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    Viscosity

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    Viscosity

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    Viscosity

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Fluid Mechanics II

    Viscosity and shear stresses

    Shear stresses in a Newtonian fluid


    A fluid at rest can not resist shearing forces. Under the action of such forces
    it deforms continuously, however small they are. The resistance to the action
    of shearing forces in a fluid appears only when the fluid is in motion. This
    implies the principal difference between fluids and solids. For solids the
    resistance to a shear deformation depends on the deformation itself, that is
    the shear stress τ is a function of the shear strain γ. For fluids the shear
    stress τ is a function of the rate of strain dγ/dt. The property of a fluid
    to resist the growth of shear deformation is called viscosity. The form of the
    relation between shear stress and rate of strain depends on a fluid, and most
    common fluids obey Newton’s law of viscosity, which states that the shear
    stress is proportional to the strain rate:
    dγ
    τ =µ .
    dt
    Such fluids are called Newtonian fluids. The coefficient of proportionality
    µ is known as dynamic viscosity and its value depends on the particular fluid.
    The ratio of dynamic viscosity to density is called kinematic viscosity
    µ
    ν= .
    ρ
    Let us consider the parallel motion of fluid where all particles are moving
    in the same direction, but different layers have different velocities. After
    a small time ∆t the fluid volume abcd moves to a′ b′ c′ d′ (figure 1), where
    |aa′ | = |bb′ | = u(y + δy)∆t and |cc′ | = |dd′| = u(y)∆t. The corresponding
    shear strain is
    ∆x ( u(y + δy) − u(y) ) ∆t
    γ= = .
    δy δy

    1
    y
    y u( y )
    ∆x
    τ
    a u(y + δy) a’ b b’ du
    τ =µ
    γ yc τ dy
    C 1111111111111111111
    0000000000000000000
    τ
    δy

     
    du
    τ0 = µ
    dy y=0

    d τ0 On surface
    u(y) d’ c c’
    τ 00000000000000000000000
    11111111111111111111111
    00000000000000000000000
    11111111111111111111111

    Fig. 2
    Fig. 1

    For small ∆t the strain can be expressed via its rate of change as
    dγ
    γ= ∆t .
    dt
    Then we can write
    dγ u(y + δy) − u(y)
    =
    dt δy
    and for small δy this gives
    dγ du
    = .
    dt dy
    Therefore, for a parallel flow of a Newtonian fluid shear stress is proportional
    to the gradient of velocity in the direction perpendicular to the flow, that is
    du
    τ =µ .
    dy
    Let a surface C : y = yc is parallel to the flow and the velocity gradient is
    positive (figure 2). The flow above y = yc will apply the positive shear force
    on the upper surface of C, and the equal negative shear force will act on the
    lower surface of C from the fluid behind y = yc . Both of these forces are due
    to the same shear stress τ , which is considered as positive in this case. On a
    rigid surface (y = 0, figure 2) the fluid velocity is equal the surface velocity
    (no-slip condition), and the shear force on a solid wall can be found from the
    value of the velocity gradient on the wall (figure 2). For a uniform flow τ is
    constant along the wall, and the value of the shear force acting on area A of
    the wall is:  
    du
    Fτ = A µ .
    dy y=0

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