Sap

Abap
DDIC ( Data Dictionary)

Questions
Sonu Jangir Abap Developer

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 What is Data Dictionary in SAP?
Ans: We use the ABAP Dictionary to create and manage data definitions (metadata). The
ABAP Dictionary allows a central description of all the data used in the system without
redundancies. New or modified information is automatically updated for all the system
components. It ensures data integrity, data consistency and data security.

What is a Data Class?

Ans: The Data class determines in which table space the table is stored when it is
created in the database.

What is a Size Category?

Ans: The Size category describes the probable space requirement of the table in the
database.

How Many types of size categories and data classes are there?

 APPL0 - Master data (data frequently accessed but rarely updated)

 APPL1 - Transaction data (data that is changed frequently)
 APPL2 - Organisational data (customizing data that is entered when system is
configured and then rarely changed)

What are the features or important object types in the Data Dictionary?
Ans:

 Tables
Tables are defined in the ABAP Dictionary independently of the database.

 Views
Views are logical views of more than one table.

 Types
The structure of a type can be defined globally in ABAP programs.

 Lock objects
These objects are used to synchronize access to the same data by more than one
user

 Domains
Different fields having the same technical type can be combined in domains.

What are the Data Elements in Data Dictionary?
Ans: We use data elements to define the type of a table field, structure component
or the row type of a table type.

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 What are foreign keys in Data Dictionary?
Ans: We use foreign keys to define relationships between tables in the ABAP
Dictionary, create value checks for input fields and link several tables in a view or a
lock object.

What are Search helps in Data Dictionary?

Ans: Search helps are objects that you can use to assign input help (F4 Help) to
screen fields. You can do this by creating a search help in the ABAP Dictionary and
attaching it to the corresponding screen field.
There are two types of search helps:

1. Elementary search helps.

2. Collective search helps.
3.
What is the database utility?
Ans: The database utility allows you to edit (create, delete and adjust to changes to
their definition in the ABAP Dictionary) database objects derived from objects of the
ABAP Dictionary.

Q10. What are Pooled and Cluster Tables ?

Ans: Table pools and table clusters are special table types in the ABAP Dictionary. The
data from many different tables can be stored together in a table pool or table cluster. Tables
assigned to a table pool or table cluster are indicated as pooled tables or cluster tables.
We must use a table pool or table cluster exclusively for storing internal control information
(screen sequences, program parameters, temporary data, continuous texts such as
documentation). Data of commercial relevance is stored in transparent tables.

Q11. What are the layers of SAP System in R/3?

Ans:

 The external layer.

 The ABAP/4 layer.
 The database layer.
Q12. What is a Data Class?
Ans: The Data class determines in which table space the table is stored when it is created in
the database.
There are the following data classes:

 APPL0 (master data):

 Data that is seldom changed.
 APPL1 (transaction data):
 Data that is frequently changed.
 APPL2 (organizational data):
 Customizing data that is defined when the system is installed and seldom changed.

Q13. What is a Size Category?

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 Ans: The Size category describes the probable space requirement of the table in the
database.

How many types of size categories and data classes are there?
Ans: There are five size categories (0-4) and 11 data classes only three of which are
appropriate for application tables:
APPL0- Master data (data frequently accessed but rarely updated).
APPL1- Transaction data (data that is changed frequently).
APPL2- Organizational data (customizing data that is entered when system is configured
and then rarely changed).
The other two types are:

1. USR
2. USR1 – Intended for customer’s own developments.
3.
What are control tables?
Ans: The values specified for the size category and data class are mapped to database-
specific values via control tables.

What is the function of the transport system and workbench organizer?

Ans: The function of the transport system and the Workbench Organizer is to control any
changes made to objects of the ABAP/4 Development Workbench and to transport these
changes between different SAP systems.

Which objects are independent transport objects?

Ans: Domains, Data elements, Tables, Technical settings for tables, Secondary indexes for
transparent tables, Structures, Views, Match code objects, Match code Ids, Lock objects.

What is a Development class?

Ans: Related objects from the ABAP/4 repository are assigned to the same development
class. This enables you to correct and
transport related objects as a unit.

In the ABAP/4 Dictionary Tables can be defined independent of the underlying

database ?
Ans: Yes.

Q20. What is a Table attribute?

Ans: The table’s attributes determine who is responsible for maintaining a table and which
types of access are allowed for the table.
The most important table attributes are:
Delivery class.
Table maintenance allowed.
Activation type.

Q21. What is the max. no. Of structures that can be included in a table or structure.
Ans: Nine.

Q22. What are two methods of modifying SAP standard tables?

Ans:

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1. Append Structures and
2. Customizing Includes.
3.
How many tables can an append structure be assigned?.
Ans: One.
Can we include customizing include or an append structure with Pooled or Cluster
tables?
Ans: No.

What are the two ways for restricting the value range for a domain?
Ans: By specifying fixed values.
By stipulating a value table.

Structures can contain data only during the run time of a program (T/F)
Ans: True.

What are the aggregate objects in the Dictionary?

Ans: Views
Match Code.
Lock Object.

The data of a view is not physically stored, but derived from one or more tables (t/f)
Ans: True.

What is a Match Code?

Ans: Match code is a tool to help us to search for data records in the system. Match Codes
are an efficient and user-friendly search aid where key of a record
is unknown.

What are the differences between a Database index and a match code?
Ans: Match code can contain fields from several tables whereas an index can contain fields
from only one table.
Match code objects can be built on transparent tables and pooled and cluster tables.

What is the function of a Domain?

Ans: A domain describes the technical settings of a table field.
A domain defines a value range, which sets the permissible data values for the fields, which
refers to this domain.
A single domain can be used as basis for any number of fields that are identical in structure.

Can you delete a domain, which is being used by data elements?

Ans: No.

What are conversion routines?

Non-standard conversions from display format to sap internal format and vice-versa are
implemented with so called conversion
routines.

Can you delete data element, which is being used by table fields.
Ans: No.

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Can you define a field without a data element?
Ans: Yes. If you want to specify no data element and therefore no domain for a field, you
can enter data type and field length and a short text directly in the table maintenance.

What are null values?

Ans: If the value of a field in a table is undefined or unknown, it is called a null value.

What is the difference between a structure and a table?

Ans: Structures are constructed the almost the same way as tables, the only difference
using that no database table is generated from them.

What is a view?
Ans: A view is a logical view on one or more tables. A view on one or more tables i.e., the
data from a view is not actually physically
stored instead being derived from one or more tables.

How many types of Views are there?

Ans:
Database View
Help View
Projection View
Maintenance View

What are Lock objects?

Ans: When two users simultaneously attempt to access the same data record, this is
synchronized by a lock mechanism.

Read Lock (Shared Locked)

The read lock allows other transactions read access but not write access to the locked area
of the table

Write Lock (exclusive lock)

The write lock allows other transactions neither read nor write access to the locked area of
the table.

Enhanced write lock (exclusive lock without cumulating)

Write lock also protects from further accesses from the same transaction.

What are the Data types of the ABAP/4 layer?

Ans: C: Character.
D: Date, format YYYYMMDD.
F: Floating-point number in DOUBLE PRECISION (8 bytes).
I: Integer.
N: Numerical character string of arbitrary length.
P: Amount of counter field (packed; implementation depends on h/w platform).
S: Time Stamp YYYYMMDDHHMMSS.
V: Character string of variable length, length is given in the first two bytes.
X: Hexadecimal (binary) storage.

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What is customizing include?
Ans: Customers can enhance tables and structures of the standard system without having
to modify the table and structure definitions. This means that these enhancements cannot be
lost when upgrading. If a table or structure of the standard system is enhanced with
customer fields using a customizing include, these customer fields are automatically inserted
in the new delivered table or structure definition during an upgrade.
A customizing include is a structure that satisfies a special naming convention. The name of
a customizing include begins with 'CI_' and the include is in the customer namespace.

What is Append Structure in Dictionary?

Ans: We use append structures for enhancements that are not included in the standard.
This includes special developments, country versions and adding customer fields to any
tables or structures.
An append structure is a structure that is assigned to exactly one table or structure. There
can be more than one append structure for a table or structure.
Insert new fields in TAB
Define foreign keys for fields of TAB that already exist
Attach search helps to fields of TAB that already exist

What are the steps create a Table?

Ans: Creating Tables and Table Fields
Maintain the technical settings for the table.
Maintain (if necessary) the foreign key relationships of the table to other tables.
Create (if necessary) secondary indexes for the table.
For tables with the Delivery Class G or E, you must also maintain a customer namespace
(key block of the table) for the table entries.
Maintain Customer Namespace on the Delivery and Maintenance tab.
Choose an enhancement category.

What is TABLE MAINTENANCE GENERATOR in Dictionary?

Ans: Table Maintenance Generator is a tool used to customize the tables created by end
users and can be changed as required, such as making an entry to that table, deleting an
entry etc.

Transaction Codes
SE54: Generate Table Maintenance Dialog
SE55: Table view maintenance DDIC call
SE56: Table view display DDIC call
SE57: Deletion of Table Maintenance
SM30: Maintenance Table Views:

Authorization Group : If the table needs to be maintained by only particular group of

people, then the Authorization group needs to be filled otherwise fill it as NC. To maintain the
authorization group refer to SU21.

Function group is the name to which the generated maintenance modules will belong to.
Generally Function Group name can be same as table name.

Maintenance screens: Maintenance can be done in 2 ways

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1. Maintenance and Overview both on one screen
2. Maintenance on one screen and Overview on another screen.
Modifications Available in Table Maintenance
Screen Alterations
Go To Environment -> Modification -> Maintenance Screens
Table Maintenance Events

List of Events available in Table maintenance

Ans:
01 Before saving the data in the database
02 After saving the data in the database
03 Before deleting the data displayed
04 After deleting the data displayed
05 Creating a new entry
06 After completely performing the function 'Get original'
07 Before correcting the contents of a selected field
08 After correcting the contents of a selected field
09 After getting the original of an entry
10 After creating the header entries for the change task (E071)
11 After changing a key entry for the change task (E071K)
12 After changing the key entries for the change task (E071K)
13 Exit editing (exit main function module)
14 After lock/unlock in the main function module
15 Before retrieving deleted entries
16 After retrieving deleted entries
17 Do not use. Before print: Event 26
18 After checking whether the data has changed
19 After initializing global variables, field symbols, etc.
20 after input in date sub screen (time-dep. tab. /views)
21 Fill hidden fields
22 Go to long text maintenance for other languages
23 Before calling address maintenance screen
24 After restricting an entry (time-dep. tab./views)
25 Individual authorization checks
26 Before creating a list
27 After creation or copying a GUID (not a key field)
28 After entering a date restriction for time-dep. views
AA Instead of the standard data read routine
AB Instead of the standard database change routine
AC Instead of the standard 'Get original' routine
AD Instead of the standard RO field read routine
AE Instead of standard positioning coding
AF Instead of reading texts in other languages
AG Instead of 'Get original' for texts in other languages
AH Instead of DB change for texts in other languages
ST GUI menu main program name
AI Internal use only
Environment -> Modification -> Events

What are the Types in Data Dictionary?

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 Ans: User-defined data types can be stored for all programs in the ABAP Dictionary. User-
defined types provide the same functionality as the local types that can be defined in ABAP
programs with TYPES
There are three different type categories:

 Data elements (elementary types and reference types).

 Structures (structured types):

A structure consists of components that also have a type, that is they refer to a type.

 Table types:
A table type describes the structure and functional attributes of an internal table. A special
case is the ranges table types.

How do you Transporting Table entries from one server to another?

Ans: Go to transaction SE10. Click on Create.
Select Workbench request. (If the table is customizing table, then select customizing
request)
Provide a short description to the request.
Now double-click on the request,
Go to change mode, and enter the following details:
Now click on the key button available under the name “Function” (As shown in the
screenshot above). Following screen appears. Double-click on the first empty line.
Select the third radio button “Table contents specified by current key”.
Click on Save. A warning message would appear.
SAP issues a warning message when an application table is used. Following is the SAP help
that would appear when we click on the message:
Ignore the warning message and click on Save.
Now transport this request to transport the data to any other system.

What are the Packages in SAP ?

Existing development classes are simply containers for development objects with a transport
layer that determines how the objects will be transported. Packages extend the concept of
development classes with the addition of new attributes: nesting, interfaces, visibility, and
use accesses.
· Nesting allows you to embed packages in other packages.
· Visibility is a property of package elements.
Packages use interfaces and visibility to make their services known to other packages. All
the visible elements in a package can, potentially, be sued by other packages. In contrast,
invisible elements cannot be used by other packages as well.

What is Buffering and Buffering Types?

Ans: Full buffering:
The system loads all the records.
Single-record buffering:
Only the records of a table that are really accessed are loaded into the buffer.
cords of the table into the buffer when one record of the table is accessed.

Generic buffering:

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When a record of the table is accessed, all the records having this record in the generic key
fields (part of the table key that is left-justified, identified by specifying a number of key fields)
are loaded into the buffer.

What is Text Table in SAP?

Ans: You create text tables when you want to store explanatory text in several languages. It
is not advisable to store such texts in your primary table. You can make a text table that
must comprise the key of the primary table (for more information, see the example below).
Every text table must also have an additional language key field (field of data type LANG).

What is Logging?
Ans: Using the logging flag you can define whether changes to the data records of a table
are logged. If you switch on the logging, each change to an existing data record (with
UPDATE, DELETE) by the user or application program is recorded in the database in a log
table (DBTABPRT).

What are Indexes in Data Dictionary?

Ans: We use indexes to speed up searching a table for data records that satisfy certain
search criteria.
The primary index contains the key fields of the table and a pointer to the non-key fields of
the table. The system creates the primary index automatically when the table is created in
the database.
You can also create further indexes on a table in the ABAP Dictionary. These are
called secondary indexes. This is necessary if the table is frequently accessed in a way
that does not take advantage of the sorting of the primary index for the access.
Also read more real time Interview Questions and share thsese questions to help for any
ABAP consultants:

What is an ABAP Data dictionary?

ABAP dictionary is a central data management system. Its main function is to
support the creation and management of data definitions.

What is a Size Category?

The Size category describes the probable space requirement of the table in the
database.

What are control tables?

The values specified for the size category and data class are mapped to database-
specific values via control tables.

What is the function of the transport system and workbench organiser?

The function of the transport system and the Workbench Organizer is to manage any
changes made to objects of the ABAP/4 Development Workbench and to transport
these changes between different SAP systems.

What is a table pool?

A table pool (or pool) is used to combine several logical tables in the ABAP/4

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 Dictionary. The definition of a pool consists of at least two key fields and a long
argument field (VARDATA).

What are pooled tables?

These are logical tables which must be assigned to a table pool when they are
defined. Pooled tables can be used to store control data (such as screen sequences or
program parameters).

What is a table cluster?

A table cluster combines several logical tables in the ABAP/4 Dictionary.Several
logical rows from different cluster tables are brought together in a single physical
record. The records from the cluster tables assigned to a cluster are thus stored in a
single common table in the database.

Which objects are independent transport objects?

Domains, Data elements, Tables, Technical settings for tables,Secondary indexes for
transparent tables, Structures, Views,Matchcode objects, Matchcode IDs, Lock
objects.
What are the Data types of the external layer?
ACCP, CHAR, CLNT, CUKY,CURR, DATS, DEC, FLTP, INT1,INT2, INT4, LANG,
LCHR,LRAW, NUMC, PREC, QUAN,RAW ,TIMS, UNIT, VARC.

What are the Data types of the ABAP/4 layer?

Possible ABAP/4 data types:
C: Character.
D: Date, format YYYYMMDD.
F: Floating-point number in DOUBLE PRECISION (8 bytes).
I: Integer.
N: Numerical character string of arbitrary length.
P: Amount or counter field (packed; implementation depends on
hardware platform).
S: Time stamp YYYYMMDDHHMMSS.
T: Time of day HHMMSS.
V: Character string of variable length, length is given in the first two bytes.
X: Hexadecimal (binary) storage.

How can we set the tablespaces and extent sizes ?

You can specify the extent sizes and the tablespace (physical storage area in the
database) in which a transparent table is to be stored by setting the size category and
data class.

13. What are the basic objects of the data dictionary?

 Tables
 Domains
 Data elements
 Structures

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 Foreign keys

What functions does a data dictionary perform ?
In a data management system, the principal functions performed by the data
dictionary are:

 Management of data definitions

 Provision of information for evaluation
 Support for software development
 Support form documentation
 Ensuring that the data definitions are flexible and up-to-date.

A field containing currency amounts (data type CURR) must be assigned
to a reference table and a reference field. Explain.?

 As a reference table, a system table containing all the valid currencies is assigned or
any other table which contains a field with the currency key format. This field is
called as reference field.
 The assignment of the field containing currency amounts to the reference field is
made at runtime. The value in the reference field determines the currency of the
amount.

What is the significance of Technical settings (specified while creating a
table in the data dictionary) ?
By specifying technical settings we can control how database tables are created in the
database.
The technical settings allows us to
optimize storage space requiremnets
table access behaviour
buffering required
changes to entries logged

What is the significance of Delivery Class ?

The delivery class controls the degree to which the SAP or the customer is
responsible for table maintenance

 whether SAP provides the table with or without contents.

 determines the table type.
 determines how the table behaves when it is first installed, at upgrade, when it is
transported, and when a client copy is performed.

18. What is the maximum number of structures that can be included in a
table or structure
Nine.

What are the two methods of modifying Sap standard tables ?

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 Append Structures and
 Customizing Includes.

What is the difference between a Substructure and an Append Structure

?
In case of a substructure, the reference originates in the table itself, in the forma of a
statement .include… .
In case of an append structure, the table itself remains unchanged and the refrence
originates in the append structure.

What are the two ways for restricting the value range for a domain ?

 By specifying fixed values.

 By stipulating a value table.
22. What is a Match Code ?
Match Code is a tool to help us to search for data records in the system. Match codes
are an efficient and user-friendly search aid where key of a record is unknown.
What are the two levels in defining a Match Code ?

 Match Code object

 Match Code Id.
What is the maximum number of match code Id’s that can be defined for
one Match code object ?
A match code Id is a one character ID which can be a letter or a number.

Can we define our own Match Code ID’s for SAP Matchcodes ?
Yes, the numbers 0 to 9 are reserved for us to create our own Match Code IDs for a
SAP defined Matchcode object.

What is an Update type with reference to a Match code ID?

If the data in one of the base tables of a matchcode ID changes, the matchcode data
has to be updated. The update type stipulates when the matchcode is to be updated
and how it is to be done. The update type also specifies which method is to be used
for Building matchcodes . You must specify the update type when you define a
matchcode ID.

What are conversion routines ?

Non standard conversions from display format to sap internal format and vice-versa
are implemented with so called conversion routines.

What are Aggregated Objects

Views, matchcodes, and lock objects are also called aggregate objects because they
are formed from several related tables.

What is a View ?
A view is a logical view on one or more tables. A view on one or more tables i.e, the

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data from a view is not actually physically stored instead being derived from one or
more tables. A view can be used to summarize data which is distributed among
several tables

How many types of Views are there ?

Database View (SE11)
Database views are implement an inner join, that is, only records of the primary table
(selected via the join operation) for which the corresponding records of the
secondary tables also exist are fetched. Inconsistencies between primary and
secondary table could, therefore, lead to a reduced selection set.
In database views, the join conditions can be formulated using equality relationships
between any base fields. In the other types of view, they must be taken from existing
foreign keys. That is, tables can only be collected in a maintenance or help view if
they are linked to one another via foreign keys.

Help View ( SE54)

Help views are used to output additional information when the online help system is
called.
When the F4 button is pressed for a screen field, a check is first made on whether a
match code is defined for this field. If this is not the case, the help view is displayed
in which the check table of the field is the primary table. Thus, for each table no more
than one help view can be created, that is, a table can only be primary table in at
most one help view.

Projection View
Projection views are used to suppress or mask certain fields in a table (projection),
thus minimizing the number of interfaces. This means that only the data that is
actually required is exchanged when the database is accessed.
A projection view can draw upon only one table. Selection conditions cannot be
specified for projection views.

Maintenance View ( SE54 )

Maintenance views enable a business-oriented approach to looking at data, while at
the same time, making it possible to maintain the data involved. Data from several
tables can be summarized in a maintenance view and maintained collectively via this
view. That is, the data is entered via the view and then distributed to the underlying
tables by the system.

What are the attributes of the data ?

What is the relationship existing between the various data elements ?
What is a Data Class?
The Data class determines in which tablespace the table is stored when it is created
in the database.

What Are The Different Types Of Views In Sap?

In SAP, you have total four types of views. Based on the way in which the view is

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 implemented and the methods that are permitted for accessing the view data they are
divided into Database View, Projection View, Maintenance View and Help View.
Database views implement an Inner Join whereas Projection View, Maintenance
View and Help View implement an Outer Join.
There are 4 Different types of Views in SAP. They are:

1. Maintenance View
2. Database View
3. Projection View
4. Help View
5.
What Is A Data Class?
The Data class determines in which table space the table is stored when it is created
in the database.

What Is The Difference Between Native Sql & Open Sql?

There are two types of SQL being used in SAP ABAP programming language. They
are
Native SQL
Open SQL
Open SQL allows to access the database tables declared in the ABAP dictionary
regardless of the database platform that the SAP R/3 system is using.
Native SQL allows to use database-specific SQL statements in a SAP ABAP program.
This means that one can use database tables that are not administered by ABAP
dictionary, and therefore integrate data that is not part of the SAP R/3 system.
Open SQL is not confined to any particular type of database while a Native SQL is
confined to a particular type.
ABAP programs that uses only Open SQL statements will work in any R/3 system,
regardless of the database system in use. Open SQL statements can only work with
database tables that have been created in the ABAP dictionary.

What Are Conversion Routines ?

Non-standard conversions from display format to sap internal format and vice-versa
are implemented with so called conversion routines.
Aggregated Objects Views, matchcodes, and lock objects are also called aggregate
objects because they are formed from several related tables.

What Are The Differences Between Transparent Tables, Pooled Tables &
Cluster Tables?
Differences between transparent, pooled and cluster tables are:

 Transparent tables have a one to one relationship with a physical table in an

underlying database where as pooled tables and cluster tables have many to one
relationship with a physical table in the underlying database (Relationship between
tables in ABAP Dictionary & Underlying database).
For each transparent table there will be exactly only one table in the underlying
database whereas many pooled tables are stored in a single table in an underlying

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 database called table pool. Similarly many cluster tables are stored in a single table in
the database called a table cluster

 In case of transparent tables, the underlying database table will have the same name,
same number of fields and the fields will also have the same names as defined in
ABAP Dictionary whereas for pooled tables and cluster tables the underlying
database table will have different name, different number of fields and fields will
have different names from what has been defined in ABAP Dictionary.
 Transparent tables can have one or more primary key Whereas Primary key of each
pooled table of a table pool need not be same whereas Primary key of each cluster
table of a table cluster should have at least one key in common.
 Secondary indexes can be created for transparent tables, but for pooled and cluster
tables we cannot create any secondary index.
 Transparent tables can be accessed via both Native and Open SQL whereas pooled
and cluster table can be accessed by Open SQL only.
Transparent tables are used to hold application data which includes both master data
as well as transaction data.
Pooled tables reduce the amount of database resources needed when many small
tables have to be opened at the same time.
Cluster tables are used when the tables have primary key in common and data in
these tables are all accessed simultaneously.

What Functions Does A Data Dictionary Perform?

In a data management system, the principal functions performed by the data
dictionary are:

 Management of data definitions

 Provision of information for evaluation
 Support for software development
 Support form documentation
 Ensuring that the data definitions are flexible and up-to-date.

What Is A Match Code?
Match Code is a tool to help us to search for data records in the system. Match codes
are an efficient and user-friendly search aid where the key of a record is unknown.

What Are The Difference Between Tables And Structures?

Table:

 Table has an underlying database table

 Table has a primary key
 Table has technical attributes
Structure:

 No underlying database table

 No primary key
 No technical attributes

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
What Are The 3 Types Of Tables In Sap?
There are 3 types of tables in SAP Dictionary (DDIC). They are:

1. Transparent Table
2. Pooled Table
3. Cluster Table
4.
Can You Delete A Domain Which Is Being Used By Data Elements?
No

What Are Pooled Tables?

These are logical tables which must be assigned to a table pool when they are
defined. Pooled tables can be used to store control data (such as screen sequences or
program parameters).

What Are The Data Types Of The External Layer?

ACCP, CHAR, CLNT, CUKY,CURR, DATS, DEC, FLTP, INT1,INT2, INT4, LANG,
LCHR,LRAW, NUMC, PREC, QUAN,RAW ,TIMS, UNIT, VARC.

What Are The Types Of Subroutines?

Internal Subroutines: The source code of the internal subroutines will be in the same
ABAP/4 program as the calling procedure (internal call).
External Subroutines: The source code of the external subroutines will be in an
ABAP/4 program other than the calling procedure.

What Is The Difference Between A Substructure And An Append

Structure?
In the case of a substructure, the reference originates in the table itself, in the forma
of a statement include.
In the case of an append structure, the table itself remains unchanged and the
reference originates in the append structure.

What Is A Maintenance View?

Just like we have table maintenance (SM30) for each table, similarly if there is a
requirement to maintain data for one or more tables in a single view, then
maintenance view can be created. All the tables in a maintenance view must be
linked with foreign key. The join conditions for maintenance views are always
derived from the foreign key automatically and thus one cannot directly enter the
join conditions as for database views. Unlike Database views, one can modify data
from maintenance view.
Thus, a maintenance view allows you to maintain the data of an application object
together.

What Is Locking ?
When two users simultaneously attempt to access the same data record, this is
synchronised by a lock mechanism.

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 When dialog transactions are programmed, locks are set and released by calling
certain function modules. These function modules are generated automatically from
the definition of so-called lock objects in the ABAP/4 Dictionary. To synchronize the
access to a table by setting and removing locks, a Lock object has to be defined in the
ABAP/4 Dictionary. Activating the lock object automatically creates #function
modules for setting and removing locks. These function modules must be included
when programming interactive transactions.
Lock Mechanism : To set locks, a lock object must be defined in the ABAP/4
Dictionary. In this lock object, those tables in which data records are to be locked by
calling a lock are determined. All tables included in a lock object must be connected
to each other via foreign keys. The key fields of the tables in a lock object form the
Lock arguments for the tables. The lock arguments are the basis for formulating the
logical condition for identifying the records to be locked. When activating this lock
object, two function modulesB with the namesENQUEUE_ and DEQUEUE_ are
generated.

State The Differences Between Database View & Projection View?

The basic differences between projection view and database view are:

1. Database view can built over many tables whereas projection view can be built over a
single table only.
2. Database view can be updated if the view is built over a single table whereas in
projection view data can be updated.
3. In case of database view, data updates can use open SQL or native SQL whereas in
case of projection view, data updates must use open SQL.
4. Database view can be buffered whereas Projection view cannot be buffered.
5.
What Are The Relational Operations That Can Be Performed On View In
Sap?
There are three operations that can be performed on views in SAP: Join, Projection
and Selection.

 The Projection Operation is used to narrow a view’s focus to certain fields in a table.
 The Selection Operation is used to narrow a view’s focus to certain records in a table.
 The Join Operation is used to combine information from multiple tables into a single
view.

What is the maximum number of match code Id’s that can be defined for
one Match code object ?
A match code Id is a one character ID that can be a letter or a number.

Can we define our own Match Code ID’s for SAP Matchcodes ?
Yes, the numbers 0 to 9 are reserved for us to create our own Match Code IDs for a
SAP defined Matchcode object.

What is an Update type with reference to a Match code ID?

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If the data in one of the base tables of a matchcode ID changes, the matchcode data
has to be updated. The update
type stipulates when the matchcode is to be updated and how it is to be done. The
update type also specifies which
method is to be used for Building matchcodes . You must specify the update type
when you define a matchcode ID.

Can matchcode object contain IDs with different update types ?

-Yes.

What are the update types possible ?

The following update types are possible:
Update type A: The matchcode data is updated asynchronously to database changes.
Update type S: The matchcode data is updated synchronously to database changes.
Update type P: The matchcode data is updated by the application program.
Update type I: Access to the matchcode data is managed using a database view.
Update type K: Access to the matchcode is achieved by calling a function module.
What are the two different ways of building a match code object ?
A match code can be built in two different ways :
·Logical structure : The matchcode data is set up temporarily at the moment when
the match code is accessed.
(Update type I, K)
·Physical structure : The match code data is physically stored in a seperate table in
the database. (Update type A,
S, P)

What are the differences between a Database index and a match code ?
·Match Code can contain fields from severeal tables whereas an index can contain
fields from only one table.
·Match code objects can be built on transparent tables and pooled and cluster tables.

What is the function of a Domain?

·A domian describes the technical settings of a table field.
·A domain defines a value range, which sets the permissible data values for the fields,
which refers to this
domain.
·A single domain can be used as basis for any number of fields that are identical in
structure.

Can you delete a domain which is being used by data elements ?

-No.
What are conversion routines ?
Non standard conversions from display format to sap internal format and vice-versa
are implemented with so called
conversion routines.

What is the function of a data element ?

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A data element describes the role played by a domain in a technical context. A data
element contains semantic
information.

Can a domain, assigned to a data element be changed ?

Yes. We can do so by just overwriting the entry in the field domain).

Can you delete data element which is being used by table fields .
No.

Can you define a field without a data element ?

Yes. If you want to specify no data element and therefore no domain for a field, you
can enter data type and field length and a ashort text directly in the table
maintenance.
What are null values ?
If the value of a field in a table is undefined or unknown, it is called a null value.
What is the difference between a structure and a table ?
Structures are constructed the almost the same way as tables, the only difference
using that no database table is generated from them.

What is a View ?
A view is a logical view on one or more tables. A view on one or more tables i.e, the
data from a view is not
actually physically stored instead being derived from one or more tables.

What is Repository Info. Systems ?

It is a tool with which you can make data stored in the ABAP/4 Dictionary available.

What is Locking ?
When two users simultaneously attempt to access the same data record, this is
synchronised by a lock mechanism.

What is database utility ?

Database utility is the interface betweenn the ABAP/4 Dictionary and the underlying
the SAP system.

What are the basic fucntions of Database utility ?

The basic functions of database utility are :
-Create database objects
-Delete database objects
-Adjust database objects to changed ABAP/4 dictionary definition.

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