Uncoated, Corrosion-Resistant, Deformed and Plain Chromium Alloyed, Billet-Steel Bars For Concrete Reinforcement and Dowels

Standard Specification for
Uncoated, Corrosion-Resistant,
Deformed and Plain Chromium
Alloyed, Billet-Steel Bars
for Concrete Reinforcement
and Dowels
AASHTO Designation: MP 18M/MP 18-151
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Washington, D.C. 20001
© 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.
Standard Specification for
Uncoated, Corrosion-Resistant, Deformed

and Plain Chromium Alloyed, Billet-Steel Bars
for Concrete Reinforcement and Dowels
AASHTO Designation: MP 18M/MP 18-15 1
1. SCOPE
1.1. This specification covers uncoated, corrosion-resistant, deformed and plain chromium alloyed,
billet-steel concrete reinforcement and dowel bars in cut lengths or coils, where corrosion-resistant
performance may be essential (Notes 1 and 2). The standard sizes and dimensions of deformed
bars and their number designations shall be those listed in Table 2 for millimeter-kilogram bars
[Table 3for inch-pound bars].
Note 1—For coils of deformed bars, the capacity of industrial equipment limits the maximum bar
size that can be straightened.
Note 2—The degree of corrosion resistance needed for reinforcement or dowel bars is dependent
on both the project’s environmental conditions and the concrete in which they are embedded.
1.2. Bars are of three minimum yield levels: 420 MPa [60,000 psi], 520 MPa [75,000 psi], and
690 MPa [100,000 psi], designated as Grade 420 [60], Grade 520 [75], and Grade 690 [100],
respectively.
1.3. Hot-rolled plain rounds, in sizes up to and including 50 mm [2 in.] in diameter in coils or cut
lengths, when specified for dowels, spirals, and structural ties or supports, shall be furnished under
this specification in Grade 420 [60], Grade 520 [75], and Grade 690 [100] (Note 3).
For ductility properties, test provisions of the nearest nominal diameter deformed bar size shall
apply. Those requirements providing for deformations and marking shall not be applicable
(Note 3).
Note 3—The weight for plain rounds smaller than 10 mm [3/8 in.] in diameter shall be computed
on the basis of the size in ASTM A510/A510M.
Note 4—When welding of the material listed in this specification is required, it should be in
conformance with AWS D1.4 Structural Welding Code—Reinforcing Steel and the applicable
sections of AWS D1.6 Structural Welding Code—Stainless Steels. If the material is not addressed
in these specifications, the manufacturer of the steel should be contacted to obtain a welding
procedure for the particular application.
1.4. This specification is applicable for orders in either SI units (as Specification MP 18M) or in inch-
pound units (as Specification MP 18). SI units and inch-pound units are not necessarily equivalent.
Inch-pound units are shown in brackets in the text for clarity, but they are the applicable values
when the material is ordered to MP 18.
TS 4g MP 18M/MP 18-1 AASHTO

2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
2.1. AASHTO Standards:
 M 31M/M 31, Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
 T 244, Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
 T 285, Bend Test for Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
2.2. ASTM Standards:

 A276/A276M, Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes
 A484/A484M, Standard Specification for General Requirements for Stainless Steel Bars,
Billets, and Forgings
 A510/A510M, Standard Specification for General Requirements for Wire Rods and Coarse
Round Wire, Carbon Steel, and Alloy Steel
 A700, Standard Guide for Packaging, Marking, and Loading Methods for Steel Products for
Shipment
 A751, Standard Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemical Analysis of Steel
Products
 A955/A955M, Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Stainless-Steel Bars for
Concrete Reinforcement
 A1035/A1035M, Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain, Low-Carbon, Chromium,
Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
 E29, Standard Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance
with Specifications
2.3. Military Standards:

 MIL-STD-129, Marking for Shipment and Storage
 MIL-STD-163, Steel Mill Products Preparation for Shipment and Storage
2.4. Federal Standard:

 Fed. Std. No. 123, Marking for Shipment (Civil Agencies)
2.5. AWS Standards:

 AWS D1.4, Structural Welding Code—Reinforcing Steel
 AWS D1.6, Structural Welding Code—Stainless Steels
3. TERMINOLOGY
3.1. Description of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1. corrosion-resistant—a relative term indicating resistance to the several forms of corrosion in
various environments or corroding media, often compared to the resistance of uncoated plain
carbon steels in the same environment or media.
3.1.2. deformed bar—steel bar with protrusions; a bar that is intended for use as reinforcement in
reinforced concrete construction.

3.1.2.1. Discussion—The surface of the bar is provided with lugs or protrusions that inhibit longitudinal
movement of the bar relative to the concrete surrounding the bar in such construction. The lugs or
protrusions conform to the provisions of this specification.
3.1.3. deformations—protrusions on a deformed bar.
3.1.4. plain bar—steel bar without protrusions.
3.1.5. rib—longitudinal protrusion on a deformed bar.
3.1.6. lot—bars of one bar number, heat number, and pattern of deformation contained in an individual
shipping release or shipping order.
3.1.7. heat—a batch of steel produced to meet specified physical and chemical properties. A unique heat
number is assigned by the manufacturer to identify each batch of steel.
3.1.8. Uncoated Corrosion Resistant Reinforcement (CRR)—concrete reinforcing bar materials, because
of their chemical composition and or microstructure, provide enhanced corrosion resistance
properties.
4. ORDERING INFORMATION
4.1. Orders for deformed or plain chromium-alloyed steel billet-steel bars for concrete reinforcement
under this specification should include the following information:
4.1.1. Quantity (Mass) [weight];
4.1.2. UNS number of the alloy, Type or Common Name (see Table 1);
4.1.3. Size (diameter) or bar designation number (see Table 2 for mm-kg bars or Table 3 for in-lb bars);
4.1.4. Cut length or coils;
4.1.5. Deformed or plain;
4.1.6. Grade;
4.1.7. Packaging (see Section 22); and
4.1.8. AASHTO designation and year of issue.
4.2. The purchaser shall have the option to specify additional requirements, including but not limited
to, the following:
4.2.1. Certified mill test reports;
4.2.2. Comparative corrosion performance data in accordance with Supplemental Annex A only when
specified in the purchase order;
4.2.3. Special bar markings;
4.2.4. Other special requirements, if any.

Note 5—A typical ordering description is as follows: 10 tonnes, uncoated, corrosion-resistant,
deformed and plain chromium-alloyed, billet-steel bars for concrete reinforcement and dowels,

UNS S31653, No. 25, 18-m long, deformed, Grade 520, in secured lifts, to MP 18M-__. Certified
mill test reports are required. [10 tons, uncoated, corrosion-resistant, deformed and plain
chromium-alloyed, billet-steel bars for concrete reinforcement and dowels, UNS S31653, No. 8,
60 ft 0 in. long, deformed, Grade 75 in secured lifts, to MP 18-_. Certified mill test reports are
required.]
5. MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURE

5.1. The bars shall be rolled from properly identified heats of mold cast or strand cast steel using any
commercially accepted steelmaking process.
6. CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS
6.1. The chemical analysis of each heat shall be determined in accordance with ASTM A751. The
manufacturer shall make the analysis on test samples taken preferably during the pouring of the
heat. The percentages of carbon, chromium, copper, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, nitrogen,
phosphorus, silicon, sulfur, and vanadium shall be determined and reported as required in
Section 20.
6.2. The analysis of the heat shall be made by the manufacturer and shall conform to the analysis
tolerances specified in Table 1 of ASTM A484/A484M when compared to the chemistry reported
in Annex A2, Section A2.6.3.
6.2.1. A product check made by the purchaser shall conform to the analysis tolerances specified in
Table 1 of ASTM A484/A484M when compared to the chemistry reported in Annex A2,
Section A2.6.3.
6.3. The chemical composition as shown by heat analysis shall meet the requirements shown in
Table 1.

TS-4g
Table 1—Selected Compositional Requirements for Iron-Based, Chromium, and Chromium-Nickel Reinforcing Barsa
Type or Composition, %b
UNS Common Carbon Manganese Chromium Nickel Molybdenum Nitrogen Other
Designation Name (C) (Mn) (Cr) (Ni) (Mo) (N) Elements
Austenitic Stainless Steels
S24000 XM-29 0.08 11.50–14.50 17.0–19.0 2.3–3.7 0.20–0.40
S24100 XM-28 0.15 11.00–14.00 16.5–19.0 0.50–2.50 0.20–0.45
S30400 304 0.08 2.00 18.0–20.0 8.0–11.0
S30453 304LN 0.030 2.00 18.0–20.0 8.0–11.0 0.10–0.16
S31603 316L 0.030 2.00 16.0–18.0 10.0–14.0 2.00–3.00
S31653 316LN 0.030 2.00 16.0–18.0 10.0–13.0 2.00–3.00 0.10–0.16
Duplex (Austenitic-Ferritic) Stainless Steels
S31803 2205 0.030 2.00 21.0–23.0 4.5–6.5 2.5–3.5 0.08–0.20
S32101 0.040 4.0–6.0 21.0–22.0 1.35–1.70 0.10–0.80 0.20–0.25 Cu: 0.10–0.80
S32205 2205 0.030 2.00 22.0–23.0 4.5–6.5 3.0–3.5 0.14–0.20
S32304 2304 0.030 2.50 21.5–24.5 3.0–5.5 0.05–0.60 0.05–0.20 Cu: 0.05–0.60
Patented Dual-Phase Alloyed Steelsc
Duracorr 0.025 1.50 11.0–12.5 1.00 0.20–0.35 0.030
MMFX2d 0.15 2.0 9.2 (Minimum) 0.20
MP 18M/MP 18-5
a
Unlisted elements are governed by ASTM A276/A276M for Austenitic and Duplex stainless steel products listed in Table 1.
b
Single values are maximum weight percentages except where noted.
c
These alloys have a single producer.
d
Meet the requirements of ASTM A1035/A1035M.
AASHTO

7. REQUIREMENTS FOR DEFORMATIONS
7.1. Deformations shall be spaced along the bar at substantially uniform distances. The deformations
on opposite sides of the bar shall be similar in size, shape, and pattern.
7.2. The deformations shall be placed with respect to the axis of the bar so that the included angle is
not less than 45 degrees. Where the line of deformations forms an included angle with the axis of
the bar from 45 to 70 degrees inclusive, the deformations shall alternately reverse in direction on
each side, or those on one side shall be reversed in direction from those on the opposite side.
Where the line of deformation is greater than 70 degrees, a reversal in direction is not required.
7.3. The average spacing or distance between deformations on each side of the bar shall not exceed
seven tenths of the nominal diameter of the bar.
7.4. The overall length of deformations shall be such that the gap between the ends of the deformations
on opposite sides of the bar shall not exceed 12.5 percent of the nominal perimeter of the bar.
Where the ends terminate in a longitudinal rib, the width of the longitudinal rib shall be considered
the gap. Where more than two longitudinal ribs are involved, the total width of all longitudinal
ribs shall not exceed 25 percent of the nominal perimeter of the bar; furthermore, the summation
of gaps shall not exceed 25 percent of the nominal perimeter of the bar. The nominal perimeter of
the bar shall be 3.14 times the nominal diameter.
7.5. The spacing, height, and gap of deformations shall conform to the requirements prescribed in
Table 2 [Table 3].
Table 2—Deformed Bar Designation Numbers, Nominal Masses, Nominal Dimensions, and Deformation
Requirements, SI Units
Nominal Dimensionsb Deformation Requirements, mm
Maximum Gap
Bar Cross- Maximum Minimum (Chord of 12.5%
Designation Nominal Mass, Diameter, Sectional Perimeter, Average Average of Nominal
No.a kg/m mm Area, mm2 mm Spacing Height Perimeter)
10 0.560 9.5 71 29.9 6.7 0.38 3.6
13 0.994 12.7 129 39.9 8.9 0.51 4.9
16 1.552 15.9 199 49.9 11.1 0.71 6.1
19 2.235 19.1 284 59.8 13.3 0.97 7.3
22 3.042 22.2 387 69.8 15.5 1.12 8.5
25 3.973 25.4 510 79.8 17.8 1.27 9.7
29 5.060 28.7 645 90.0 20.1 1.42 10.9
32 6.404 32.3 819 101.3 22.6 1.63 12.4
36 7.907 35.8 1006 112.5 25.1 1.80 13.7
43 11.38 43.0 1452 135.1 30.1 2.16 16.5
57 20.24 57.3 2581 180.1 40.1 2.59 21.9
a
Bar numbers approximate the number of millimeters of the nominal diameter of the bar.
b
The nominal dimensions of a deformed bar are equivalent to those of a plain round bar having the same mass per meter as the deformed bar.

Table 3—Deformed Bar Designation Numbers, Nominal Weights, Nominal Dimensions, and Deformation
Requirements, U.S. Customary Units
Nominal Dimensionsb Deformation Requirements, in.
Maximum Gap
Bar Cross- Maximum Minimum (Chord of 12.5%
Designation Nominal Weight, Diameter, Sectional Perimeter, Average Average of Nominal
No.a lb/ft in. Area, in.2 in. Spacing Height Perimeter)
3 0.376 0.375 0.11 1.178 0.262 0.015 0.143
4 0.668 0.500 0.20 1.571 0.350 0.020 0.191
5 1.043 0.625 0.31 1.963 0.437 0.028 0.239
6 1.502 0.750 0.44 2.356 0.525 0.038 0.286
7 2.044 0.875 0.60 2.749 0.612 0.044 0.334
8 2.670 1.000 0.79 3.142 0.700 0.050 0.383
9 3.400 1.128 1.00 3.544 0.790 0.056 0.431
10 4.303 1.270 1.27 3.990 0.889 0.064 0.487
11 5.313 1.410 1.56 4.430 0.987 0.071 0.540
14 7.65 1.693 2.25 5.32 1.185 0.085 0.648
18 13.60 2.257 4.00 7.09 1.58 0.102 0.864
a
Bar numbers are based on the number of eighths of an inch included in the nominal diameter of the bars.
b
The nominal dimensions of a deformed bar are equivalent to those of a plain round bar having the same weight per foot as the deformed bar.
8. MEASUREMENTS OF DEFORMATIONS
8.1. The average spacing of deformations shall be determined by measuring the length of a minimum
of ten spaces and dividing that length by the number of spaces included in the measurement. The
measurement shall begin from a point on a deformation at the beginning of the first space to a
corresponding point on a deformation after the last included space. Spacing measurements shall
not be made over a bar area containing bar marking symbols involving letters or numbers.
8.2. The average height of deformations shall be determined from measurements made on not fewer
than two typical deformations. Determinations shall be based on three measurements per
deformation, one at the center of the overall length and the other two at the quarter points of the
overall length.
8.3. Insufficient height, insufficient circumferential coverage, or excessive spacing of deformations

shall not constitute cause for rejection unless it has been clearly established by determinations on
each lot tested that typical deformation height, gap, or spacing do not conform to the minimum
requirements prescribed in Section 7. No rejection may be made on the basis of measurements if
fewer than ten adjacent deformations on each side of the bar are measured.
9. TENSILE REQUIREMENTS
9.1. The material, as represented by the test specimens, shall conform to the requirements for tensile
properties prescribed in Table 4 [Table 5].
9.2. Unless otherwise specified, the yield point or yield strength shall be determined by the offset
method (0.2 percent) described in Section 14.2 of T 244. When material is furnished in coils, the
test sample must be straightened prior to placing it in the jaws of the tensile machine.
Straightening shall be done carefully to avoid the formation of local sharp bends and to minimize
cold work. Insufficient straightening before attaching the extensometer can result in lower-than-
actual yield strength readings.

9.3. The percentage of elongation shall be as prescribed in Table 4 [Table 5] when tested in accordance
with Section 14.4 of T 244.
Table 4—Tensile Properties Requirements, SI Units

Grade 420 Grade 520 Grade 690
Tests of Full Bar Cross Section
Tensile strength, min, MPa 620 690 1030
Yield strength, min, MPa 420 520 690
Elongation in 203.2 mm, min %:
Bar Designation No.:
10 9 7 7
13, 16 9 7 7
19 9 7 7
22, 25 8 7 7
29, 32, 36 7 7 7
43, 57 7 6 6
Table 5—Tensile Properties Requirements, U.S. Customary Units

Tests of Full Bar Cross Section
Tensile strength, min, psi 90000 100000 150000
Yield strength, min, psi 60000 75000 100000
Elongation in 8 in., min %:
Bar Designation No.:
3 9 7 7
4, 5 9 7 7
6 9 7 7
7, 8 8 7 7
9, 10, 11 7 7 7
14, 18 7 6 6
10. BENDING REQUIREMENTS

10.1. The bend-test specimen shall withstand being bent around a pin without cracking on the outside of
the bent portion when tested in accordance with T 285. The requirements for angle of bending and
sizes of pins are prescribed in Table 6 [Table 7]. When material is furnished in coils, the test
sample must be straightened prior to placing it in the bend tester.
Table 6—Bend-Test Requirements, SI Units

Bar Designation No. Pin Diameter for Bend Testsa
b
10, 13, 16 3.5d 3.5d 3.5d
19 5d 5d 5d
22, 25 5d 5d 5d
29, 32, 36 7d 7d 7d
43, 57 (90°) 9d 9d —c
a
Test bends 180 degrees unless otherwise agreed.
b
d = nominal diameter of specimen
c
These bars are only used in straight lengths.

Table 7—Bend-Test Requirements, U.S. Customary Units
Bar Designation No. Pin Diameter for Bend Testsa
b
3, 4, 5 3.5d 3.5d 3.5d
6 5d 5d 5d
7, 8 5d 5d 5d
9, 10, 11 7d 7d 7d
14, 18 (90°) 9d 9d —c
a
Test bends 180 degrees unless otherwise agreed.
b
d = nominal diameter of specimen.
c
These bars are only used in straight lengths.
The bend test shall be made on specimens of sufficient length to ensure free bending and with an
apparatus that provides:
10.1.1. Continuous and uniform application of force throughout the duration of the bending operation.
10.1.2. Unrestricted movement of the specimen at points of contact with the apparatus and bending
around a pin free to rotate.
10.1.3. Close wrapping of the specimen around the pin during the bending operation.
10.2. Other acceptable more severe methods of bend testing, such as placing a specimen across two pins
free to rotate and applying the bending force with a fixed pin, may be used. When failures occur
under more severe methods, retests shall be permitted under the bend-test method prescribed in
Section 10.2.
11. COMPARATIVE CORROSION RESISTANCE PERFORMANCE

(Annex A is nonmandatory and must be specified by the purchaser.)
11.1. Evaluating the sensitivity of stainless steels in Table 1 to intergranular attack or the formation of a
detrimental intermetallic phase shall be conducted according to Annex A, Section A1.
11.1.1. This test is used to evaluate the sensitivity of austenitic and duplex (austenitic-ferritic) stainless
reinforcing bars to intergranular attack in austenitic or ferritic stainless steels or the formation of a
detrimental intermetallic phase in a duplex stainless steel.
11.1.2. This test shall be performed biannually on randomly selected austenitic and duplex (austenitic-
ferritic) stainless reinforcing steel materials listed in Table 1 or alloys with a chromium
concentration greater than 12.5-wt %, as described in Annex A.
11.2. Evaluating the comparative corrosion resistance of steel bars used for concrete reinforcement is
covered in Annex A, Section A2 or Section A3 (purchaser specified).
11.2.1. Comparative corrosion performance data for chromium containing steels in Table 1 shall be
furnished, based on mutual agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser, as described
in Annex A, Section A2 or Section A3.
Note 6—Annex A test procedures: Tests A1 and A2 are short-term qualitative tests performed by
exposing steel samples in an aqueous solution, whereas test A3 is a long-term quantitative test
performed by exposing steel samples embedded in concrete. It is important for each agency to
carefully consider which test or tests to perform since each test listed provides different
information and requires different test durations.

12. PERMISSIBLE VARIATION IN MASS [WEIGHT]
12.1. The permissible variation shall not exceed 6 percent under nominal mass [weight] except for bars
smaller than 9.5 mm [3/8 in.] plain round. The permissible variation in mass [weight] shall be
computed upon the basis of the permissible variation in diameter in ASTM A510M [ASTM
A510]. Reinforcing bars are evaluated on the basis of nominal mass [weights]. In no case shall the
over mass [overweight] of any bar be the cause for rejection.
12.2. The specified limit of variation shall be evaluated in accordance with ASTM E29 (rounding
method).
13. FINISH
13.1. The bar shall be free of detrimental surface imperfections.
13.2. Austenitic and duplex (austenitic-ferritic) stainless steel reinforcing bars listed in Table 1 shall be
pickled and free of visible corrosion. Patented dual-phase alloyed steels reinforcing bars listed in
Table 1 shall be pickled and free of visible corrosion if required by ASTM specifications or
specified by the purchaser.
Note 7—Pickling may cause hydrogen embrittlement with higher grade steel strengths.
13.3. The overall surface color between different types of bars listed in Table 1 can vary, but on each
bar the surface color should be uniform and free of any areas of discoloration.
13.4. Seams or surface irregularities shall not be cause for rejection, provided the weight, dimensions,
cross-sectional area, and tensile properties are not less than the requirements of this specification.
13.5. Surface imperfections other than those specified in Section 13.4 shall be considered detrimental
when specimens containing such imperfections fail to conform to either tensile or bending
requirements. Examples include but are not limited to laps, seams, scabs, slivers, cooling or
casting cracks, and mill or guide marks (Note 8).
Note 8—Deformed bars intended to be mechanically spliced may require a certain degree of
roundness in order for the splices to adequately achieve strength requirements.
14. TEST SPECIMENS

14.1. Tension test specimens shall be the full section of the bar as rolled. The unit stress determinations
on full-sized specimens shall be based on the nominal bar area.
14.2. The bend-test specimens shall be the full section of the bar as rolled.
15. NUMBER OF TESTS

15.1. For bar sizes No. 10 to 36 [No. 3 to 11], inclusive, one tension test and one bend test shall be made
of the largest size rolled from each heat. If, however, material from one heat differs by three or
more designation numbers, one tension and one bend test shall be made from both the highest and
lowest designation number of the deformed bars rolled.
15.2. For bar sizes No. 43 and No. 57 [No. 14 and No. 18] bars, one tension test and one bend test shall
be made of each size from each heat.

16. RETESTS
16.1. If any tensile property of any tension test specimen is less than that specified, and any part of the
fracture is outside the middle third of the gauge length, as indicated by scribe marks on the
specimen before testing, a retest shall be allowed.
16.2. If the results of an original tension specimen fail to meet the specified minimum requirements and
are within 14 MPa [2000 psi] of the required tensile strength, within 7 MPa [1000 psi] of the
required yield point, or within 2 percentage units of the required elongation, a retest shall be
permitted on two random specimens for each original tension specimen failure from the lot. If all
results of these retest specimens meet the specified requirements, the lot shall be accepted.
16.3. If a bend test fails for reasons other than mechanical reasons or flaws in the specimen as described
in Sections 16.4 and 16.7, retest shall be permitted on two random specimens from the same lot. If
the results of both test specimens meet the specified requirements, the lot shall be accepted. The
retest shall be performed on test specimens that are at air temperature but not less than 16°C
[60°F].
16.4. If a mass [weight] test fails for reasons other than flaws in the specimen as described in
Section 16.7, a retest shall be permitted on two random specimens from the same lot. Both retest
specimens shall meet the requirements of this specification.
16.5. If any test specimen fails because of mechanical reasons such as failure of testing equipment or
improper specimen preparation, it may be discarded and another specimen taken.
16.6. If an Annex A.2 corrosion resistance test fails for reasons other than flaws as described in
Section 16.7, a retest shall be permitted on two random specimens from the same lot. Both retest
specimens shall meet the requirements of this specification.
16.7. If any test specimen develops flaws, it may be discarded and another specimen of the same size
bar from the same heat may be substituted.
17. INSPECTION
17.1. The inspector representing the purchaser shall have free entry, at all times, while work on the
contract of the purchaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer’s works that concern
the manufacture of the material ordered. The manufacturer shall afford the inspector all reasonable
facilities to satisfy him that the material is being furnished in accordance with this specification.
All tests (except product analysis) and inspection shall be made at the place of manufacture prior
to shipment, unless otherwise specified, and shall be so conducted as not to interfere unnecessarily
with the operation of the works.
17.2. For Government Procurement Only—Except as otherwise specified in the contract, the contractor
is responsible for the performance of all inspection and test requirements specified herein and may
use his own or any other suitable facilities for the performance of the inspection and test
requirements specified herein, unless disapproved by the purchaser at the time of purchase. The
purchaser shall have the right to perform any of the inspections and tests at the same frequency as
set forth in this specification, where such inspections are deemed necessary to assure that material
conforms to prescribed requirements.

18. REJECTION
18.1. Unless otherwise specified, any rejection based on tests made in accordance with Section 6.3 shall
be reported to the manufacturer within 15 working days from the receipt of samples by the
purchaser.
18.2. Material that shows injurious defects subsequent to its acceptance at the manufacturer’s works will
be rejected, and the manufacturer shall be notified.
19. REHEARING
19.1. Samples tested in accordance with Section 6.2 that represent rejected material shall be preserved
for 2 weeks from the date rejection is reported to the manufacturer. In case of dissatisfaction with
the results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a rehearing within that time.
20. TEST REPORTS

20.1. Test reports should include the following:
20.1.1. Steel description, using UNS designation when possible
20.1.2. Chemical analysis, including percentages of carbon, chromium, copper, manganese, molybdenum,
nickel, nitrogen, phosphorus, silicon, sulfur, and vanadium;
20.1.3. Tensile properties;
20.1.4. Bend test;
20.1.5. Corrosion resistant test results for sensitivity of stainless steel products in Table 1 to intergranular
attack or the formation of a detrimental intermetallic phase—Annex A (if requested); and
20.1.6. Comparative Corrosion Resistance Test Results—Annex A (Purchaser specified) with chemical
analysis tolerances conforming to Section 6.2.
21. MARKING
21.1. When loaded for mill shipment, bars shall be properly separated and tagged with the
manufacturer’s heat or test identification number.
21.2. Each producer shall identify the symbols of his marking system.
21.3. All bars produced to this specification, except plain round bars, which shall be tagged for grade,
shall be identified by a distinguishing set of marks legibly rolled into the surface of one side of the
bar to denote, in the following order:
21.3.1. Point of Origin—Letter or symbol established as the producer’s mill designation.
21.3.2. Size Designation—Arabic number corresponding to bar designation number of Table 2 [Table 3].
21.3.3. Type of Steel— Letters “CS” indicating that the bar was produced to this specification or it is
recommended that the purchaser verify the chemical composition of the steel using the method
described in Annex B.

21.3.4. Minimum Yield Designation—For Grade 420 [60] bars, either the number 4 [60] or a single
continuous longitudinal line through at least five spaces offset from the center of the bar side. For
Grade 520 [75] bars, either the number 5 [75] or two continuous longitudinal lines through at least
five spaces offset each direction from the center of the bar. For Grade 690 [100] bars, either the
number 6 [100] or three continuous longitudinal lines through at least five spaces offset each
direction from the center of the bar.
21.3.5. It shall be permissible to substitute a metric size bar of Grade 420 for the corresponding inch-
pound size bar of Grade 60, a metric size bar of Grade 520 for the corresponding inch-pound size
bar of Grade 75, and a metric size bar of Grade 690 for the corresponding inch-pound size bar of
Grade 100.
22. PACKAGING
22.1. When specified in the purchase order, packaging shall be in accordance with the procedures in
ASTM A700.
22.2. For Government Procurement Only—When specified in the contract or order, and for direct
procurement by or direct shipment to the U.S. government, material shall be preserved, packaged,
and packed in accordance with the requirements of MIL-STD-163. The applicable levels shall be
as specified in the contract. Marking for shipment of such material shall be in accordance with
Fed. Std. No. 123 for civil agencies and MIL-STD-129 for military agencies.
23. KEYWORDS
Alloy steel bars; concrete reinforcement; corrosion-resistant; deformations (protrusions); dowels.
ANNEX A—CORROSION RESISTANCE TESTING

(Mandatory Information If Specified by the Purchaser)
The test listed in A1 shall be performed biannually on reinforcing steel materials listed in Table 1
with a chromium concentration greater than 12.5-wt %, with the results available to the customer
upon request. The tests listed in A2 or A3 shall apply only when specified in the purchase order
and the purchase order shall indicate if required.
A1. SENSITIVITY TO INTERGRANULAR ATTACK

A1.1. Scope:
A1.1.1. This method covers the procedures to be used to evaluate the sensitivity of stainless steel products
in Table 1 to intergranular attack in austenitic or ferritic stainless steels or the formation of a
detrimental intermetallic phase in a duplex stainless steel. It is important to note that these tests
evaluate certain detrimental effects that can occur in stainless steels that could reduce the
functional life of the steel. These tests listed in A1, however, are not designed for estimating the
service life of stainless steel products in Table 1 embedded in concrete.
A1.2. Referenced Documents:
A1.2.1. ASTM Standards:

 A262, Standard Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Attack in Austenitic
Stainless Steels.

 A763, Standard Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Attack in Ferritic
Stainless Steels.
 A923, Standard Test Methods for Detecting Detrimental Intermetallic Phase in Duplex
Austenitic/Ferritic Stainless Steels.
A1.3. Test Apparatus:
A1.3.1. For austenitic stainless steel, guidance is provided in ASTM A262.
A1.3.2. For ferritic stainless steels, guidance is provided in ASTM A763.
A1.3.3. For ferritic-austenitic (duplex) stainless steels, guidance is provided in ASTM A923.
A1.4. Test Specimens:
A1.5. Procedure:
A1.5.1. Testing should be conducted according to the type of stainless steel as follows:
A1.5.2. Austenitic stainless steels shall be tested in accordance with Practice E, in conjunction with
Practice A, of Specification ASTM A262.
A1.5.3. Ferritic stainless steels shall be tested in accordance with Practice Y or Z, in conjunction with
Practice W, of Specification ASTM A763. The stainless steel UNS designation and Table 2 in
ASTM A763 shall be used to determine the best test practice, Y or Z.
A1.5.4. Ferritic-austenitic (duplex) stainless steels shall be tested in accordance with Test Method C, in
conjunction with Test Method A, of Specification ASTM A923.
A1.6. Calculations:
A1.7. Report:
A1.7.1. For austenitic stainless steel, guidance is provided in ASTM A262. Results from this test should
be recorded and provided to the purchaser if requested.
A1.7.2. For ferritic stainless steels, guidance is provided in ASTM A763. Results from this test should be
recorded and provided to the purchaser if requested.
A1.7.3. For ferritic-austenitic (duplex) stainless steels, guidance is provided in ASTM A923. Results from
this test should be recorded and provided to the purchaser if requested.

A2. TEST METHOD FOR COMPARATIVE QUALITATIVE CORROSION
CHARACTERIZATION OF STEEL BARS USED IN CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT (LINEAR POLARIZATION RESISTANCE AND
POTENTIODYNAMIC POLARIZATION TESTS)
Note A2.1—The following two test methods are for assessing the corrosion resistance of
uncoated corrosion-resistant reinforcing (CRR) steel bars as compared to carbon steel bars, or
other selected reference bars if indicated by the purchaser.
The two test methods evaluate the corrosion performance of the uncoated CRR bars as a function
of (1) pH of the environment and (2) concentration of chloride ions, in particular the [Cl–]/[OH–]
threshold ratio.
A2.1. Scope:
A2.1.1. This test method describes procedures to evaluate the comparative qualitative corrosion
performance of uncoated CRR alloy steel bars to those of M 31M/M 31, utilizing electrochemical
polarization resistance and potentiodynamic polarization measurements in various test solutions.
A2.1.2. Bars tested in accordance with these test procedures shall be characterized as corrosion-resistant
when both:
A2.1.2.1. The ratio of the polarization resistance (Rp) measured at pH = 10 to the polarization resistance
measured at pH = 13 is greater than or equal to (≥) 0.5, i.e.,[Rp at (pH = 10)]/[Rp at (pH = 13)] ≥
0.5, and
A2.1.2.2. The measured pitting potential is greater than or equal to (≥) 250 mV vs. Ag/Ag Cl reference
electrode at a [Cl–]/[OH–] ratio equal to 2.
A2.2.1. AASHTO Standard:

 M 31M/M 31, Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement

 G3, Standard Practice for Conventions Applicable to Electrochemical Measurements in
Corrosion Testing
 G59, Standard Test Method for Conducting Potentiodynamic Polarization Resistance
Measurements
 G102, Standard Practice for Calculation of Corrosion Rates and Related Information from
Electrochemical Measurements
A2.3. Test Equipment and Materials:
A2.3.1. Containers—500-mL capacity polypropylene (PP) beaker, or equivalent. The solutions used are
characterized by a high pH value, hence, glass containers shall not be used.
A2.3.2. Voltmeter—High impedance voltmeter (at least one Mohm), measuring to 0.001 mV.
A2.3.3. Potentiostat—Potentiostat with 20 V compliance voltage (e.g., Gamry Instruments series G 750).
A2.3.4. Reference Electrode (i.e., saturated Ag/AgCl reference electrode or Accumet #13-620-52 Calomel
Reference Electrode)— The reference electrode should be used with a salt bridge or luggin probe
to prevent contamination and to allow it to be placed closer to the working electrode to minimize
IR drops at high current densities.

A2.3.5. Conductive Threaded Rod—316SS or equivalent threaded rod is used to make the electrical
connections to the bars.
A2.3.6. Test Solution—Test solution, compatible with material under test (see Section A2.5.4 for solution
preparation).
A2.3.7. Counter Electrode—Shall be a noncorrosive mixed oxide coated titanium, platinum or similar
material or at least two distinct noncorrosive electrodes placed symmetrically in the vessel.
A2.4. Test Method:
A2.4.1. Description of Tests—Two well-established types of corrosion tests are included Linear
Polarization Resistance and Potentiodynamic Polarization curves. This section presents a brief
overview of each test, similar to test procedures and measurements described in ASTM G3, G59,
and G102.
A2.4.1.1. Linear Polarization Resistance—The linear polarization resistance technique, or simply

polarization resistance, involves measuring the change in the open-circuit potential of the
electrolytic cell when an external current is applied to it. For a small perturbation about the open-
circuit potential (OCP), there is a linear relationship between the change in applied voltage (ΔE)
and the change in the measured current per unit area of electrode (Δi). The ratio ΔE/Δi gives the
polarization resistance (Rp) term, which is inversely related to the corrosion performance of the
alloy.
A2.4.1.2. Potentiodynamic Polarization—In this test, the potential is made to change at a constant rate over
a wide range, typically from a very cathodic to a very anodic potential, while the corrosion current
density is measured. The test indicates the potential regions where there is electrode activity, and
provides a variety of information about the corrosion behavior of the sample. Active, passive, and
transpassive regions, for instance, can be readily identified. When chlorides are present, the test
can be used to identify the concentration in which pitting corrosion is initiated.
A2.5. Experimental Procedure:
A2.5.1. Steel Sample Preparation—Test samples of approximately 1-in. length and 5/16-in. diameter must
be machined from the rebar to be tested, taking care not to overheat or unintentionally induce
microstructural changes to the alloy. A screw thread is drilled and tapped (e.g., 6-32 by 3/16 in.)
into one end of the specimen, to enable electrical contact to be made. The surface of the test
specimen shall be polished with SiC paper down to 1000 grit. Electrical contact shall be made to
the specimen with a 316SS or equivalent threaded rod long enough to extend outside of the
electrochemical cell.
A2.5.2. Electrochemical Cell—A standard three-electrode electrochemical cell shall be used. The body of
the cell must be made of plastic in order to avoid glass etching due to the elevated pH of the test
solutions (a 500-ml PP beaker can be used, for instance). A typical setup is shown below in
Figure A2.1.

Figure A2.1—Typical Three-Electrode Electrochemical Cell Set-Up
A2.5.3. Electrochemical Cell and Sample Assembly—The specimen shall be covered with adhesive-lined
dual-wall heat-shrink tubing in such a way that only approximately 1/2 in. in length of the
specimen is left exposed; the remaining length of the specimen as well as the contacting rod must
be covered with heat-shrink tubing. The electrical insulation shall be applied with care to provide a
crevice-free seal. The exposed surface area shall be measured and recorded. Before testing, after
the equipment is set up and the electrochemical cell is ready to receive the test specimen, the
exposed area of the specimen shall be repolished, degreased with acetone, and cleaned with
methanol and deionized water.
A2.5.4. Test Solution Preparation—Test solution shall be prepared with deionized water and certified
reagent chemicals. Ideally the experiments should be controlled by an automated reliable
potentiostatic instrument and corresponding software.
A2.5.4.1. Polarization Resistance—Before performing the polarization resistance experiment, the test
specimen as prepared according to the procedure in Section A2.5.1 shall be placed in the
electrochemical cell and exposed to the aqueous solution for 30 min. The open circuit potential
(OCP) shall be measured. A potential variation of –15 mV to +15 mV over OCP shall be applied
at a scan rate of 0.125 mV/sec, and the corresponding changes in the current density (in µA/cm2)
shall be recorded. The polarization resistance term Rp is then calculated based on this data. In
order to properly evaluate the corrosion behavior of the corrosion resistant steel (CRS), and
particularly to demonstrate the fundamental difference between the CRS and carbon steels, the
polarization resistance tests shall be performed for two different pH levels (e.g., pH = 13 and pH =
10), while maintaining the ionic strength (IS) of the solutions constant. Naturally aerated aqueous
solutions shall be prepared immediately before the test.

Note A2.2—Carbon steel typically loses its passive film at pH values between 11 and 10, while
CRS is expected to maintain its corrosion resistance at lower pH levels.
Note A2.3—A lower pH solution (i.e., pH = 9) can be used; however, the buffering capacity for
such a solution is low. During testing, the pH value shall be monitored to assure that no significant
drop in pH occurs.
Note A2.4—Ionic strength (IS) is defined as one-half the summation of the product of the
concentration of each ion and its charge squared, as shown in the equation IS = 1/2 Σ ci zi2
(Lehmann et al., 1996). 2
Table A2.1 illustrates the composition of aqueous test solutions.
Table A2.1—Polarization Resistance Aqueous Test Solutions

pH NaOH (mol/l) IS NaOH (g/l) K2SO4 (mol/l) K2SO4 (g/l)
0.1 0.1 4.0 — —
1310
0.0001 0.1 0.004 0.0333 5.8042
A2.5.4.2. Potentiodynamic Polarization—After preparing the test sample as described in Section A1.5.1 the
specimen shall be immediately placed in the electrochemical cell and conditioned at –1200 mV
(vs. Ag/AgCl reference electrode) for 2 min in order to reduce any possible air-formed oxide film.
Then the potential shall be gradually increased from –1200 mV at a scan rate of 1 mV/s. If a cyclic
scan is desired, the potential shall be taken to the beginning of the transpassive region (about
+550 mV vs. Ag/AgCl when no chlorides are present) or to the pitting potential if pitting initiates
at a potential below the transpassive potential, and reversed back to the starting potential.
In the presence of chlorides, the onset of pitting corrosion is detected by a shift of the transpassive
region to lower potential values during the forward (anodic) scan. This new potential value is
referred to as the pitting potential (for a particular chloride concentration). Pitting corrosion is
initiated when a chloride threshold value (as represented by the ratio between Cl– and OH– ions
prepared in solution) is exceeded. A simulated concrete pore solution with a constant [OH–]
(0.55M KOH + 0.16M NaOH, as described by Taylor, 1997) 3 shall be prepared. The concentration
of Cl– ions shall be changed to a desired level by adding NaCl salt (see Table A2.2 for examples).
In order to verify and demonstrate the enhanced corrosion performance of CRS in highly
aggressive environments, the potentiodynamic polarization curves shall be measured in at least
two environments: (1) simulated concrete pore solution with no chlorides and (2) same aqueous
solution with a high concentration of chlorides (e.g., ratio [Cl–]/[OH–] = 2 or higher).
Note A2.5—Carbon steel rebar typically presents chloride threshold ratios [Cl−/OH−] between 0.2
and 0.85, with 0.6 being the most commonly referenced value.
Table A2.2 below illustrates the chemical composition of simulated concrete pore test solutions.
Table A2.2—Simulated Concrete Pore Solutions for Potentiodynamic Polarization Tests

[KOH] [NaOH] NaOH [OH–] [Cl–] [NaCl] NaCl
[Cl–/OH–] (mol/l) KOH (g/l) (mol/l) (g/l) (mol/l) (mol/l) (mol/l) (g/l)
0 0.55 30.86 0.16 6.40 0.71 0.00 0.00 0.00
1 0.55 30.86 0.16 6.40 0.71 0.71 0.71 41.49
2 0.55 30.86 0.16 6.40 0.71 1.42 1.42 82.98
3 0.55 30.86 0.16 6.40 0.71 2.13 2.13 124.48
Note A2.6—The two sets of tests described above can clearly demonstrate the corrosion behavior
of a selected CRS and show how it compares to regular carbon steel rebar when test parameters,
such as pH values and [Cl–] levels (both considered excessively aggressive in the case of carbon
steels), are controlled.

A2.6. Report:
A2.6.1. Polarization Resistance—Report the polarization resistance RP at pH = 10 and RP at pH = 13 for

test solutions prepared in accordance with Table A1.1 for the comparison bar material (M 31M/M
31) and the uncoated CRS test bar material. Evaluate the ratio of Rp(pH = 10)/Rp(pH = 13).
A2.6.2. Potentiodynamic Polarization—Report the transpassive or pitting potential in mV vs. Saturated

Ag/AgCl electrode used in the test at [Cl–]/OH–] = 0 and [Cl–]/OH–] = 2 for test solutions prepared
in accordance with Table A2.2 for the comparison bar material (M 31M/M 31) and the uncoated
CRS test bar material.
A2.6.3. Chemical Constituents—Report chemical analysis percentages for the following elements: carbon,
chromium, copper, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, nitrogen, phosphorus, silicon, sulfur, and
vanadium.
A3. TEST METHOD FOR COMPARATIVE QUALITATIVE CORROSION

CHARACTERIZATION OF STEEL BARS USED IN CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT (FLORIDA TOMBSTONE TEST)
(Mandatory information if specified by the purchaser)
Note A3.1—These tests listed in Section A3 are for assessing the corrosion resistance of
reinforcing steel bars as compared to carbon steel bars or other selected reference bars if indicated
by the purchaser. The purpose of this test method is to emphasize the key differences between the
corrosion behavior of uncoated corrosion-resistant chromium alloyed reinforcing steels (CRR) as
compared to carbon steel, namely the enhanced resistance to chlorides. The proposed rating
system is to place steels in one of four categories or levels (0, 1, 2, and 3). There is no linear
relationship between levels. It is more like a tenfold or better difference between levels. If an
agency runs the test, the steels will, over time, be distinguishable by groups. The 0 level will have
numbers/test values around the same as the control black steel. There will be some variability but
these bars will be lower than the bars in level 1, which have mild corrosion resistant by having
some amount of chromium. There will be a spread or variability depending on what alloys and
percentage of alloys are introduced into the steel but after a period of time (months or years) the
level 1 bars will hover around the values for ASTM A1035/A1035M. The level 2 rating will be
associated with the duplex stainless steel category and the high chromium steels 18 percent
chromium (stainless category rating level of 3). In laboratories performing this testing, the black
bar (steels without corrosion resistant alloys) separate quickly, the ASTM A1035/A1035M types
separate slower and the clad bars and stainless take an extremely long time to show a difference or
separate out. The speed of the test is related to quality of concrete and whether the concrete cracks.
A3.1. Scope:
A3.1.1. This method, the Florida tombstone test, provides a means of comparing the corrosion resistance
of different types of steel reinforcement. The following test procedure describes how to evaluate
and compare the relative corrosion resistance of different types of reinforcement.

 A615, Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete
Reinforcement
 C39/C39M, Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete
Specimens

 C138/C138M, Standard Test Method for Density (Unit Weight), Yield, and Air Content
(Gravimetric) of Concrete
 C192/C192M, Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the
Laboratory.
 C876, Standard Test Method for Half-Cell Potentials of Uncoated Reinforcing Steel in
Concrete
A3.2.2. Other Documents:

 Virginia Department of Transportation. Virginia Test Method 112: Electrical Indication of
Concrete’s Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration.
http://www.virginiadot.org/business/resources/Materials/bu-mat-VTMs.pdf. Richmond, 2007.
 Hartt, W. H., Powers, R. G., Lysogorski, D. K., Liroux, V., and Virmani, Y. P. Corrosion
Resistant Alloys for Reinforced Concrete. FHWA-HRT-07-039. Federal Highway
Administration, Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, McLean, VA, 2007.
 Sharp, S. R., Lundy, L. J., Nair, H., Moen, C. D., Johnson, J. B., and Sarver B. E. Acceptance
Procedures for New and Quality Control Procedures for Existing Types of Corrosion-
Resistant Reinforcing Steel. FHWA/VCTIR 11-R21. Virginia Center for Transportation
Innovation and Research, Charlottesville, VA, 2011.
A3.3. Test Equipment and Materials:
A3.3.1. Immersion Tanks—A suitable immersion tank will most likely be a fiberglass or plastic tank that
is resistant to sodium chloride solution and has favorable impact resistance or can be easily
repaired if a specimen strikes the tank. For example, the two fiberglass tanks shown in
Figure A3.1 are 28 by 30 by 48 in. and hold 30 specimens each.
Figure A3.1—Tombstone Test Set-Up. The 3 percent saltwater storage tank is located in the lower left corner, with
the tombstone immersion tanks adjacent to the saltwater storage tank, and the data acquisition system above the
tombstone tanks (top of picture).
A3.3.2. Sample Spacers—A sample spacer provides a means of adding stability to specimens since the
height of the specimen is much greater than the width. This item is not required for testing but
should be considered to reduce the chance of damaging the specimens. The spacer must be
resistant to saltwater and moisture. An example is shown in Figure A3.3.

A3.3.3. Sample Booster—The sample booster provides a means of lifting specimens out of residual salt
water during dry periods of the wet/dry exposure cycle. It must be resistant to saltwater and
moisture, as well as impact resistant or easily repaired, if specimen strikes the booster material. An
example of a sample booster is shown in Figure A3.2 and Figure A3.3.
Figure A3.2—Close-Up of 1-in. Plastic Square Tube That Functions as a Sample Booster
Figure A3.3—Picture of Sample Spacers (Upper Wooden Slots) and Sample Boosters (Lower Plastic Rails)
A3.3.4. Saltwater Test Solution—The saltwater test solution is a 3 percent by weight sodium chloride
solution. The solution volume needed depends on the size of the immersion tank. To calculate the
quantity of a saltwater solution required, the bottom 6 inches of the tombstone specimens plus the
height of the sample booster must be considered in conjunction with the other two dimensions of
the ponding tank.
A3.3.5. Data Acquisition System (DAS)—The DAS will be used to monitor the voltage across a 1-ohm
resistor on each block. Therefore, it is important that the DAS have sufficient channels for the
number of tombstones being tested. In addition, the DAS must have high impedance terminals
and, for DC voltage measurement, a maximum resolution of 1 μV at 20 mV and measurement
accuracy integral time 1.67 ms ± (0.1 percent of rdg. + 25 digits) at 20 mV, all at standard
operating conditions.

A3.3.6. Test Specimens—The rebar tested will include, in addition to the candidate bar specimens, test
specimens with types 316LN (UNS S31653), either XM-28 (UNS S24100) or type 304 (UNS
S30400), and ASTM A1035/A1035M #5 steel bars with each bar being in an as-received
condition. Each test specimen, or tombstone, will have a single type of reinforcing steel embedded
in a concrete block that meets the agency’s specified concrete mix design, except that the concrete
shall only contain cement and aggregate. The aggregate materials contain 50 percent each of No.4
aggregate and 3/8 aggregate sieved out of No. 68 aggregate. The tombstone specimens have
dimensions (shown in Figure A3.4) that will ensure rapid corrosion test results for an embedded
steel type test. After the tombstone specimens have been cast and cured for 28 days, the exposed
ends of the bars will be cleaned to expose the base metal, and after making the electrical
connections, a two part epoxy, such as a 100 percent solids high build epoxy, will be applied to the
bars and top of the specimens. The bars embedded in concrete, as shown in Figure A3.4, with the
exposed bar ends connected and epoxy applied, is considered a “test specimen,” which is also
known as a Florida tombstone test specimen or simply a tombstone. The three bars of each type
steel in the test specimen must come from the same lot/heat and the chemical composition of the
bars should be determined or verified as specified in Section 20.1.6 to ensure the chemical
composition testing is performed. If a purchaser is interested in modifying the bar configuration,
other bar configurations are possible and discussed in the report by Hartt et al.
Figure A3.4—Illustration of Tombstone Specimens with Sample Dimensions

A3.4. Test Method:
A3.4.1. Description of Tests—This test method is a low maintenance test procedure that allows for the
penetration of chlorides from the surface of the concrete to the reinforcing steel through multiple
sides of a test sample.
A3.5. Experimental Procedure:
A3.5.1. Tombstone Concrete Mix Design—The concrete used for the tombstone specimens will meet the
requirements set by the specifying agency.
A3.5.2. Tombstone Molds—An illustration of a tombstone mold is shown in Figure A3.5. These molds
have two regions. The upper mold region does not receive concrete and is used to align and secure
the bars prior to casting. The lower mold region is where the concrete is placed to embed the steel
bars.
Figure A3.5—Illustration of Forms Used to Cast Tombstone Specimens
A3.5.3. Casting Tombstone—Place a single type of reinforcing steel in the tombstone molds, adjust the bar
heights to ensure that the concrete cover will be consistent, and cover all bolt hardware and
exposed form edges with tape, as shown in Figure A3.6.
A3.5.3.1. Mix and cast concrete specimens following ASTM C138/C138M, ASTM C192/C192M, and
specifying agency protocol. The concrete can be placed in a single lift and consolidated by
vibrating the entire form. In addition to casting tombstone specimens, 4-in cylinder specimens
should also be cast for 28-day compressive strength (ASTM C39/C39M) and permeability (T 277)

testing to confirm the concrete quality. After casting, specimens should be allowed to cure
properly before performing any additional work on the specimens.
Figure A3.6—Photograph of Tombstone Molds That Are Ready for Concrete Casting Phase
A3.5.4. Connections and Wiring—After the specimens have properly cured, remove specimens from the
curing room and clean the exposed bar ends to remove any rust and ensure quality electrical
contact between the rebar and the wire. To make connection between embedded rebar, stranded
copper wire (size range: #10–#16) will be used. The connectors can be soldered or solderless.
Solderless connectors are used if the connections will be unplugged and plugged frequently.
Examples of solderless connectors used to couple the blocks to the data acquisition system and to
connect the wire to each rebar are shown in Figure A3.7. A rivet will be used to join the solderless
connector and the rebar. A hole, slightly larger than the rivet, is drilled into the end of each piece
of rebar and the rivet is used to secure the solderless connector to the rebar. The size of the rivet is
not as important as the fit between the rivet and the ring style solderless connector. A 3/16-in. rivet,
which is shown in Figure A3.8, has been used successfully. A 1-ohm resistor is placed in series
between the electrically connected anode bars and cathode bar, as shown in
Figure A3.9.
Figure A3.7—Examples of Solderless Connectors That Can Be Used

Figure A3.8—A 3/16-in. Rivet Positioned through a Ring-Style Solderless Connector, Which Will Be Used to
Connect the Wires to Each Rebar Specimen
Figure A3.9—Illustration of Tombstone Wire Connections

A3.5.5. Place Tombstone in Tank—With the sample boosters and spacers placed appropriately, carefully
lower each tombstone specimen into the immersion tank. If several tombstone specimens are cast,
it is advantageous to mark the top of each specimen with a unique marking or to create a key
above the immersion tank to help in identifying each specimen.
A3.5.6. Connect Leads—The distance between each tombstone and the data acquisition system are
measured and two lead wires are cut and uniquely labeled. One wire from each pair is then
connected on each side of the resistor and then wired to the data acquisition system.
A3.5.7. Ponding Cycles:
A3.5.7.1. Initial Ponding Cycle—During the first immersion cycle (3 days ponded, 4 days dry), pond the
samples in water (no salt). The water level in the tank should cover the bottom 6 in. of the test
specimen. During this first cycle, check for leaks, faulty wire connections, computer or data
acquisition hardware/software issues and any other potential equipment related problems.
A3.5.7.2. Subsequent Ponding Cycles—During immersion test cycle two and until completion of the test,
use the 3 percent saltwater solution. The saltwater level in the tank should cover the bottom 6 in.
of the test specimen. The test cycle is three days ponded with salt water and four days dry.
Terminate the test process at conclusion of a complete ponding and drying cycle upon detection of
concrete cracking or visible corrosion product bleed-out.
A3.5.8. Data Analysis and Calculations—Monitor macro-current using DAS and compare values to
previous values to determine if macro-current is trending away from zero, and indication of
macro-current activity. Activity is typically indicated by macro-current activity greater than
0.01 mA (or 0.01 mV measured across a 1-ohm resistor).
A3.5.9. Activity Detected—After macro-current activity is detected, begin monitoring half-cell current
using a voltmeter.
A3.5.9.1. Using a silver/silver chloride electrode, place electrode in tank. Measure voltage following ASTM
C876, with the silver/silver chloride electrode being used in place of copper/copper sulfate (CSE).
Note A3.2—Half-cell electrode should not be left in tank for a prolonged period of time.
A3.5.9.2. Terminate exposure if the half-cell value is more negative than –0.35 V vs. CSE and record
macro-cell and half-cell values upon termination. Begin autopsy.
A3.5.10. Autopsy—Carefully remove concrete from rebar and visually evaluate bar condition.
A3.5.10.1. Gather concrete sample adjacent to bar for total chloride analysis.
A3.5.10.2. Gather concrete sample adjacent to bar for concrete pH analysis.
A3.5.10.3. Compare percent corroded surface area to qualifier bar values.
A3.5.10.4. Record the number of pits observed and the average value for the pit depth measurements. Pit
depth measurements can be facilitated by using a pit depth gauge.
A3.5.10.5. Record any other unusual observations.
A3.6. Report:
A3.6.1. Record all data on Table A1 and rank each bar according to the [Cl−]/[OH−] ratio.
A3.6.2. Bar acceptance is based on ranking in accordance with the following:

A3.6.2.1. Bars that rank the same as or worse than carbon steel are considered a Level 0 Bar (No Corrosion
Resistance).
A3.6.2.2. Bars that rank better than carbon steel and similar to ASTM A1035/A1035M bars in Table A3.1
are considered a Level 1 CRR (Improved Corrosion Resistance).
A3.6.2.3. Bars that rank similar to a duplex stainless steel in Table A3.1 but worse than a 316LN stainless
steel are considered a Level 2 CRR (Moderate Corrosion Resistance).
A3.6.2.4. Bars that rank similar to a 316LN stainless steel in Table A3.1 are considered a Level 3 CRR
(High Corrosion Resistance).

TS-4g
Table A3.1—Summary of Tombstone Test Data

Half Cell above Microcurrent Rank
Start Threshold above Threshold % Surface Average Pit Chloride Highest to
Test, Area Number of Depth, Concentration, Lowest
Bar Type Date Date Value Date Value Corroded Pits mm lb/yd3 pH [CI–] / [OH–] (1 = best)
Carbon
Steel
ASTM
A1035
UNS
S24100
UNS
S31653
Test Bar #1
Test Bar #2
MP 18M/MP 18-28
Test bar #3
Test Bar #4
Etc.
AASHTO

ANNEX B—FIELD TEST FOR ALLOY IDENTIFICATION
(Mandatory Information)
B1. X-RAY FLUORESCENCE TEST

B1.1. Scope:
B1.1.1. This method covers the procedures to be used in establishing the detectable chemical composition
of the candidate reinforcement by using a field-ready, handheld X-ray fluorescence device.
B1.2. Referenced Documents:
B1.2.1. ASTM Standard:

 A276/A276M, Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes
B1.3. Other Documents:

 Manufacturer’s guidelines
B1.4. Test Apparatus:
B1.4.1. For this test, a commercially produced field-ready, handheld X-ray fluorescence device is
required.
Note B1—Follow all safety precautions when operating apparatus..
B1.5. Test Specimens:
B1.5.1. The test surface should be free of corrosion and debris and reasonably clean.
B1.5.2. In addition to the test bars, standardized metal coupons of known composition are needed.
B1.6. Procedure:
B1.6.1. The total test time (warm-up + calibration) is less than 10 min.
B1.6.2. The test is performed in accordance with the manufacturer’s guidelines.
B1.6.3. Turn on the X-ray fluorescence analyzer.
B1.6.4. Allow 5 min for the XRF unit to warm up.
B1.6.5. Perform checks:
B1.6.5.1. If XRF checks, proceed with analysis.
B1.6.5.2. If not, calibrate instrument and recheck.
B1.6.5.3. Alloy identification should occur within seconds of initiating analysis.
B1.6.5.4. Longer analysis time is needed for greater accuracy.

B1.7. Calculations:
B1.7.1. Calculations are not required.
B1.8. Report:
B1.8.1. The XRF instrument will provide alloy type, percent confidence of alloy ID, list of percent
elements detected, and confidence limit per element detected. The chemical composition should be
checked against the values listed in Table 1 or appropriate documentation from the supplier.
Results from this test should be recorded according to the purchaser’s guidelines.
1
Approved in January 2009. First published in June 2009.
2
Lehmann, H. P., X. Fuentes-Arderiu, and L. F. Bertello. “Glossary of Terms in Quantities and Units in Clinical
Chemistry.” Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 68, No. 4, 1996, pp. 957–1000.
3
Taylor, H. F. W. Cement Chemistry, Second Edition. T. Telford, London, 1997, xviii, p. 459.


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Standard Specification for

AASHTO Designation: MP 18M/MP 18-151

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

© 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

Uncoated, Corrosion-Resistant, Deformed

AASHTO Designation: MP 18M/MP 18-15 1

TS 4g MP 18M/MP 18-1 AASHTO

2.2. ASTM Standards:

2.3. Military Standards:

2.4. Federal Standard:

2.5. AWS Standards:

TS 4g MP 18M/MP 18-2 AASHTO

3.1.3. deformations—protrusions on a deformed bar.

3.1.4. plain bar—steel bar without protrusions.

3.1.5. rib—longitudinal protrusion on a deformed bar.

4.1.1. Quantity (Mass) [weight];

4.1.4. Cut length or coils;

4.1.5. Deformed or plain;

4.1.7. Packaging (see Section 22); and

4.1.8. AASHTO designation and year of issue.

4.2.1. Certified mill test reports;

4.2.3. Special bar markings;

4.2.4. Other special requirements, if any.

TS 4g MP 18M/MP 18-3 AASHTO

5. MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURE

TS 4g MP 18M/MP 18-4 AASHTO

© 2015 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

TS 4g MP 18M/MP 18-6 AASHTO

8.3. Insufficient height, insufficient circumferential coverage, or excessive spacing of deformations

TS 4g MP 18M/MP 18-7 AASHTO

Table 4—Tensile Properties Requirements, SI Units

Table 5—Tensile Properties Requirements, U.S. Customary Units

10. BENDING REQUIREMENTS

Table 6—Bend-Test Requirements, SI Units

TS 4g MP 18M/MP 18-8 AASHTO

11. COMPARATIVE CORROSION RESISTANCE PERFORMANCE

TS 4g MP 18M/MP 18-9 AASHTO

14. TEST SPECIMENS

15. NUMBER OF TESTS

TS 4g MP 18M/MP 18-10 AASHTO

TS 4g MP 18M/MP 18-11 AASHTO

20. TEST REPORTS

20.1.1. Steel description, using UNS designation when possible

20.1.3. Tensile properties;

20.1.4. Bend test;

21.3.1. Point of Origin—Letter or symbol established as the producer’s mill designation.

TS 4g MP 18M/MP 18-12 AASHTO

ANNEX A—CORROSION RESISTANCE TESTING

A1. SENSITIVITY TO INTERGRANULAR ATTACK

A1.2. Referenced Documents:

A1.2.1. ASTM Standards:

TS 4g MP 18M/MP 18-13 AASHTO

A1.3. Test Apparatus:

A1.3.1. For austenitic stainless steel, guidance is provided in ASTM A262.

A1.3.2. For ferritic stainless steels, guidance is provided in ASTM A763.

A1.4. Test Specimens:

A1.4.1. For austenitic stainless steel, guidance is provided in ASTM A262.

A1.4.2. For ferritic stainless steels, guidance is provided in ASTM A763.

A1.6.1. For austenitic stainless steel, guidance is provided in ASTM A262.