergence of a nation wanting to liberate itself from the
electorate. colonial rule, in spite of all its differences.

Important Dates
Chapter 2. Nationalism in India
1870
Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote
'Vande Mataram' as a hymn to the
motherland.
1905
The influential painter, Abanindranath
Tagore, portrayed the aesthetic figure
of 'Bharat Mata'.

1917
Mahatma Gandhi travelled to Champaran in
Bihar and Kheda district of Gujarat to
encourage the peasants to fight against the
1918
coercive plantation system. Mahatma Gandhi initiated a Satyagraha
movement amongst cotton mill workers
of Ahmedabad.

1919
Mahatma Gandhi aimed to introduce a
nationwide Satyagraha movement against the
nefarious Rowlatt Act.
13th April,1919
On this day, the infamous Jallianwala Bagh
Massacre took place that created consternation
in the whole nation.

Sept.1920
At the Calcutta Session of Indian National Congress,
Mahatma Gandhi convinced other members of the
Congress to launch a Non-Cooperation Movement by
17th Oct 1920
Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up by Baba
supporting the claims of Khilafat and Swaraj.
Ramchandra and a few others.

Dec. 1920
At the Nagpur Session of Congress, a
compromise was reached and the
constructive method of the non-cooperation
Jan.1921
The Non-Cooperation Movement started
programme was adopted. at this time.
 in the whole nation.

Sept.1920
At the Calcutta Session of Indian National Congress,
Mahatma Gandhi convinced other members of the
Congress to launch a Non-Cooperation Movement by
17th Oct 1920
supporting the claims of Khilafat and Swaraj.
Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up by Baba Nationalism in India
Ramchandra and a few others.
| 43

Dec. 1920
At the Nagpur Session of Congress, a
compromise was reached and the
constructive method of the non-cooperation
Jan.1921
The Non-Cooperation Movement started
programme was adopted. at this time.

July,1921
Foreign clothes, the symbol of western economic and
cultural domination, were boycotted by the nationalists. Feb.1922
At Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur, a peaceful
demonstration in a bazaar turned into a violent
clash with the police.

Jan 1923
Swaraj Party formed by C.R. Das and
Motilal Nehru. 1928
The Simon Commission arrived in India and was
welcomed with an insulting slogan 'Go back, Simon'.

Dec.1929
Under the aegis of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore
Session of Congress finalised the demand for
'Purna Swaraj' or 'Full Independence of India'.
26 Jan.1930
The Indian Independence Day pledge was
adopted.

6 Apr.1930
12 Nov. 1930-13 Jan. 1931
The Civil Disobedience Movement was
formally launched by Mahatma Gandhi
at Dandi in Gujarat.
1st Round Table Conference was held in London.

5th March 1931

Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed and end of the Civil
Disobedience Movement.
07 Sep. 1931 - 01 Dec. 1931
2nd Round Table Conference.
was held in London.

Sep.1932
Poona Pact came into existence.

Chapter 3. The Word

Making of a Global World
of Advice

Topic Found Difficult by Students: 1300-1500

Renaissance was initiated in Europe and
 Khilafat Movement
Italy was the principal hub of Renaissance
culture.
1498
 Rowlatt Act Portuguese explorer Vasco Da Gama
arrived at Calicut in India in this year.
 Formation of the Muslim League
 Effect of World War I on Indian industries
15th -16th Century
 The Idea of Satyagraha
The 'Scientific Revolution' emerged which
 Inland Emigration Act changes in the sphere.
signifies colossus
Century of thinking and social and
1820-1840
 Begar institutional changes. England and other major European
countries saw the beginning of Industrial
 Poona Pact Revolution.

 Depressed Classes Association

1880s
Rinderpest, a cattle disease arrived in Africa.
1914-18
Duration of the First World War.