Q.1. Explain the meaning of the term 'matter'. Ans. Matter is defined as anything that occupies space, has mass and can be perceived by the senses. Matter in any state is composed of small particles - molecules, atoms or ions. Q.2. Differentiate between molecules, atoms and ions. Ans.a. Molecules - i. A molecule is the smallest particle of a substance which retains the characteristics of the substance. ii. Examples - O2, H2, Cl2. b. Atoms - i. An atom is the smallest particle of an element which can take place in a reaction. It is the basic unit of matter. ii. Examples - O, H, Cl. c. Ions - i. An ion is any atom or a group of atoms which has a resultant charge due to loss or gain of electrons. ii. Examples - O2-, H1+, Cl1-. Q.3. State the 'law of conservation of mass'. State the main points of Landolt's experiment for experimental evidence of the law. State the limitations of the law. Ans.a. Whenever a chemical change takes place, the total mass of the reacting substances is exactly equal to the total mass of the products. It can also be put forth as matter is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction but change from one form to another. b. This can be proved by Landolt's experiment. Landolt used a H-shaped tube and introduced a solution of sodium chloride [NaCl] and silver nitrate [AgNO3] in the limbs of the tube. [solutions of BaCl2 and Na2SO4 could also be used in place of NaCl and AgNO3] i. The tube was then sealed and weighed before the experiment. ii. The solutions were mixed by shaking and a white precipitate of silver chloride was obtained. iii. The tube was again weighed after the experiment. The results of the experiment was that the weight of the H tube + reactants = weight of the H tube + products. Hence proving that the total mass of the reactants = the total mass of the products. c. The limitations of the law were: i. Chemical energy stored up in the reactants is released in the form of heat or light. ii. Hence mass is converted to energy and thus mass and energy are to be considered together. iii. This correlates with Dalton's atomic theory that atoms can neither be created nor destroyed but change from one form to another. iv. Hence a very slight error in the experiments was observed.
Physical and Chemical Changes
A. Answer the following: Q.1. Change is the law of nature which occurs in everyday life. State when a substance [i.e. matter] undergoes a kind of change. Ans. A substance [i.e. matter] undergoes a change when subjected to energy changes. Matter is said to undergo changes when energy is added or removed from the matter. These changes can be classified into: i. Physical changes are temporary, reversible and can change in state without altering the composition of the original substance. ii. Chemical changes are permanent, irreversible and new products are formed by altering the compositon of the original substances. iii. Reversible changes can be reversed by change in conditions. iv. Irreversible changes cannot be reversed by change in conditions. v. Slow changes occur very slowly over days or years. vi. Fast changes occur very rapidly in seconds. vii. Periodic changes occur periodically at regular intervals. viii. Non-periodic changes do not occur periodically at regular intervals. ix. Desirable changes produce useful results and are brought about by man or nature. x. Undesirable changes produce useless results and are brought about by man or nature. Q.2. Give a reason why: a. Freezing of water is a reversible change while burning of candle an irreversible change. Ans. Freezing of water is a reversible change because no new substances are formed as the chemical composition of water [H2O] does not change when turned into ice. On the other hand, burning of candle is an irreversible change because new substances are formed and the chemical composition is altered. b. Change of seasons is a periodic change while change of weather is a non-periodic change. Ans. Change of seasons is a periodic change because it repeats itself uniformly or in other words, it occurs periodically at regular intervals. On the other hand, change of weather is a non-periodic change because it can happen anytime or in other words, it does not occur periodically at regular intervals. Q.3. Compare the energy changes involved during a physical and a chemical change. Ans. A physical change is not accompanied by a marked evolution or absorption of heat. On the other hand, a chemical change is accompanied by an evolution or absorption of heat and sometimes emission of light. Q.4. Potassium chloride is added to water and stirred. A salt solution is obtained which is then boiled leaving behind a residue. a. Is the above change physical or chemical? Ans. It is a physical change. b. Name the residue which remains behind after the salt solution is boiled. Ans. A white residue of potassium chloride [KCl] remains behind after the salt solution is boiled. c. Is the change reversible or not reversible? Ans. The change is reversible as boiling the salt solution results in the original substance [potassium chloride]. d. Are the composition and properties of the original substance altered? Ans. No, the composition and properties of the original susbtances are not altered. e. Give a reason why the above experimentation would not be possible, if calcium carbonate is taken, in place of potassium chloride. Ans. This experiment would not be possible if calcium carbonate [CaCO3] is taken, in place of potassium chloride because calcium carbonate does not dissolve in water. Instead, it reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] and releases carbon dioxide [C02]. B. Give reasons why the following are considered a chemical change: Q.1. Copper carbonate on heat gives copper oxide and carbon dioxide. Ans. Heating copper carbonate [CuCO3] gives copper oxide [CuO] and carbon dioxide and is a chemical change as new products are formed and the properties and composition of the original substance are altered. Q.2. A bright light is seen evolved when a strip of magnesium is heated. Ans. On heating a strip of magnesium, it reacts with oxygen in the air to form magnesium oxide [MgO] and emits a bright light. It is a chemical change as new products are formed, the properties and composition of the original substance are altered and it releases energy in the form of light. Q.3. Sulphur when burnt in air evolves a gaseous acidic product. Ans. On burning sulphur, it reacts with air to form suplhur dioxide [S02], an acidic product. It is a chemical change as new products are formed and the properties and composition of the original substance are altered. Q.4. An iron nail kept open in the atmosphere rusts. Ans. Rusting of iron involves a chemical reaction between iron, oxygen and moisture to form iron (III) oxide. It is a chemical change as new products are formed and the properties and composition of the original substance are altered. Q.5. A piece of magnesium strip is dropped into a beaker containing dilute hydrochloric acid. Ans. When a piece of magnesium strip is dropped into a beaker containing dil. hydrochloric acid [HCL], it reacts and produces magnesium chloride [MgCl2] and hydrogen gas. It is a chemical change as new products are formed and the properties and composition of the original substances are altered.
Elements, Compounds & Mixtures
A. Answer the following: Q.1. Differentiate between elements, compounds & mixtures. Ans.a. Elements: i. Pure substances made of one type of atom. ii. Cannot be broken down into simpler substances by any means. b. Compounds: i. Pure substances formed by chemically combining two or more elements in fixed proportion. ii. Components can be separated by chemical means. c. Mixtures: i. Impure substances formed by mechanically combining two or more elements, compounds or both in any proportion. ii. Components can be separated by physical means. Q.2. Classify elements with atomic numbers 1-20 into metals, metalloids, non-metals, and noble gases. Ans.a. Metals: Lithium (Li), Beryllium (Be), Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg), Aluminium (Al). b. Non-metals: Hydrogen (H), Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), Phosphorus (P), Sulphur (S), Fluorine (F), Chlorine (Cl). c. Metalloids: Boron (B), Silicon (Si). d. Noble Gases: Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar). Q.3. List six differences between metals and non-metals. Name two metals and two non-metals that contradict general properties. Differentiate between metalloids and noble gases. Ans.a.i. Metals are good conductors of heat & electricity, while non-metals are poor conductors of heat & electricity. ii. Metals are malleable and can be beaten into sheets, while non-metals are non-malleable and cannot be beaten into sheets. iii. Metals are ductile and can be drawn into wires, while non-metals are no-ductile and cannot be drawn into wires. iv. Metals have lustre, while non-metals do not have lustre. v. Metals have high melting & boiling points, while non-metals have low melting & boiling points. vi. Metals have high density, while non-metals have low density. vii. Metals are monoatomic & contain one type of atoms, while non-metals are mono/diatomic & contain one or two types of atoms. b. Exceptions: i. Metals: Mercury is liquid at room temperature, Zinc is non-malleable. ii. Non-metals: Iodine is lustrous, Graphite is lustrous & conducts electricity. c.i. Metalloids show properties of both metals & non metals, while noble gases occur in traces in the atmosphere in gaseous state. ii. Metalloids are chemically reactive, while noble gases are chemically inert. Extra: Both metalloids & noble gases contain one type of atoms. Q.4. Use appropriate methods to separate the following mixtures: a. Ammonium chloride from a mixture of ammonium chloride & potassium chloride. Ans. Sublimation: Ammonium chloride sublimes on heating, leaving behind potassium chloride. b. Iron from a mixture of iron & copper. Ans. Magnetic separation: Iron is attracted by a magnet, leaving behind copper. c. Sulphur from a mixture of sulphur & copper. Ans. Solvent extraction: Sulphur dissolves in a solvent, leaving behind copper. d. Potassium nitrate from a mixture of potassium nitrate & potassium chlorate. Ans. Fractional crystallisation: Potassium nitrate and potassium chlorate have different solubilities, which allows fractional crystallization. e. Lead carbonate (insoluble) from a mixture of lead carbonate & water. Ans. Filtration: Lead carbonate is insoluble, and water passes through the filter. f. Lead nitrate (soluble) from a mixture of lead nitrate & water i.e. lead nitrate solution. Ans Evaporation: Water evaporates, leaving lead nitrate crystals behind. g. Carbon tetrachloride from a mixture of carbon tetrachloride (heavier component) & water. Ans. Separating funnel: Carbon tetrachloride, the heavier component, is at the bottom and water at the top. This allows the heavier component to drain. h. Benzene from a mixture of benzene (b.p. 80°C) & toluene (b.p. 110°C). Ans. Fractional distillation: Benzene evaporates first due to its lower boiling point, leaving toulene behind. i. Different dyes in their liquid constituent ink. Ans. Chromatography: Different dyes travel at different rates on the paper based on their solubility.
