THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

Refers to circumstances and ideas of the PRESENT AGE or the MODERN WORLD, where it
deals with problems and issues related to environment, population, wealth , power , tensions
and conflicts. It is an ever changing mix of social and political changes.

GLOBALIZATION
 Derived from the word “GLOBALIZE” refers to the emergence of international network
economic system.
 A process of integration and interaction among people, companies and government
among nations.
 The expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across
world,time across world- MANFRED STEGER.
 Human beings have encountered many changes in over the last century especially in
their social relationship and social structure of this changes, one can say that
globalization is very important change, if not, the most important-BAUMAN 2023.
 Globalization is the process of the world SHRINKAGE, OF DISTANCE GETTING
SHORTER,THINGS MOVING CLOSER; it pertains to the increasing ease with which
somebody interact in one side of the world, to the mutual benefit of the somebody in
other side of the world- THOMAS LARSON
 Globalization is COLONIZATION – MARTIN KHOR.

Dynamic of Local and Global Culture-

One of the characteristics of culture is being dynamic. Globalization changed the pattern of cultural
diffusion and sharing that caused to produce glocalization and hybridization. These processes make
culture becomes more global with local flavors.

Today local and global cultural production are in decline. That's the new dynamic. Globally due to rising
fragmentation and locally as a result of the search of what originally was suppose to be there.
Neglecting that culture is not static but dynamic as it is the product of reflection necessities and
discoveries.

Global flows of culture - tend to move more easily around the the globe than ever before, especially
through non-material digital forms.
There are three perspectives on global cultural flows. These differentialism, hybridization and
convergence.
• Cultural differentialism -emphasizes the fact that cultures are essentially different and are only
superficially affected by global flows. The interaction of cultures is deemed to contain the potential for
<catastrophic collision.=
• Cultural hybridization- approach emphasizes the integration of local and global cultures. Globalization
is considered to be a creative process which gives rise to hybrid entities that are not reducible to either
the global or the local.
• Cultural convergence - approach stresses homogeneity introduce by globalization. Culture are are
radically altered by strong flows, while cultural imperialism happens when one culture imposes itself on
and tends to destroy at least parts of another culture.
• One of the critique of cultural imperialism is Deterritorialization of culture which means that it is
much moredifficulty to tie culture to a specific geographic point of origin.

In the convergence of culture around the globe these concepts describe different processes like:

• Glocalization= or the interpenetration of the global and local resulting unique outcomes in different
geographic areas.

• Arjun Appadurai’s -Scapes in 1996, where global flows involve people, technology, finance, political
images, and media and the disjuncture between them, which lead to the creation of cultural hybrids.

• Global cultural flow- a theory coined by Arjun Appadurai, demonstrated the definition and effects of
cultural flows in 5 distinct scapes: ethnoscapes, technoscapes, financescapes, mediascapes and
ideoscapes. Global cultural flow is a result of the process ofglobalization

Ethnoscapes- refers to the shifting landscape of people across culture and borders such as tourists,
immigrants, refugees, exile, guest.

Mediascapes- refers to the possible means by which information and ideas can spread and information
they spread .

Technoscapes – is the concept of various types of hard and virtual forms of technology moving about
throughout the world .

Financescapes- rapid movement of currencies around the world .

Ideoscapes – the movement of ideas on a global scale .

RELIGION AND GLOBAL FLOWS

In 1980, Eusabio Perez was invited by the Pentecostal Assemblies of Canada (PAOC) to go to Toronto
and pastor the newly-formedIglesia Evangélica Hispana. The growing congregation was meetingin a
United Church facility on St. Clair Avenue with approximately
one hundred and fty Spanish-speaking Christians in attendance. Life for the congregation was changing
quickly. Initially, they were a small
group of Spanish-speaking Christians who began meeting in the 1960s
through the efforts of Rev. Paul and Dorothy Sorensen, former PAOC
missionaries in Argentina. By 1970 they were attending the Danforth
Gospel Temple so that their children could learn English in Sunday
School, while the parents attended a Spanish-speaking class and wor-
ship service. The small group consisted of people from diverse back-
grounds religiously (not all were Pentecostal but identied themselves as a motion for afliation with the
PAOC. Yet, their diversity would still
continue to challenge the congregation.
Perez was a pastor in Cuba for eleven years before escaping his
country of birth. He made his way to the USA and found himself
working in a congregation in New Jersey with the Assemblies of God.
He was not in the USA very long when he received an invitation from
the PAOC to lead Iglesia Evangélica Hispana, illustrating the role of
transnational networks for securing ministerial services. Through his
leadership the congregation fourished and in 1982 they purchased
their own building from a German PAOC congregation that moved
to the suburbs. The purchase of the building coincided with their
anniversary celebration and the beginning of what they now call the

evangelical) and from various countries in Central and South America.

Several issues challenged the congregation including cultural diversity,
theological distinctions, and social and political differences.

The phenomenon of a religion's expanding without ties to a specific nation, society, or ethnic group is
not, in itself, new. Religion is fundamentally is endowed with just such powers of survival. But what I
wish to emphasize here is the fact that the concept of globalization concerns the situation after the
branches and sects of so-called "world religions" --- namely, Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism --- have
established their religio-cultural spheres throughout the world. Everywhere in the world one can
observe the deep connection between religion and the state or ethnic group, and various religious
structures --- together with the characteristics originally held by the religion or sect --- have often
undergone great transformations in the process of developing within specific nations or ethnic
groups.the globalization of religion can be understood as a process of realignment in this global religious
situation, a process which involves the following three facets: First, it implies the inevitable
transformation of individual religious organizations.

Global regionalization – is a process parallel to globalization, in which large regions are divided into
smaller regions, areas, or districts.Regionalization refers to the process of creating and strengthening
economic, political, and cultural connections within a specific region, while globalization refers to the
increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of countries worldwide.

First wave of globalization (19th century-1914)

Globalization began in ancient times, when people and communities first started exchanging goods and
sharing knowledge and cultural practices. During the Hellenistic Age (323 to 100 b.c.e.), the Greeks
established broad trade and commercial connections.

This started to change with the first wave of globalization, which roughly occurred over the century
ending in 1914. By the end of the 18th century, Great Britain had started to dominate the world both
geographically, through the establishment of the British Empire, and technologically, with innovations
like the steam engine, the industrial weaving machine and more. It was the era of the First Industrial
Revolution Britain to make products that were in demand all over the world, like iron, textiles and
manufactured goods. “With its advanced industrial technologies,” the BBC recently wrote, looking back
to the era, “Britain was able to attack a huge and rapidly expanding international market.

The “British” Industrial Revolution made for a fantastic twin engine of global trade. On the one hand,
steamships and trains could transport goods over thousands of miles, both within countries and across
countries. On the other hand, its industrialization allowed Britain to make products that were in demand
all over the world, like iron, textiles and manufactured goods. “With its advanced industrial
technologies,” the BBC recently wrote, looking back to the era, “Britain was able to attack a huge and
rapidly expanding international market.

Global Demography- refers to the study of the size, structure, and distribution of the world's
population. It is a branch of demography that focuses on the analysis of population trends and patterns
across different regions and countries, and their social, economic, and political implications.One of the
key trends in global demography is the rapid growth of the world's population. According to the United
Nations, the world's population was estimated to be 7.9 billion in 2021, and is projected to reach 9.7
billion by 2050. This growth is primarily driven by high fertility rates in developing countries, as well as
longer life expectancies due to improved healthcare and living standards.Another important trend in
global demography is the aging of the world's population. As life expectancies increase, the proportion
of older people in the population is growing, while the proportion of children is declining. This
demographic shift has important implications for healthcare, social security, and economic growth.

Global Migration- describes how people from one part of the world are moving to another part in
search of economic and personal opportunity. Where there was once a time that people tended to
migrate to only neighboring countries, today, most people cross continents in search of a better quality
of life and prosperity.

Migration is the movement of people from one region to another for the purpose of settlement.
Immigration- is the movement of people into a country to settle.

Emigration- is the process by which people leave a country to settle in another country. Why are people
migrating? There are numerous reasons for a person or a family to choose to migrate today. Here are a
few:

Lifestyle: A person may not be satisfied with the lifestyle their country offers or may be lured by the life
on offer in another country. Comforts, weather, quality of life, freedom of speech and other factors fall
into this.

Safety: Certain countries are seen as being safer than others - politically, economically or socially -
encouraging people and their families to migrate to provide a better life for their loved ones.

Family: Young families will often migrate together to provide better education and career expectations
for breadwinners and their children. Some may also look at joining family that lives in another country.
Education/Career: Other countries may offer better education and career options for an individual. This
is one of the biggest draws for students and relatively younger professionals.

Investment Opportunity: Business owners and entrepreneurs are making the most of opportunities in
other countries. New technologies and research can also drive investors to a particular country.

UNIT II. GLOBAL ECONOMY

THESE ARE THE 3 TYPES OF GLOBALIZATION

1. ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION- Refers to the interconnectedness of the economies

through trade and exchange of the resources. It refers to the widespread of
MOVEMENTS OF GOODS and SERVICES,CAPITAL, TECHNOLOGY AND
INFORMATION. Economic globalization primarily comprises globalization of
products, finance, markets, technology, organizational regimes, institutions,
corporation and labour.
2. SOCIAL GLOBALIZATION- it pertains human interaction with cultural communities,
encompassing topic likes, family, religion, work and education. It is a social
interconnectedness between people. It is also a measure of how easily information
and ideas pass before people in their own country and between different countries.
3. POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION- refers to the amount of political cooperations that
exist in between different countries. Political globalization refers to the growth of
political system worldwide, both in size and complexity.

Why do we need to study globalization?

1. It will enable us to connect to other countries.
2. It will enable us to connect the standard living of other countries and improve
the development of politics,technology, science, education, culture and
economy.
3. Internet provide necessary information like facts and trivia on different
concerned and trends in the field of early childhood education, which serves
as guide for us to become a better and competent early childhood in the near
future.
4. Globalization taught us how to save budget and allowance because of
continues prices in basic needs such as, food, clothing and even
transfortation in our country.
5. Provide us tools to be a productive of our local and global communities. The
purpose of globalization is to understand differences and similarities of the
different culture and how we connected at the same time separate from the
world(STEGER 2009).
 THE TASK DEFINING THE GLOBALIZATION
(BROAD AND INCLUSIVE)
GLOBALIZATION- means the onset borderless world (OHMAE 1992)
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGEs
 Equal opportunities for everyone Reshaping of government institutions for
everyone
 Secured opportunities for everyone Economic process needs to be reorganized
.
 Growth for the countries Social process requirement reorganized
 Development of the nations Failure to focus on the country’s people
and politics

(NARROW AND EXCLUSIVE)

GLOBALIZATION- focuses on one spot, particularly its own. It has a very limited
point of view because of lack of reference. It fails to recognize the role of other parties as a
potential partner.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 Focuses on the development of the country Results to trade wars with other
countries
 Enhancement of the policies in a country Limited perspective
 Supported by people Failures to establish
connections with
Other Countries

 Gives important to the people and the culture inside the country

THE NATURE OF GLOBALIZATION

1. LIBERALIZATION- Its stands the FREEDOM OF ENTREPRENEURS to established

any industry or trade or business venture, within their own countries or in abroad, in
short “ removing of controls”.
2. FREE TRADE OR FREE MARKET- It stands for FREE FLOW OF TRADE
RELATIONS among all nations.
3. GLOBALIZATION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY- Economic are to be governed by the
domestic market and the world market. It stands for the integrating the domestic
economy with world economies. The features of economic activity include the
international development trade, production,investments ad flow of workforce.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE- relates to the exchange of capital and goods in the

global market. An exchange involving the goods and services conducting at least in
two different countries. The exchanges can be imports and exports. An import
 refers to a good or service brought into domestic country. An exports refers to a
good or services that sold in foreign country.

PRODUCTION- refers to the transforming of tangible and intangible inputs into

goods and services.

INVESTMENTS-it is an asset or item accrued with the goal of generating

income or recognition.

WORKFORCE- Is the number of people who are employed plus the

unemployed who are looking for work.
4.LIBERALIZATION OF IMPORT- EXPORT SYSTEM- it stands for liberating the import-
export and securing a free flow of goods and services across borders.
5. PRIVATIZATION- keeping the state away from ownership of means of production and
distribution and letting the free flow of industrial, trade and economic activity acrossborders.
Privatization is a way to equalize the proper distribution of goods and services not only
within one’s jurisdiction but also outside to avoid the instance of concentration of goods in the
hands of one person.
6. INCREASED COLLABORATIONS- encouraging the process of collaborations among the
entrepreneurs with a view to secure rapid modernization , development and technological
advancements. Each and every entrepreneur follows specific guidelines that will govern them.
7. ECONOMIC REFORMS- encouraging fiscal and financial reforms with to give strength to free
world trade, free enterprise and market forces. To freely protect every country in their
international transaction, reforms are considered. For instance, the inclusion of private
enterprise in a country’s jurisdiction. A very good example of this is the establishment of world
bank .
ANTI-GLOBALIZATION
 Many anti-globalism activist see globalization as the promotion of a corporatist agenda,
which intent on constricting the freedoms of individuals in the name profit. They also
claim that increasing autonomy and strength of corporate entities increasingly shape the
political policy of nation state.
 Globalization imposes credit based economics, resulting in unsustainable growth of debt
and debt crisis.

PRO-GLOBALIZATION
 Supporters of free trade point out those economic theories such as comparative
advantages suggests that free trade leads to a more efficient allocation of resources,
with all those involved in the trade benefitting, in general, they claim that this leads to
lower prices, more employment and better allocation of resources.

THE GLOBALIZATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

The country is taking part in the process of globalization ever since the country signed
agreements with WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION in 1995.
Now, globalization is very effective in the Philippines, it has allowed major changes in the nation
like more labor, and more Filipino and foreign companies has emerged in the nation in order to
help the country’s developing economy.
Globalization can make the Philippines into a better nation if Philippine leaders make their
economy more advance through global trading and allowing more foreign investors to help
boost the economy. And by accomplishing those goals, the Philippines should be able to reduce
the poverty level as well as increase labor force for job opportunities for those that are in need
for a living. However, since that poverty level is still increasing, most Filipinos managed to find
work overseas and they have managed to seek living than in the Philippines. The most effective
factor in the Philippines is the education. The society’s mentality is to be educated and it’s with
education that people in the nation see their opportunity for a better life in the future.

THE MERITS AND THE DEMERITS OF GLOBALIZATION

THE MERITS (ADVANTAGES)OF THE GLOBALIZATION

1. PEACEFUL RELATION- most of the countries have resorted to trade relations with
each other in order to boost their economy, leaving behind any bitter experience, if any.

2. EMPLOYMENT- considered as one of the crucial advantages, globalization led to the

generation of numerous employment opportunities. Companies are moving towards the
developing countries to acquire labor force. Along with modernization is the goal of
developing the economic status of a nation. Thus, creation of different jo opportunities
thereby leading to employment of individuals around the world.

3. EDUCATION- a very critical advantage that has aided the population is the spread of
education. With a numerous educational institutions around the globe, one can be move
out from home country for a better opportunities elsewhere. The existence of economic
goals must always be coupled with honing one’s mind.

4. PRODUCT- the product quality has been enhanced somas to retain the customers.
Today the customers may compromise with the price range but not the quality of the
product. Low or poor quality can adversely affect customer satisfaction.

5. CHEAPER PRICE- globalization has brought in fierce competition in the markets.

Different schemes are actually adapted by the business owner to get more; as law of
supply and demand dictates.
 6. COMMUNICATION- every single information is easily accessible from almost every
corner of the world circulation of information is no longer a tedious task, and can happen
a second.
7. TRANSPORTATION- considered as the wheel of every business organization,
connectivity of various parts of the world is no more a serious problem. Today with the
various modes of transportation available, one can conveniently deliver products to a
customer located at any part of the world.
8. GDP INCREASE- gross domestic product, is a money value of the final goods and
services produced within the domestic territory of the country during an accounting year.
Naturally, this is because of the chances given to a country to freely trade their local
products.
9. FREE TRADE- a policy in which a country not levy taxes, duties, subsidies, or quota on
the import/export of goods and services from other countries. There are countries,which
have resolved to free trade in specific regions.
10. TRAVEL AND TOURISM- globalization has tourism to a great heights, international
trade among different countries also helps in increasing the number of tourist that visit
different places around the world.
11. EXTERNAL BORROWING- with the help of globalization, there is opportunity for
corporate, national, and sub-national borrowers to have better access to external finace
with facilities, such as external commercial borrowing and syndicate loans.
THE DEMERITS(DISADVANTAGE)OF GLOBALIZATION
1. HEALTH ISSUES- globalization has given rise to more health risks and presents new
threats and challenges for epidemics.

2. LOSS OF CULTURE- with large number of people moving into and out of a country , the
culture takes a backseat.

3. UNEVEN WEALTH DISTRIBUTION – it is said that the rich are getting richer while the
poor are getting poorer. In a real sense, globalization has not been able to reduce
poverty.

4. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION- the industrial revolution has changed the outlook

of the economy. Industries are using natural resources by means of mining, drilling etc,.
which puts burden to the environment.

.
5. DISPARITY- though globalization has opened new avenues like wider markets and
employment, there still exists a disparity in development of the economies. Structural
unemployment owes to the disparity created. Developed countries are moving their
factories to foreign countries where labor is cheaply available.

6. CONFLICTS- it has given rise of terrorism and other forms of violence. Such acts not
only cause loss of human life but also huge economic losses. Media today, exposing
 muslims as terrorist is an example of this. What has been show to our news today is a
great thing to consider because this send a signal to the viewer that this is this without
even evaluating the truth.

7. CUT - THROAT COMPETITION- opening the doors of international trade has

given birth intense competition. This has affected the local markets dramatically.
The local players thereby suffer huge losses as they lack the potential to
advertise their products on a large scale.