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Chemical profiling and assessment of egg hatchability with different solvent

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 International Journal of Entomology Research
www.entomologyjournals.com
ISSN: 2455-4758
Received: 20-05-2024, Accepted: 10-06-2024, Published: 01-07-2024
Volume 9, Issue 7, 2024, Page No. 1-8

Chemical profiling and assessment of egg hatchability with different solvent extracts of selected
invasive weeds
Gharpure Pallavi1*, Bansod Vaishali1, Ghayal Nivedita2
1*
Department of Zoology, Environmental Science Research Centre, B G College, New Sangvi, Pune, Maharashtra, India
2
Department of Botany, MES Abasaheb Garware College, Pune, Maharashtra, India

Abstract
A revolutionary change is utmost important to overcome the problems created due to overuse of chemical pesticides. Phyto-
pesticides will be economically available at an affordable price, environmentally safe and reduce the cost of synthetic
chemicals. Plant families such as Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Meliaceae, Rutaceae and Solanaceae are widely known to possess
various types of larvicidal, adulticidal, repellent, oviposition deterrent and ovicidal/egg hatchability activities against different
species of mosquitoes studied till today. Weeds are nowadays preferable plants for research because of their easy availability
and undesirability. Botanical pesticides can be in the form of essential oils, plant extracts or secondary metabolites like
alkaloids, polyphenols, steroids, terpenes or fatty acids. Alkaloids along with tannins, steroids, glycosides, triterpenoids and
saponins present in plants possess insecticidal properties. β-sitosterol in plants, animals, microbes are well known to possess
insecticidal/ toxic larvicidal property. These compounds also possess adulticide, repellent and oviposition-deterrent property.
Studies conducted have revealed that these compounds affect the autonomous nervous system, constrict the blood vessels at
very low concentrations and are reported to be toxic to larvae of Aedes aegypti, Culex and Anopheles mosquito species.
Ovicidal effects of phytochemicals have not been studied to greater extent hence undertaken for study. The present
investigations were carried out to assess the ovicidal/ egg hatchability efficiency of three weeds Euphorbia heterophylla L
(Euphorbiaceae), Cosmos sulphureus Cav (Asteraceae) and Alternanthera tenella Colla (Amaranthaceae) against Aedes
aegypti L (Diptera: Culicidae). In present study petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of all 3
weeds exhibited variable ovicidal effects. Zero hatchability was observed at 1000 ppm with ethyl acetate extracts of Cosmos
and Euphorbia. Chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts of Alternanthera showed similar results at 1000 ppm concentration
whereas petroleum ether extracts showed significant results at lower concentration (400 ppm).

Keywords: Alternanthera tenella, biochemical analytical tests, cosmos sulphureus, euphorbia heterophylla, GC-MS analysis,
FTIR spectroscopy, total egg hatchability

Introduction with promising results from the observations on plant-insect

Weeds are nowadays preferable plants for research because interactions. Based on these observations it can be
of their easy availability, cultivability, undesirability, utmost concluded that plants possess repellents, deterrents,
need of management and a reason for eradication. Members fecundity (fertile), suppressants, ovicidal and insecticidal
of the plant families Asteraceae, Labiatae/ Lamiaceae, properties (Dua, 2009; Sogan et al., 2020) [5]. According to
Meliaceae, Rutaceae and Solanaceae with few other families Bowers (1992) [3] plant-based formulations are pest specific,
like Apiaceae, Myrtaceae, Piperaceae, Verbenaceae, eco-friendly and bio-degradable.
Zingiberaceae and Poaceae that are studied by other There is meagre research carried out on ovicidal effects of
researchers possess various types of larval, adulticidal or phytochemicals (Shaalan et al., 2005) [32]. The present
repellent activities against different species of mosquitoes. investigations were carried out to assess the ovicidal/ egg
A drastic change is necessary to overcome problems of hatchability efficiency of three weeds Euphorbia
overuse of synthetic chemical compounds in controlling heterophylla L (Euphorbiaceae), Cosmos sulphureus Cav
mosquitoes. Considering a holistic approach, development (Asteraceae) and Alternanthera tenella Colla
of an environmentally safe, eco-friendly botanical pesticide (Amaranthaceae) against Aedes aegypti L (Diptera:
is not only of utmost importance but also a need of today’s Culicidae).
research. The importance of use of phyto-pesticides as an Alternanthera tenella Colla (syn A. ficoidea (L.) P Beau is a
alternative solution for chemical pesticides has been pioneer species (Family: Amaranthaceae) growing on
emphasized by the authors in their present study. Botanical disturbed areas commonly found along roadsides and on
insecticides can be in the form of essential oils, plant wetland habitats, wastelands, agricultural fields, preferring
extracts or secondary metabolites (Maira et al., 2020). shady, wet, warmer and swampy areas with bright sunlight.
Secondary metabolites produced by plants acts as It is a perennial prostate herb native to tropical and sub-
antifeedants, moulting hormones, oviposition deterrents, tropical regions of South America, Australia and Brazil. It is
repellents, growth hormones which are involved in activity used in traditional folk medicines and consumed as
of target species. Ghosh et al. (2012) [10] mentions about 1% vegetable by local tribal communities.
of world’s pesticide market is product prepared from Amaranthaceae family is characterised by its diversity in
phytochemicals. secondary metabolites: essential oils, sesquiterpenes,
Indian Medicinal plants-based formulations have been used diterpenes, triterpenes, phenolic acids, flavonoids and
in traditional practices effective against pests for generations betalains (Miguel, 2018) [22]. The genera are known to

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possess many medicinal properties like ant-oxidant, anti- Materials and Methods
inflammatory, anti-malarial (Rodrigues et al., 2014; 1. Identification and Authentication of plant sample
Rathinam et al., 2017) [29, 28]. A. tenella aqueous extracts Alternanthera tenella Colla (Auth no: 19-167) was
were evaluated for allelopathic effects on germination of identified and authenticated from Department of Botany,
agricultural crops by several researchers (Dhole et al., 2011; Agharkar Research Institute, Pune. It was collected at its
Gharpure et al., 2023a; Gharpure et al., 2023 b) [4, 8, 9]. vegetative and reproductive stages from Paud- Pirangut
Previous studies have revealed the presence of biologically area, Tal: Mulshi (18o 30’42.30” N, 73o 40’49.28” E). Plant
important compounds as gallic acid, flavonoids fractions samples were collected during the month of Aug-Sept.
such as formononetin, myricetin, quercetin, kaemferol, Cosmos sulphureus (Auth no: Bot/ BGC-05/AUTH/2021-
acacetin, vitexin, 8-C- [ α-L rhamnopyranosyl-(1-2)- β-D- 22) has also invaded the area of about 30 kms from
glucopyranoside-], 2”-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-vitexin from Bhugaon upto Mulshi covering the whole area along road
ethanolic extracts of A. tenella (Salvador et al., 2006; sides, along with Alternanthera tenella (syn A. ficoidea)
Ramani and Poonguzhali, 2015) [30, 27]. which is another dominant species occupying the fallow
Cosmos sulphureus Cav an ornamental native from Mexico lands of rice crop. C. sulphureus was collected post-
now widely distributed in Central and South America up to monsoon at its flowering stage in the month of Oct-Nov
northern Argentina, Carribbean islands, Thailand with from Dehu Road (18⁰ 67’4.024” N, 73⁰ 76’3.434” E)
vernacular name as Mirasol -Amarillo in Mexico. C. cantonment area.
sulphureus is used as a traditional medicine against Euphorbia heterophylla L. (Auth no: 23-48) was collected
Plasmodium vivax, a malarial parasite. It is a potential from Dive Ghat area (18° 29' 47.292"N, 73° 56' 36.564" E).
herbicide due to presence of sesquiterpene from leaves and Anthropogenic activities like road side constructions, wild
it also possesses larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti fires, wastelands, puddles due to accumulation of rain water
larvae (Bansod et al., 2024) [2]. in monsoon and bright sunlight are the most suitable factors
Euphorbia heterophylla L (syn E. geniculata Ort) with for gregarious growth of these weeds. A. tenella (composite)
vernacular name as Dudhani in Maharashtra state has been whole plant and leaves of C. sulphureus and E. heterophylla
originated from South America and now present in all were pulverised and stored in airtight containers at room
tropical regions with worldwide distributions in Fiji, temperature till further use.
Philippines, Indonesia, California, Africa and Thailand. It
was first reported in Poona, India in 1948. It is used in 2. Solvent Extraction method
ethno-medicines as anti-malarial and as insecticide. Accurately weighed (1kg) dried powder of each weed was
Aedes aegypti L. (Dipteria: Culicidae) is mainly originated soaked in 2.5 liters of organic solvents in sequential order
from Ethiopian regions of Africa and is now widely with increasing polarity (Pet ether ˃ chloroform ˃ ethyl
distributed in tropical and sub-tropical country like India. It acetate ˃ methanol) (AR) for 72 hours at room temperature.
is a fresh water breeding mosquito which mainly breeds by Bio-guided cold percolation method was used for extraction
onset of monsoon at fresh water puddles, ponds, lakes and to obtain solvent extracts. The solutions were filtered
proliferates rapidly under given favorable conditions. It is a through muslin cloth and original stock solutions were
tropical temperature tolerant species ranging from 14℃- subjected to Rotary evaporator for complete evaporation of
30℃with low temperature as the major limiting factor. solvents. Thick sticky greenish extracts were obtained from
Aedes aegypti is well known for vector borne diseases such each solvent and stored at 4℃ till further analyses.
as Dengue, Chikungunya, Zika virus that affect human
health. The mosquito species has been selected for study as 3. Ovicidal Bioassays
it can be easily colonized in laboratory as it is a fresh water Ovicidal bioassays were conducted as per Govindarajan et
breeding mosquito, less susceptible to insecticides, robust al., (2011) [13]. Egg rafts were procured from insectary Ross
than other mosquito species as Culex and Anopheles Life sciences, Bhosari, Pune. Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO)
(Raveen et al., 2017). Refer fig 1. was added to 1mg extract and a homogeneous solution was
prepared in aqueous medium. 25 eggs were exposed to
concentrations 100-1000 ppm for 48 and 72 hours. Total
number of hatched eggs were observed under stereo-
microscope after 48 hours (Fig 2). Experiment was arranged
in triplicates along with control and treated control and
mean of cumulative 6 data sets were calculated.

Fig 2: Hatched or unhatched eggs under field

Fig 1: Aedes aegypti L

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International Journal of Entomology Research www.entomologyjournals.com

4. Fourier-transform Infra-red spectroscopy 1. Ovicidal/ Egg hatchability

Approximately 1mgs of solvent extracts were analysed on During our research petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl
Bunker analytical instrument. The peaks corresponding with acetate and methanol extracts of composite plant extracts of
the functional groups were further interpreted with the A. tenella and leaves of C. sulphureus and E. heterophylla
available database. exhibited variable ovicidal effects. The egg rafts were
directly exposed to different concentrations viz: 100 ppm-
5. GC-MS analyses 1000 ppm and egg hatchability was recorded after 48 hrs
Gas chromatography-Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis and 72 hrs or sometimes even after 96 hrs due to seasonal
was performed to evaluate and quantify the volatile variations in temperature, light and moisture. The hatched
compounds with other details as retention time, area %, eggs were observed under stereo-microscope.
height of eluted compound for further comparison of indices Ethyl acetate fractions of Cosmos and Euphorbia showed no
with those of stored data of National Institute Standard and hatchability at 1000 ppm. Chloroform and ethyl acetate
Technology (NIST 4) and Wiley 9 (Vandendool and Kratz extracts of Alternanthera resulted similar 100% egg
1963) online library. mortality at 1000 ppm concentration whereas petroleum
ether extracts showed significant results at lower
6. Statistical analyses concentration (400 ppm). No mortality was observed in
Data were analysed by software Microsoft Excel for untreated and treated control. The results are mentioned as
calculating standard deviation with mean and Standard error. averages of total egg hatchability in each concentration
(ppm) that are summarised in Table 1. The insecticidal
Results effects of plant extracts depend upon many factors such as
The ovicidal effects of phytochemicals is least studied plant species, its geographical location, mosquito species,
(Shaalan et al., 2005) [32]. There is paucity of no records of plant parts used for extraction and different solvents. Plant
ovicidal or egg hatchability of three weeds Euphorbia extracts produce different results with change in solvent
polarity during fractionation. The chemical components of
heterophylla L (Euphorbiaceae), Cosmos sulphureus Cav
plant crude extracts thus play role in egg hatchability (Tehri
(Asteraceae) and Alternanthera tenella Colla et al., 2014) [38]. It can be thus concluded that different
(Amaranthaceae). The present investigations hence were responses are due to polarity of solvents which play an
undertaken against Aedes aegypti L (Diptera: Culicidae) to important role in extraction of compounds responsible for
study ovicidal effects of these phytochemicals. the toxicity to the test species.

Table 1: Comparative analysis of solvent extracts on egg hatchability of Aedes aegypti

Plant sample Solvent Egg hatchability in different Concentration (ppm)
Control 200 400 600 800 1000
Pet ether 25 ± 0 6 ± 2.6 3 ± 1.6 2 ± 0.8 1 ± 0.7 1 ± 0.8
Cosmos sulphureus CHCl3 25 ± 0 11 ± 3.2 8 ± 2.4 4 ± 1.9 6 ± 2.5 6 ± 3.8
Ethyl acetate 25 ± 0 7 ± 2.3 9 ± 2.9 4 ± 1.2 1 ± 0.6 0±0.1
Methanol 25 ± 0 13 ± 3.9 11 ± 1.5 11 ± 3.1 16 ± 3.5 8 ± 3.2
Pet ether 25 ± 0 5 ± 0.5 0±0 0±0 0±0 0±0
Alternanthera tenella CHCl3 25 ± 0 4 ± 3.1 7 ± 3.8 8 ± 4.1 8 ± 3.9 0±0
Ethyl acetate 25 ± 0 12 ± 3.5 7±3.6 4 ± 1.6 2 ± 0.8 0±0
Methanol 25 ± 0 14 ± 3.2 14 ± 2.4 11 ± 3.1 12 ± 2.7 10 ± 3.1
Pet ether 25 ± 0 4 ± 2.3 3 ± 2.4 2±2 2 ± 1.5 1 ± 0.5
Euphorbia heterophylla CHCl3 25 ± 0 14 ± 4.5 9 ± 3.1 7 ± 2.3 7 ± 2.4 1 ± 0.6
Ethyl acetate 25 ± 0 3 ± 0.4 3 ± 0.4 1 ± 0.4 1 ± 0.3 0 ± 0.2
Methanol 25 ± 0 15 ± 3.6 14 ± 3.3 14 ± 2.9 17 ± 3.3 12 ± 4.4
Values are mean ± Standard error (n =6), NH= No hatchability

2. FTIR spectroscopy results C=C or C-H bonds.1708.28cm-1 peak is due to C=O

In present investigation the obtained results of zero group.1622.70cm-1 and 1458.68cm-1`peaks may be
hatchability or low to moderate response could be corelated contributing due to =CH2 or aromatic region.1377.30cm-1 is
to the compounds present in the plants. Therefore, to derive also may be due to aromatic region. 1243.28cm-1 peaks due to
the probable co-relation between percentage of egg stretching vibrations related to alcohols, phenols, esters.
hatchability with the compounds present in the plants, FTIR 1030.54cm-1 represents the presence of ether (C-O-C)
and gas chromatography analytical tests were further linkage. Peaks at .819.94cm-1 and 722.51 cm-1 shows the
conducted. presence of aromatic C-H bonds.
The prominent peaks in A. tenella are observed at 3340.29 E. heterophylla infra-red spectroscopy results shows
cm-1 due to –OH stretching, Peak observed at 2918.37 cm-1 & 3394.75 cm cm-1 peak represents O-H stretching
2850.17 is due to -CHO to carbonyl and C=C bond. 1735.62 vibrations.2917.53cm-1 and 2849.71 are stretching vibrations
&1633.70cm-1 peaks are due to C=O stretching vibrations. due to -CHO group or C=C or C-H bonds.1731.89 cm-1 peak
1459.82cm-1and 1407.78 cm-1 represent aromatic region. is due to C=O group.1646.71cm-1 and 1460.34cm-1`peaks may
Presence of ether compounds is by 1080cm-1 peak.779.08 cm-1 be contributing due to =CH2 or aromatic region.1375 cm-1 is
and 719.93 cm-1 are due to aromatic C-H peaks. also may be due to aromatic region.1026.03 cm-1 represents
The IR spectroscopy results of C. sulphureus are 3397.1cmcm- the presence of Ether (C-O-C) linkage Peaks at .824.36cm-1
1
peak represents O-H stretching vibrations.2919.15cm-1 and
and 722.06 cm-1 shows the presence of aromatic C-H bonds.
2850.99 are stretching vibrations due to -CHO group or

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3. GC-MS analyses Chondrilasterol, Octadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxy

GC-MS analyses of Alternanthera tenella revealed the methyl) ethyl ester and hexadecenoic acid 2-(hydroxy-1-
presence of 3 major compounds which are as hydroxy methyl) ethyl ester as summarized in Table 2.

Table 2: Chromatogram of GC-MS of methanolic extract of Alternanthera tenella

Sr Retention Area Molecular Nature of
IUPAC name Structure Biological activity
No Time % Formula compound
Anti-bacterial
Stigmastanes or
1 19.364 9.32 Chondrilasterol C29H48O (Soodabeh et al.,
sterol lipids
2014)
Octadecanoic acid, 2-
hydroxy-1- Toxic (Kumari,
2 13.842 12.86 C21H42O4 Stearic acid
(hydroxymethyl) ethyl 2023)
ester
Nematicide,
Hexadecanoic acid 2-
Insecticide, Anti-
3 11.889 15.90 (hydroxy-1-hydroxy C19H38O Monoacylglycerol
microbial, Toxic
methyl) ethyl ester
(Kumari, 2023

GC-MS analyses of methanolic leaf extract of C. sulphureus 2-hydroxy-1-hydroxy methyl ethyl ester, hexadecenoic acid
in our present study revealed the presence of 5 major hydroxyl-1-(hydroxy methyl) ethyl ester or Glycerol 1-
compounds as γ-sitosterol, stigmasterol, Octadecanoic acid palmiate as presented in Table 3.

Table 3: Chromatogram of GC-MS of methanolic leaf extract of Cosmos sulphurous

Sr Retention Area Molecular Nature of
IUPAC name Structure Biological activity
No Time % Formula compound

Anti-diabetic
1 19.384 3.23 gamma-sitosterol C29H50O Phytosterol
(Kumari, 2023)

Larvicidal
19.385 β-sitosterol C29H50O Phytosterol insecticidal
2 3.23
(Rahuman et al.,
2008)

Trypanocidal,
larvicidal
3 18.827 2.71 Stigmasterol C29H48O Phytosterol
(Soodabeh et al.,
2014)

Octadecanoic acid 2-
Toxic (Kumari,
4 13.840 14.21 hydroxy-1-hydroxy C21H42O4 Stearic acid
2023)
methyl ethyl ester

Hexadecanoic acid,
Toxic, nematicide,
2-hydroxyl-1-
insecticide, anti-
5 11.888 12.12 (hydroxy methyl) C19H38O4 Monoacylglycerols
microbial
ethyl ester or
(Kumari, 2023)
Glycerol 1-palmiate

GC-MS of Euphorbia heterophylla revealed 13 major ester, Hexadecenoic acid 2-hydroxy 1-(hydroxymethyl)
compounds as Lup-20 (29)-en-3-ol, acetate 3(beta), lupeol, ethyl-ester which are summarised in table 4. Amongst these
Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, acetate 3(beta), 24- Norusa 3,12-diene, hexadecenoic acid, octadecanoic acid and β- sitosterol are
24- Norusa 3,12-diene, gamma-sitosterol. 1-Pentacosanol, known to possess toxicity and pesticidal property (Dr
Tetracosane, Cholesta-4-6-dien-3-ol (3, beta), Heptacosanal, Duke’s phytochemical database, 2016).
1-Pentacosanol, Octadecanoic acid 2,3-dihydroxyl propyl

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Table 4: Chromatogram of GC-MS of methanolic leaf extract of Euphorbia heterophylla

Sr Retention Area Molecular Nature of
IUPAC name Structure Biological activity
No Time % Formula compound
Anti-diabetic,
Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, stimulates
1 20.735 9.28 C32H52O2 Triterpene
acetate 3(beta) melanogenesis
(Kumari, 2023)
Anti-cancer, anti-
tumor,
2 20.735 9.28 Lupeol C30H50O Triterpene immunostimulant,
pesticide (Kumari,
2023)
Anti-diabetic,
Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, stimulates
3 20.368 5.78 C32H52O2 Triterpene
acetate 3(beta) melanogenesis
(Kumari, 2023)

4 20.042 2.19 24- Norusa 3,12-diene C29H46 Non-triterpene Not reported

5 19.880 2.74 24- Norusa 3,12-diene C29H46 Non-triterpene Not reported

Anti-diabetic (Kumari,
6 19.391 10.51 gamma-sitosterol C29H50O Phytosterol
2023)

7 17.366 1.82 1-Pentacosanol C25H52O Fatty alcohols Not reported

Alkane
8 17.311 0.14 Tetracosane C24H50 Not reported
hydrocarbon
Cholesta-4-6-dien-3-ol (3,
9 17.203 0.77 C27H44O Cholesterol Not reported
beta)

10 16.806 0.44 Heptacosanal C27H54O Fatty alcohol Not reported

11 15.506 1.92 1-Pentacosanol C25H52O Fatty alcohols Not reported
Octadecanoic acid 2,3-
12 13.842 7.95 C21H42O4 Stearic acid Toxic (Kumari, 2023)
dihydroxyl propyl ester
Hexadecanoic acid 2- Toxic, nematicide,
hydroxy 1- insecticide, anti-
13 11.890 10.17 C19H38O4 Monoacylglycerols
(hydroxymethyl)ethyl- microbial (Kumari,
ester 2023)

Discussion was observed in benzene leaf extract of E. coronaria against

The ovicidal (egg hatching) property of plant extracts was Anopheles than A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus. 100%
first reported by Ouda et al., (1998). Seed extract of Atriplex mortality (zero hatchability) was observed at 300, 250 and
canescens exhibited complete ovicidal effect at 1000 ppm 200 ppm for Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex
on eggs of Culex quinquefasciatus. quinquefasciatus respectively (Govindrajan et al., 2011) [14].
Maximum egg mortality rate (EMR) at lower concentration They also have stated that freshly laid eggs showed poor
is an indication of potential ovicidal activity. Ovicidal hatchability in higher concentrations whereas the older rafts
activity is more influenced by concentration, freshly laid showed higher hatchability at lower concentrations. The
egg rafts and mosquito species. Freshly laid eggs are white, percent hatchability was inversely proportional to the
soft but later undergo sclerotization during embryogenesis concentration of extract and directly proportional to eggs.
and appears black and dark in colour. Ovicidal compounds Amongst different solvent leaf extracts (benzene, ethyl
are able to interrupt embryo development, impair the acetate, methanol and chloroform) of Eclipta alba, the
survival of larva inside the egg or block hatching of the eggs methanol extract showed zero hatchability at 300 ppm
(Raveen et al., 2017). (Govindrajan and Karuppannam, 2011). Similar study of
Gokulakrishnan et al., (2012) [11] also tested for larvicidal efficacy of methanolic extracts of Erythrina indica on was
and ovicidal efficacies of different solvent leaf extracts of tested against all three major vectors A. stephensi, A. aegypti
Aristolochia indica against Anopheles stephensi Liston. and C. quinquefasciatus. Zero hatchability (100% mortality)
Ethyl acetate and benzene extracts were tested for larvicidal, was reported at concentrations 150, 200 and 250 ppm for A.
ovicidal and repellent property of Ervatamia coronaria and stephensi, A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus respectively
Caesalpinia pulcherrima against all three mosquito species (Govindrajan and Sivakumar, 2013).
Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex Ethanolic extracts of plants used for study exhibited 50-70%
quinquefasciatus. Highest larvicidal and ovicidal activity ovicidal activity whereas, butanolic extract of A.sessilis

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International Journal of Entomology Research www.entomologyjournals.com

caused highest egg mortality of 86% as per research Conclusion

conducted by Raveen et al., (2017). The activity may be due There is an urgent need for an alternative source as
to high amounts of polyphenols extracted by ethanol. botanical pesticides in the form of essential oils, extracts or
Kuppusamy and Murugan (2008) [18] reported leaf extracts isolated pure compounds. Many plant species produce these
of Andrographis paniculata with potential ovicidal activity secondary metabolites which possess repellent/ attractant,
after mortality of hatched larvae of Anopheles subpictus antifeedant, toxic and larvicidal property. Medicinal plants
within one or two hours. Similar observations as damage of like Azadirachta indica, Ocimun santum, Cinnamomum
eggs and egg shells due to endosmosis of plant extracts led zeylanicum (Cinnamon oil) are known to exhibit larvicidal/
to desiccation and shrinkage of eggs followed by low adult ovicidal and deterrent properties but study on invasive
emergence (Subramaniam et al., 2011) [36]. Silva (2017) [33] weeds is very scanty which needs to be explored.
could isolate 15 major compounds from leaves and 5 from Formulations derived from weeds will lead to eradication of
roots of C. sulphureus that are sesquitepenes lactones, these invasive weeds which are found gregariously growing
costunolide, reynosin and santamarin along with near agricultural crop fields and hampering yield of the
stigmasterol, phenylpropanoids by GC-MS analyses. crops. Bio-pesticides of plant origin will be economically
Coreopsin, a glycoside of butein was isolated from ray available at an affordable price, environmentally safe and
florets of Cosmos as reported by Geissman (1942) [7] but, reduce the cost of synthetic chemicals.
later “sulphurein” a new crystalline 6-glycoside of Many studies have been conducted on immature larval
sulphuretin (3,’4, 6-trihydroxybenzalcourmaranone) was stages of mosquito vectors but, further isolation of bio-
detected from ray florets of C. sulphureus by Masami et al., active compounds and assessment of the larvicidal activity
(1952) [21]. According to Lim (2014) [19] Cosmos leaves of these compounds needs to be done in order to understand
contain quercetin and stigmasterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosid. the action of biopesticide on large scale production. A new
Similarly, β-sitosterol- 3-O-β-D-glucoside a phytosterol that pharmaceutical technique of silver-based nanoparticles can
possess larvicidal property was isolated from Acanthus be synthesized and studied for their further biological
montanus (Amin et al., 2012) [1]. The results of aqueous activity in future. Further studies are necessary in order to
extracts of Cosmos sulphureus showed no effect on understand the target sites/ mechanisms of botanical
larvicidal and ovicidal activity of Aedes aegypti are pesticides.
corroborating with results of C. bipinnatus on larvae and
pupae of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes (Modise et al., Acknowledgement
2015). The authors are thankful to the Principal, B G College, Ross
Vani et al. (2017) [40] has reported presence of 23 major Life Science, Dr Rahul Marathe and Dr Megha Biware for
compounds from mixture of hexane and chloroform stem compilation and interpretation of FTIR and GC-MS results.
fractions of E. heterophylla such as as cyclohexasiloxane,
dodecamethyl., octadecamethyl, hexadecenoic acid, methyl Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of
ester., octadecanoic acid, methyl ester and 13- interest
Docoenamide, (Z). Whereas, Nwankudu et al., (2016) [24]
has isolated Furan-2-ylmethanol, 2-ethyl-2 hexen-1-al, 2,5- References
dimethyl nona-2, 5-8- trien-1-ylium, acifluofen, isobutyl 1. Amin E, Radwan MM, El Hawary SS, Fathy MM,
ester from leaf ethanolic extract of Euphorbia. β-sitosterol, Mohammad R, Becnel J J. Potent insecticidal secondary
stigmasterol, esters of lupeol, germanicol, taraxasterol, metabolites from the medicinal plant Acanthus
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