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e requires205 Wf metal in thephotoelectriceffect

intensity brightness amplitude intensitydoesnotaffect wether ornotelectrons areejected

for a photontoejectanelectron itmuststrikewithsufficientenergy

intensity moreelectrons Energy electrons exitfaster

thewavemodel of lightdoesnotworkherebecause increasingtheintensity didnoteject

electrons atall frequenciesFrequency is theonlyfactorthatdetermineswether or not
electronsareejectedfromthemetal

electronshavemassphotonsdonot mass of an electron 9.1 10 kg

itsown uniqueamount of
particle model of light each photon or particle of light has
energy associated withthefrequency of light

light is both a particleand a wave

input Ephoton
 ELECTROSTATICS AND MAGNETISM
The atom is the basic building block of all matter Ion - an atom that has lost or gained an electron

roton positive In the classroom it is impossible to remove protons

electron
atom
eutronneutral as
nekton
lectronnegative

An atom has to be neutral, so the number of electrons and protons have to be the same.

Charging by contact: two surfaces that touch or are rubbed and acquire a charge imbalance

in Charging by conduction: an object that has a charge imbalance

if
1. Charge by friction/contact
A. Two objects (different) rub together and electrons are transferred from 1 object to the other
2. Charge by contact
A. Charged object touches a neutral object and then both become charged
3. Charge by induction

WAYS TO CHARGE OBJECTS

Materials:
1. Conductor
A. Any metal
B. It allows electrons to move freely throughout
2. Insulator
A. Any non-metal
B. Resists electrons moving throughout

Charge by friction/contact - 2 different non-metals (insulators) that get rubbed together

Electron affinity - the ability to attract electrons

When charging, the object with lower electron affinity loses electrons and the object with higher electron
affinity gains electrons.

Triboelectric series - ranks items based upon electron affinity

conductor
c
High affinity | plastic → rubber → fur → wool | Low Affinity

Grounding - giving electrons a route to escape through

91
1 uged
Charge by conduction/contact - when a charged object (metal or non-mental) touches a conductor
(metal) such as both objects become charged with the same charge

I
fifth
Charge by induction - when a charged object is placed near but not touching a conductor. The
conductor polarizes then after grounding, becomes charged

II If
CHARGED

COULOMB’S LAW

1 electron = 1.6 x 10^-19(C) 1 proton = 1.6 x 10^-19(C)

unit of charge = Coulomb = C
The variable for charge = q

Like charges will repel, unlike charges attract

There is a force due to the interaction of two charged objects(NOT GRAVITATIONAL), and it is a
long range force called the electric force

Micro = 10^6

The force acting on both objects is the same

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Khan
If you double the charge on an object, you double the force
If you quarter the charge on an object, you quarter the force
If you double both charges, you quadruple the force
If you double the distance between the charges, you quarter the force. If you divide the distance
between the charges by 3, you multiple the force by 9.
ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH
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W = Fe x d
When work is done through an electric force it is called electric potential energy

Electric potential - the potential energy transferred per charge (V)

MAGNETISM

When something has magnetism it is a neutral object (it is not charged) that are also conductors

ne I nee a : symbols that represent spin

nethe ne

Electrons are particles (they have mass), they behave like waves, but electrons have a “spin”

Normally electrons are spinning in all different directions. Magnetism is created when a material has
most electrons “spinning” in the same direction

north
so northple

y
S N N S S N S N Magnetism is a long range force
like charges repel unlike charges attract

There is a magnetic field in between two magnets

 ÉÉÉ Moving charged objects create a magnetic field

Magnetic force is measure in Newtons (Fmag(N))

B = magnetic field strength
T = Tesla. = unit of measurement of magnetic field

Fmag = qvB -> velocity has to be perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field

The direction of the force of the magnetic field is based upon the right hand rule.
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1. When electrons spin is in all one direction, the object becomes magnetized and creates a magnetic
field around it
2. When charge particles move in 1 direction, a magnetic field is created around the moving charged
particles

as tenth
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REVIEW:

1. Atom
2. Electrons transferred
3. Three ways to charge an object
A. Friction (Triboelectric series)
B. Contact/conduction
C. Induction
4. Coulomb’s lab x FE = (k(q1)q2)/d^2
5. Electric field drawings/strength
6. PE = FE x d
7. Electric Potential = PE/g
8. Domain = all electrons have the same spin direction -> object becomes magnetized
9. Magnetized objects have a north/south pole
10. Magnetized objects have magnetic fields
11. Charged particles that move in one direction create magnetic fields around them
12. Charged particles that move through magnetic fields have a magnetic force on it

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connectthecapacitor connectthecapacitor
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THEBRIGHTEST BULBINDICATESTHEGREATESTFLOWRATE
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Circuits with opposing batteries have a slower flow rate, which is demonstrated by the fact that
when more dueling batteries are added the bulbs progressively get dimmer.

Batteries provide a direction for charge and energy for the charge to flow.

Charging a capacitor is similar to a dueling battery because the flow rate becomes progressively
dimmer.

Charging a capacitor - bulbs become progressively dimmer over time as the charging
progresses.

Adding opposing cells - bulbs become progressively dimmer each time an opposing D-cell is
added.

During both charging and discharging, the capacitor behaves like a battery whose strength is
determined by the amount of excess or depleted charge in the plates.

A charged capacitor pushes the charge that exists in the wires connected to it in a direction
away from the positive plate towards the negative plate.

During charging excess charge is being pumped into the upper plate and out of the lower plate.

When you pump air into a car tire, you increase the concentration by adding more air in a given
volume. You are creating the same basis for trying to expand. The proof is that the extra air will
expand out through any hole you make in the tire.

The fact is that air tries to expand no matter how you make it more concentrated.

Increasingly strong reverse by increasing compressed charge in the positive plate will make the
battery less and less able to pump more charge into the plate. That will make the bulbs get
progressively dimmer during capacitor charging.

When the battery is removed, compression in the positive plate will push charge in the reverse
directions and discharge the capacitor. Decompression will weaken the reverse pushing and
make the bulbs dimmer over time during discharging.

The term “compressed air” is generally used for all trying-to-expand situations. The name
electric pressure is the same effort by compressed charge.

When inhaling/exhaling through an air capacitor, the side that you breath into or out of will
always remain at normal pressure, causing the other side to switch to either high or low
pressure.

Exhale: near side - normal, far side - high

Inhale: near side - normal, far side - low

1. Red - highest above normal

2. Orange - above normal
3. Yellow - normal
4. Green - below normal
5. Blue - lowest below normal

A battery maintains highest electric pressure in the metal terminal labeled (+) and lowest electric
pressure in the terminal labeled (-). Therefore:
a. Use red for the (+) battery terminal and wires directly connected to it
b. Use blue for the (-) battery terminal and wires connected to it

Use yellow to represent normal electric pressure due to the normal amount of charge that exists
in connecting wires and uncharged capacitor plates before the wires are connected to a battery.

Battery terminal colors transfer to connecting wires as soon as the wires touch. Use only one
color throughout each wire - and throughout any group of wires that touch each other - as well
as throughout any capacitor plate connected to it.

Use different colors for the two wires connected to opposite sides of a lit bulb, because a
pressure difference is needed to cause charge flow through a filament that resists flow. The
colors may change over time during a transient process.

Do not color light bulbs - because a lightbulb filament does not have the same pressure at all
points. For the same reason, do not color the interior of a battery.

The wire does not resist charge flow to any significant degree. So charge flow into or out of the
wire will equalize the pressure everywhere within it - and with the battery terminal - in a super
fast transient process.

When a wire is connected to a capacitor plate, the plate has so much more metal than the wire
that very little charge needs to leave or enter the plate in order to make the pressure in the wire
equal to that in the plate. Therefore the pressure-equalizing process will not change the
pressure in the plate.

Equal pressure differences cause equal flow rates and brightness for identical bulbs, and a
greater or lesser pressure difference causes greater or lesser flow rate and bulb brightness.

Red/green - bright
Yellow/blue - moderate
Red/yellow - moderate
Blue/orange - bright
Orange/green - moderate
Orange/red - dim
Green/blue - dim
Red/blue - very bright
Orange/yellow - dim
Green/yellow - dim

The conventional flow of charge is considered to be from high pressure to low pressure.
Because the same round bulbs were used during charging both times, the same amount of
charge must flow during charging and therefore during discharging both times. However, the
long bulbs stay lit for longer because the filament of the long bulbs is thicker, allowing a slower
flow rate.

Long bulbs -> thicker filament -> less resistance -> lower flow rate
Round bulbs -> thinner filament -> more resistance -> bigger flow rate

A lower flow rate means the bulb will be lit for longer because the charge flows through the
filament slower.

A bigger flow rate means the bulb will be lit for shorter because the charge flows the filament
faster.

The standard flow rate, an arrowtail with 3 lines, is defined as the flow through bulbs in a circuit
consisting of two round bulbs and a 3-cell battery pack.

4 types of wires listed thick to thin: connecting wire, support wire, round bulb filaments, ong bulb
filaments.

A resistor that allows charge to move through easily has low resistance, and one that hinders
the flow of charge more strongly has high resistance.

Conductance is a measure of how well something lets charge through. Just as resistance is a
measure of how hard it is for charge to move, then conductance is a measure of how easy it is
for the charge to move.

The narrower the wire/object the charge is flowing through the faster the flow rate.

The faster the flow rate the larger a compass will deflect when placed under one of the wires.

The flow rate is always equal throughout the circuit, no matter the number of bulbs.

Adding more resistors in series creates the same effect as making a longer single resistance,
which provides more overall resistance.

Adding more resistors in a parallel creates the same effect as a wider or thicker single
resistance, which provides less total resistance.

In a series circuit all of the moving charge passes through every resistor. Every part of the
charge is resisted every time it passes through a resistor.

In a parallel circuit the moving charge is split into parts. Each part will pass through only one
resistor, so its motion will be resisted only once.
More in series -> acts like a single longer resistor -> makes flow harder
More in parallel -> acts like a single wider resistor -> makes flow easier

Q: If the same capacitor were discharged through two different types of bulbs, what can you
conclude about the bulbs which stay lit the least amount of time?
A: The bulb that stays lit the least amount of time has a lower resistance and therefore a thinner
filament.

Q: Which has the thickest filament - a high-resistance or a low-resistance bulb?

A: A low-resistance bulb has a thicker filament in order to allow more charge to flow through the
circuit.

Q: What observations can be used to indicate flow rate?

A: Bulb brightness and compass deflection.

Q: When more bulbs are added to a circuit, is there always more total resistance as a result?
A: If more bulbs are added in a series, the total resistance increases. But if more bulbs are
added in parallel, the total resistance is left.

Q:What experiments suggest that wires have essentially zero resistance?

A: The experiment where you add another wire to a connection between two bulbs, and
because the brightness of the bulb does not change ,that suggests that the wires have
essentially zero resistance OR The experiment where you reroute the flow of charge around a
socket using wires, which demonstrates that they have far lower resistance than that of the
socket.

Q: Suppose you are given two new bulbs (Brand X) which are different from the round and long
bulbs you have been using. Design an experiment which you could use to determine how the
resistance of these new bulbs compares to that of the round and long bulbs. Describe how you
will interpret the results of the experiment.
A: Charge and discharge a capacitor through the new bulbs. Observe the amount of time for a
bulb lighting and deflection of an under-wire compass. If the time is longer than the time for long
bulbs, then the new Brand X bulbs have more resistance than long bulbs. If it is intermediate
between the time for long bulbs and the time for round bulbs, then the new bulbs have less
resistance than long bulbs but more resistance than round bulbs.

Q: Which lasts a longer time during capacitor discharging - compass deflection or bulb lighting?
Explain why this occurs.
A: Compass deflection lasts longer than bulb lighting. This makes sense because bulb lighting
may be too dim to be observable toward the end of discharging when the flow rate is small.
Compass deflection is a more sensitive indicator as the flow rate decreases toward zero. But
bulb lighting is a less sensitive indicator because the light becomes redder and eventually
invisible.