GR09 ICT Lesson Notes Worksheet2 Week2

International Hope School Bangladesh
Academic Year -2024-25

Grade: 9 Subject: ICT Lesson Notes: 02
1.1 Hardware and software

Software: programs or applications that give instructions to the computer to tell it what to do.
Component: the parts that make up a whole machine. The internal parts are usually referred to
components and the external devices 'peripherals'
Central processing unit (CPU): or processor, is the unit which performs most of the processing
inside a computer
Applications software: programs that carry out operations for specific applications, such as word
processing, spreadsheets or presentations. Applications software cannot run on its own without
system software.
System software: system software provides the services that the computer requires to operate.
This may be classified as the operating system and utility software.
Utility software (utilities): part of the system software that can analyze, configure, optimize and
maintain a computer to keep it working as well as possible.
1.2 The main components of a computer system

CPU: The CPU is responsible for executing (running) the program instructions, processing data and
controlling other computer components.
CPU has mainly these components:
1) CU (Control Unit)
2) ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit)
3) Clock
4) Registers
Control Unit: It is a component of the central processing unit (CPU) that directs the operations of the
processor.
Arithmetic and Logic Unit: It is part of the CPU that performs arithmetical and logical operations such
as addition, subtraction and comparison.
Clock: It is a quartz crystal that sends pulses to control the rate at which the CPU processes
instructions. The number of pulses per second is known as the clock speed.
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Registers: They are memory storage locations within the CPU. The store instructions and data that is
currently being used by the control unit.
The Internal Memory: The Internal memory consists of RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM
(Read Only Memory).
RAM: It is memory that stores data and applications while they are being used. It only stores them
while the computer is on, but when you turn the computer off, everything in the RAM is lost. This is
known as being volatile.
RAM consists of billions of storage locations and is said to be ‘random access’ because they can be
accessed in any order for fast data retrieval.
ROM: It is memory that has data preinstalled onto it that cannot be removed. Unlike RAM, ROM keeps
its contents when the computer is turned off. It is therefore known as being non-volatile. ROM
contains BIOS which is necessary to start a computer.
Input device: Any hardware device that sends data to a computer.

Output device: any device used to send data from a computer to another device or user.
Backing storage device: a secondary storage device that will continue to hold data even after the
computer has been turned off. Examples include hard drives, solid-state drives, memory sticks,
memory cards and CDs and DVDs. Backing storage can be internal (inside the computer case) or
external.
1.3 Operating Systems

Operating Systems: an operating system is a set of programs that controls how the computer
interacts with the users and the peripherals - external devices such as keyboards, monitors and
printers. It is always running in the background and applications.
Examples include Windows, MAC, Linux etc.
Feature Windows MacOS Linux

Community (e.g., Ubuntu,
Developer Microsoft Apple Inc.
Fedora)
Paid (Comes with Apple
Cost Paid Free (Open Source)
devices)
Sleek and integrated with
User Interface User-friendly, familiar Highly customizable
Apple devices
Very strong, minimal
Security Good, needs antivirus Strong, less malware
malware
Lots of software and Lots of free software, good
Software Great for creative software
games for coding
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Feature Windows MacOS Linux
Some customization
Customization Limited customization Highly customizable
available
Varies (can be harder for
Ease of Use Easy to use Very easy for Apple users
beginners)
Good performance, depends
Performance Good performance Excellent on Apple hardware
on setup
Command Line Interface (CLI): a text-based interface that allows the user to interact with a computer
using keyboard input at a prompt the screen. Example: ‘dir’ allows us to list files on the hard drive.
Advantages of a CLI:
● CLIs require very little processing so run very quickly and on computers that aren’t powerful.
● Advanced computer users who know how to the commands can operate them faster than who need
to move a mouse.
Disadvantages of a CLI:
● Commands need to be learnt and often aren’t obvious.
● looks intimidating for new users.
Graphical user interface (GUI): an interface that provides an intuitive way of interacting with a
computer through a screen by clicking on icons, menus, buttons or windows using (for example) a
mouse, touchpad or touch screen.
Dialogue-based interface: an interface that allows a user to interact with a computer through the
spoken word.
Gesture-based interface: an interface that allows a user to interact with a computer at a distance by
using movements of various parts of their body.
1.4 Types of Computers

Desktop computer: a computer system designed to be used at a desk in a fixed location.
Desktops are very versatile, general purpose computers used by many organizations and individuals
for:
● Office work and business management, using word processing, spreadsheet and database
management software.
● Management in education and student learning.
● Playing computer games.
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● Other entertainment such as watching movies and editing images and video.
Mobile computers: devices can be used for the same functions as desktops but have the advantage of
being portable so that users are not restricted to one location.
Laptops: a portable computer with the same functionality as a desktop computer.
Tablet: a thin, flat, portable computer with a touch screen, mobile operating system and battery.
Smartphone: a mobile phone that can perform many other functions, e.g. taking photographs and web
browsing.
Phablet: a smartphone with a screen size larger than most smartphones but smaller that a tablet.
1.5 Emerging Technologies

Artificial Intelligence: the ability of a digital computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks
commonly associated with human intelligence such as learning, problem solving and pattern
recognition. Using artificial intelligence, a computer or robot can modify its own behavior in order to
achieve other outcomes. They can learn new things without having their programs rewritten by a
human.
Examples of AI includes making a patient diagnosis based their symptoms and medical history,
analyzing test results, making machines fully autonomous such as cars that can drive itself.
Machine learning: the ability of computers to learn without being explicitly programmed.
Extended reality: a virtual or a combined virtual and real environment.
Virtual reality: a computer-generated environment. Examples include VR in museums or car
manufacturers who use VR to make prototypes.
Computer-generated environment: the use of software to create 3D images of scenery, buildings, etc.
in which objects can move.
Augmented reality: a combined virtual and real environment
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International Hope School Bangladesh
Academic Year -2024-25
Grade: 9 Subject: ICT Worksheet: 02
Worksheet on Chapter 1
Q1. A tablet computer both consists of hardware and software.

a) Define the term hardware.
b) Write down two examples of software. [3]
Q2. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of using a smartphone rather than a laptop computer to
access the internet. [6]
Q3. Give two advantages of using a smartwatch rather than a smartphone. [2]
Q4. Give two disadvantages of using a smartwatch rather than a smartphone. [2]
Q5. Smartphones use a Graphical User Interface (GUI).

a) Give three benefits of using GUI. [3]
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International Hope School Bangladesh

Academic Year -2024-25

1.1 Hardware and software

1.2 The main components of a computer system

Input device: Any hardware device that sends data to a computer.

1.3 Operating Systems

Feature Windows MacOS Linux

1.4 Types of Computers

1.5 Emerging Technologies

Q1. A tablet computer both consists of hardware and software.

Q5. Smartphones use a Graphical User Interface (GUI).

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