1-History of Settlements

PLANNING AND URBAN DESIGN
background
history of settlements
theories and practices in city planning
settlement planning in the Philippines
Kevin Lynch’s image of the city
Ian Bentley’s levels of responsive environments
urban form and function
urban models
urban design controls
emerging theories in urban design
site planning
HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
Ancient Times
Natural factors that affect the
development and growth of urban areas:
potential for natural calamities (fire, flood, volcano

eruptions, etc.)
presence of fertile soil, bodies of water, and other
natural resources
slope and terrain and other forms of natural defenses
climate
Ancient Times
Innovations that influenced the development of
the earliest cities
- The plow and rectilinear farming.
- Circular and radiocentric planning

- for herding and eventually for defense
7000 – 9000 b.c.
Neolithic cities
- Jericho: early settlement in Israel -9000b.c.
- A well-organized community of about 3000 people
- Built around a reliable source of freshwater
- Only 3 hectares and enclosed with a circular stone wall
- Overrun in about 6500 b.c., rectangular layouts followed
- Khirokitia: early settlement in Cyprus - 5500 b.c

-First documented settlement
with streets
-The main street heading uphill
was narrow but had a wider terminal,
which may have been a social spot
-Catalhoyuk: early settlement in Turkey (Asia Minor)
-Circa 7000 b.c.
-Largest neolithic city-

13 hectares; 10,000 people
-An intricately assembled
complex without streets
-Included shrines and quarters
for specialized crafts, production
of paintings, textile, metal, etc.
-Rested on a new rationale for the

city at that time- trade
2000 – 4000 b.c.
- Cities in the Fertile Crescent were formed by the Tigris
and Euphrates river valleys of Mesopotamia
- Eridu- acknowledged as the oldest city.
- Damascus- oldest continually inhabited city
- Babylon: the largest city with 80,000 inhabitants
3000 b.c.
-Cities of Thebes and Memphis along the Nile Valley
- characterized by monumental architecture
-cities had monumental avenues, colossal temple
plazas and tombs cut from rock
-worker’s communities
were built in cells along
narrow roads
- Tel-el-Amarna
- An example of a typical
Egyptian city with the
following:
(1) central area
(2) north suburb
(3) south city
(4) custom’s house
(5) worker’s village
2500 b.c.
- Indus Valley (present day Pakistan)
-Cities of Mohenjo – Daro and Harrapa:
-administrative-religious centers with 40,000 inhabitants
-archeological evidence indicates an advanced civilization
lived here as there were housing variations, sanitary and
sewage systems, etc.
1900 b.c.
-Yellow River Valley of China-
“land within the passes”. Precursor of Linear City.
- Anyang- largest city of the Yellow River Valley
800 b.c.
- Beijing- founded in approximately same location it’s in today
-present form originated in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
b.c. to a.d
- Elaborate network of cities in Mesoamerica were built by
the Zapotecs, Mextecs, and Aztecs in rough rugged land.
- Teotijuacan and Dzibilchatun were the largest cities

700 b.c. Greek Classical Cities
- Greek cities spread through the Aegean Region –
westward to France and Spain
-“polis” : defined as a “city-state”. Most famous is the

Acropolis- a religious and defensive structure up on the
hills, with no definite geometrical plan
700 b.c.
- Sparta and Athens : the largest cities (100-150T)
- Neopolis and Paleopolis (new and old cities)
400 b.c.
-Hippodamus- the first noted urban planner. Introduced
the grid system and the Agora (public marketplace)
-Miletus
- 3 sections:
for artisans, farmers,
and the military
Roman Classical Cities
-Roman Cities : adopted Greek forms but with different
scale- monumental, had a social hierarchy
- Roman Forums
- Romans as engineers- built aqueducts, public
baths, utility systems, fountains, etc.
- Developed housing variations and other spaces:

Basilica- covered markets; later, law courts
Curia- the local meeting hall; later, the capitol
Domus- traditional Roman house; with a central
atrium
Insulae- 3 to 6- storey apartments with storefronts
- Romans incorporated public works and arts
into city designs
- Romans as conquerors- built forum after forum
Medieval Ages
- Decline of Roman power left many outposts all over
Europe where growth revolved around
- Feudalism affected the urban design of most towns
- Sienna and
Constantinople:
signified the
rise of the
Church
-Towns were fine and intimate with winding roads and

sequenced views of cathedrals or military fortifications
- 11th century towns in Europe: Coastal port towns
- many of these coastal

towns grew from military
fortifications, but expansion
was limited to what the city
could support
- Mercantilist cities : continuous increase in size

- World trade and travel created major population
concentrations like Florence, Paris, and Venice
- Growth eventually led to congestion and slums
The Renaissance and Baroque periods
- 15th Century France: display of power
- Arts and architecture became a major element of
town planning and urban design
- Geometrical forms of cities were proposed
- Vienna emerged as the city of culture and the
arts- the first “university town”
- Landscape architecture showcased palaces
and gardens
karlsruhe (Germany) Versailles (France)

Settlements in the Americas
1. Medieval Organic City - taken after the “boug”
(military town) and “fauborg” (citizen’s town) of
the medieval ages
2. Medieval Bastide - taken from the French bastide
(eventually referred to as “new towns”)
- came in the form of grids or radial plans
reflecting flexibility
3. The Spanish “Laws of the Indies” town - King

Philip II’s city guidelines that produced 3 types
of towns- the pueblo (civil), the presidio
(military), and the mission (religious)
4. The English Renaissance - “the European
Planned City” – ex. Savannah (designed
by James Oglethorpe), Charleston, Annapolis,
and Williamsburg (Col. Francis Nicholson)
- Today, Savannah is the world’s largest officially

recognized historical district
Annapolis Williamsburg
– government bldgs were – plan was anchored by
focal points of the plan, the Governor’s palace,
though a civic square the state capitol, and
was also provided the College of William
and Mary
5. The Speculators Town - developments were
driven by speculation
- Philadelphia– designed by William Penn
- Built between the Delaware and Scool Kill

The Industrial Revolution
- The “Machine Age” - change from manpower
to assembly lines
- 2 schools of thought- the “reform movements”
and the “specialists”
The Industrial Revolution
- the reform movements:
- Robert Owens (New Lanark Mills,
Manchester, England)
-Designed for 800 to 1200 persons
-With agricultural, light industrial,
educational, and recreational facilities
- the “Owenite Communities”:
- New Harmony, Indiana, USA by Owens, Jr.
- Brook Farm, Massachusetts, by a group of
New England Planners
- Icarus, Red River, Texas, by Cabet
(eventually, Cabet joined the Mormons in laying out
Salt-lake City, Utah)
- Tony Garnier (Une Cite Industrielle )
Locational features
may have been a
precursor to modern
zoning
Ideas and theories

adopted by Dutch
Architect JJP Oud
in the design of
Rotterdam

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PLANNING AND URBAN DESIGN

potential for natural calamities (fire, flood, volcano

- Circular and radiocentric planning

- Khirokitia: early settlement in Cyprus - 5500 b.c

-Catalhoyuk: early settlement in Turkey (Asia Minor)

-Circa 7000 b.c.

-Largest neolithic city-

-Rested on a new rationale for the

- Teotijuacan and Dzibilchatun were the largest cities

-“polis” : defined as a “city-state”. Most famous is the

- Developed housing variations and other spaces:

-Towns were fine and intimate with winding roads and

- 11th century towns in Europe: Coastal port towns

- many of these coastal

- Mercantilist cities : continuous increase in size

karlsruhe (Germany) Versailles (France)

3. The Spanish “Laws of the Indies” town - King

- Today, Savannah is the world’s largest officially

- Built between the Delaware and Scool Kill

Ideas and theories

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