0The inhabitants of the New World before arrival of the Europeans: Adenans-Hopewellians-

Mississippians
BEFORE AND AFTER DISCOVERY OF THE NEW WORLD
Tomato, potato, corn, maize, tobacco, pineapple, turkey, barley, wild rice, vanilla, beans, squash,
pumpkin, pepper, peanut, avocado, cocoa and strawberry
VS
Guns, sugarcane, horses, smallpox, malaria, measles and advanced form of farming (especially wheat)
Technologically superior Europeans defeated technologically inferior natives
1- Advanced guns
Spears, bows, arrows, and tomahawks VS swords and rifles (having regular army)
2- Epidemic diseases (smallpox, measles and malaria)
3- Standard of living conditions
4- Oral and tribal culture VS written and national culture
CHAPTER 1: EARLY AMERICA
Christopher Colombus (1451-1506, Genoa)
Portugal, France and Britain rejected his proposal
He was sponsored by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain
(Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria)
Journal of the First Voyage (1492-1493): we have summary of the original text by Bartolome de las
Casas
Journal of the Second Voyage (1493-1496): original text is lost except a letter
Journal of the Third Voyage (1498-1500): we have the original text
Journal of the Fourth Voyage (1502-1504): we have the original text
Europe, Asia and Africa
The Atlantic Ocean was called the Ocean Sea
The Pacific Ocean was absent from the maps
Magellan named the Pacific Ocean (peaceful)
Magellan died but his crew sailed around the earth (Juan Sebastián Elcano becomes the first European
completing the first circumnavigation of the Earth in 1522)
In 1507, a German mapmaker used America as the Latin version of Amerigo.
Amerigo Vespucci used the term New World
In 1497, (Giovanni) John Cabot made the first British voyage to North America
In 1513, Vasco Nunez de Balboa became the first European to see the eastern coast of Pacific Ocean
Between 1540 and 1542, Francisco Vasquez de Coronado’s men became the first Europeans to see the
Grand Canyon and the Great Plains
In 1565, Pedro Menendez established the first permanent European settlement in Florida (St.
Augustine)
In 1585, Sir Walter Raleigh established the first British colony in North America on Roanoke Island
The Lost Colony: Governor John White came back in 1591 but the settlement was lost (Croatan)
In 1607, Jamestown became the first permanent colony under the rule of Captain John Smith and it
burned in 1698
Captain John Smith and the chief of the Powhatan tribe (the myth of Pocahontas)
In 1612, John Rolfe produced a more delicious version of tobacco and the first ship arrived in
London in 1614
In December of 1620, Mayflower full of the pilgrims arrived the Plymouth harbour and they signed
Mayflower Compact
In 1630, the Massachusetts Bay Colony was established under the rule of John Winthrop
NEW ENGLAND COLONIES:
Massachusetts Plymouth in 1620
Massachusetts Bay in 1630
Rhode Island in 1636
Connecticut (Hartford) in 1636
New Hampshire in 1623
MIDDLE COLONIES:
New York (New Amsterdam) in 1626
New Jersey in 1664
Pennsylvania (Philadelphia) in 1681
Delaware in 1682
SOUTHERN COLONIES:
Virginia Jamestown in 1607
Maryland Baltimore in 1634
North Carolina in 1654
South Carolina in 1663
Georgia in 1732
The Problem of separation of church and state
Puritan Orthodoxy VS Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson
In 1624, Manhattan Island was purchased from the natives and it became New Amsterdam
In 1634, Maryland’s first town St. Mary’s was established
In 1622, 347 whites were killed by the natives in Virginia
In 1637, Pequot War broke out
In 1570, five tribes joined Ho-De-No-Sau-Nee or League of Iroquois but the league never recovered
after the revolution
In 1643, the Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut and New Haven formed the New England
Confederation
The Anasazi disappeared by 1300 mysteriously
CHAPTER 2: THE COLONIAL PERIOD
Triangular Trade: Africa (slaves) - New England (rum) – West Indies (molasses)
In 1636, Harvard College was founded in Cambridge
In 1693, College of William and Mary was founded in Virginia
In 1701, Collegiate School of Connecticut (Yale University) was founded in Connecticut
James Logan, Benjamin Franklin, Cotton Mather
In 1733, John Peter Zenger’s New York Weekly Journal started criticizing the government
The French and Indian War (1754-1763):
French Soldiers + Native Americans VS British Soldiers + American Colonies
The Peace of Paris in 1763: France lost most of its territory in North America and Britain got Canada
and all French territory
The Witches of Salem in 1692
CHAPTER 3: THE ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE
The American Revolution (1775-1783): the thirteen colonies became an independent nation
recognized by Britain
The Problem of Central Authority VS Local Authorities
Natural rights VS divine right of the king
Caliph=King: shadow of God on the earth
Democracy = peaceful transfer of power thanks to elections
by force vs by love (popular consent)
The Stamp Act of 1765: No Taxation Without Representation
Boston Massacre in 1770: In 1768, 4000 British soldiers moved in Boston to stay homes of the
Americans
Samuel Adams of Massachusetts governed the opposition movement against the central authority
The Coercive (Intolerable) Acts: colonists dumped the tea VS the British passed heavy taxes
The Boston Tea Party in 1773: British East India Company docked in Boston Harbor and colonists
dumped the tea in the sea
The First Continental Congress in 1774: the colonies opposed the Intolerable Acts
The Second Continental Congress in 1775: Colonel George Washington of Virginia was appointed as
the commander-in-chief
In 1774, Thomas Paine published his fifty-page pamphlet Common Sense
On July 4 of 1776, Declaration of Independence was announced under the leadership of Thomas
Jefferson: The government must protect life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness
Franco-American Alliance
On September 3 of 1783, Treaty of Paris acknowledged independence of the thirteen colonies
CHAPTER 4: THE FORMATION OF A NATIONAL GOVERNMENT
Three-branch structure of government and separation of powers (checks and balances)
executive, legislative and judicial powers
Habeas corpus
Argumentum ad hominem
The Federalist Papers: Alexander Hamilton, John Jay and James Madison
Alexander Hamilton VS Thomas Jefferson
(England-Trade-Federalist-Conservatism) (France-Agriculture-Republican-Democracy)
George Washington
John Adams
Benjamin Franklin
James Madison
Louisiana Purchase: In 1803, The United States bought Louisiana for fifteen million dollars from
France
America did not pay the natives and they were forced off the lands after the purchase
The War of 1812: Britain and its allies VS the United States of America and its allies
The British recognized the U.S. boundaries
Commander Andrew Jackson became a national hero
The federalist party of Alexander Hamilton and John Adams disappeared because of their opposition
to the war
CHAPTER 5: WESTWARD EXPANSION AND REGIONAL DIFFERENCES
The War of 1812 as a second war of independence with England
Political independence is based on economic independence
The idea of self-sufficiency and policy of protectionism
Federalist John Marshall of Virginia as the chief justice for between 1801 and 1835
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Cotton, sugar cane, and tobacco as the most basic farming products in the South
Invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793 and increasing demand for raw cotton
Monroe Doctrine/Monroe Destiny in December 1823 by President James Monroe against extension
of European domination in the Americas
Europeans could no longer establish colonies in North and South America
“The era of good feelings” (1817-1825)
The Federalists became National Republicans
The first “corrupt bargain” of American history: 1-Presidential election of 1824 2-Compromise of
1877 3-Pardon of Richard Nixon in 1974
Adams (intellectual background) vs Jackson (man of the people)
The banking system and interests of the wealthy few
Harrison’s sweeping victory in 1841
The Know-Nothings wanted to exclude the foreign-born and Catholics from public office
Dark-to-dark working vs ten-hour day working
Rise of free instruction and public school system
Dorothea Dix struggled to improve conditions for the insane
Seneca Falls (1848): the first women’s rights convention in the world
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony founded the National Woman Suffrage Association in
1869
Thanks to Ernestine Rose, a law providing married women with keeping their property in their own
name in New York in 1848
Between 1816 and 1821, Indiana, Illinois, Maine (three free states), Mississippi, Alabama and
Missouri (three slave states) came to existence
Between 1812 and 1852, the population grew from 7.25 million to 23 million and the land for
settlement grew from 4.4 million to 7.8 million square kilometres
The Frontiers and character formation of American identity (cowboy as a national hero)
Indian Removal Act of 1830 and Andrew Jackson
Cherokees and Trail of Tears: Cherokees were removed from their ancestral homelands (North
Carolina and Georgia) to Oklahoma in 1838
Cherokee leader John Ross vs Andrew Jackson: The Supreme Court supported the Cherokees but
the president ignored the decision
By 1900, the frontier dividing the settled lands and unsettled wilderness disappeared into the Pacific
Ocean
In the 1800s, stagecoach was a popular means of transportation in the West
By the late 1800s, the iron horse became the best means of transportation
CHAPTER 6: SECTIONAL CONFLICT
Democracy in America by Alexis de Tocqueville VS a letter by Charles Dickens
McCormick reaper doubled the nation’s wheat harvest
The “peculiar institution”
“Manifest destiny”: America should take westward expansion to the Pacific Ocean as a mission
After Mexican War (1846-1848): America paid $15 million for the land and it gained new 1.36
million square kilometres including New Mexico, Nevada, California, Utah, most of Arizona, and
portions of Colorado and Wyoming
Discovery of gold in California in 1848 (forty-niners): the population grew from about 14,000 to
225,000 between 1848 and 1852.
Panning for gold
Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852
Missouri Compromise of 1820: slavery was prohibited in the north of the 36°30’ parallel except
Missouri
The free-soil movement
Dred Scott decision by the Supreme Court in 1857
Abraham Lincoln
The wooden plow VS the steel plow
Barbed wire protected the cultivated lands from the cattle
Windmills provided power to pump water out of wells
The Homestead Act of 1862 and developments of the Great Plains: any settler who farmed a land
for five years owned the land
Lucretia Mott: she organized an attack on the Federal arsenal in Virginia to distribute the guns to the
slaves but she was hanged
CHAPTER 7: THE CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION
The first stage of the reconstruction between 1865 and 1866 dominated by the presidents
The second stage of the reconstruction between 1866 and 1877 dominated by the Congress (Radical
Reconstruction)
NORTH (UNION) VS SOUTH (CONFEDERATE)
23 states with a population of 22 million VS 11 states with population of 9 million including slaves
Union (360,000 deaths) VS Confederate (260,000 deaths)
Factories of the north (free labour) VS plantations of the South (slave labour)
Industrial superiority of the North VS agricultural economy of the South
Being able to produce more military supplies VS most of the war fought in the South on familiar
terrain
Offensive war VS defensive war
More powerful banking system + rail system VS better military leader + more skilled horsemen
29,500 African Americans in the Union Navy VS 178,000 African Americans in the U.S. Colored
Troops
General Ulysses S. Grant
The 13th Amendment abolished slavery in 1865
The 14th Amendment made Negroes citizens in 1868
The 15th Amendment gave Negroes the right to vote in 1870 (any male American citizen can vote)
The civil rights movement and W.E.B. DuBois (the first African American receiving doctoral degree
from Harvard University)
President Johnson and the first impeachment in American history
The impeachments in American history: 1- Andrew Johnson in 1868 2- Bill Clinton in 1998 3- Richard
Nixon in 1974 (but he resigned before the end of impeachment) 4- Donald Trump in 2019
When is the president impeached? 1-treason 2- bribery 3-other high crimes 4- misdemeanors
Jonson continued until his term expired in 1869 because his opponents did not have the two-thirds
of majority needed to convict him
Carpetbaggers
The secret society of Ku Klux Klan (1866) was founded by a group of Confederate veterans (faces
covered with white robes and hoods)
In May 1872, Congress passed a general Amnesty Act restoring full political rights to all except 500
former rebels
Jim Crow laws: “separate but equal” VS “peaceful coexistence”

CHAPTER 8: THE GROWTH AND TRANSFORMATION

Technologic advancement and change of American social life throughout the 19 th century
In 1851, The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations (The Great Exhibition/Crystal
Palace Exhibition) took place in Hyde Park, London.
From hand labour to machine farming (wheat, corn, cotton, beet, and wool)
Farming VS industry
Handmade goods VS machine-made goods
The invention of reaper, reaper-thresher, automatic wire binder and the threshing machine
The birth and rise of corporations and trusts
Robber barons drove small companies out of business to establish monopolies
Andrew Carnegie established monopoly in steel industry
Cornelius Vanderbilt in railroad industry
The United States Steel Corporation
The Standard Oil Company by John D. Rockefeller
A beef trust of meat packing by Philip Armour and Gustavus Swift
Cyrus McCormick in reaper business
Western Union
Bell Telephone System
The American Telephone and Telegraph Company
Mark Carleton brought the rust-and-drought-resistant winter wheat from Russia
Marion Dorset conquered the dreaded hog cholera
George Mohler helped prevent hoof-and-mouth disease
Luther Burbank produced scores of new fruits and vegetables in California
Stephen Babcock devised a test to determine the butterfat content of milk in Wisconsin
The African American George Washington Carver found new uses of peanut, sweet potato, and
soybean in Alabama
Sherman Anti-Trust Act: Theodore Roosevelt fought against big business and he became popular
with the people
Building of Central Pacific Railroad thanks to Chinese immigrant labour
Discovery of gold in California in 1848, in Colorado and Nevada in 1958, in Montana and Wyoming in
the 1860s and in Dakota in the 1870s.
The Frontiers and character formation of American identity (cowboy as a national hero)
Conflict with the native Americans of the West (the Sioux and the Apache)
Geronimo was captured in 1886
By 1890, the frontier line disappeared
Jim Thorpe gained fame in the early 20th century despite his Indian origins
The imperial expansion of the United States in the last decades of the 19th century
“Manifest destiny” to justify continental expansion of the United States
Secretary of State William Seward and the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867
It was called Seward’s Folly and Seward’s Icebox until discovery of gold in Alaska
Spanish-American War of 1898 and rise of Colonel Theodore Roosevelt
The sinking of Maine in Havana harbour in 1898
Yellow journalism and sensational news about the war
The Philippines were a Spanish colony before the war
The Basic Results of Spanish-American War of 1898
1-Cuba achieved limited independence from Spain
2-The United Sates gained Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines ($20 million for the Philippines)
Japan invaded the Philippines before the World War II but it became independent after the war
Alaska became the 49th state in 1959
Hawaii became the 50th state in 1959
The completion of the Panama Canal in 1914
Open Door policy by Secretary of State John Hay
Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905: Roosevelt becomes the first American president winning the
Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 after the war for Manchuria in China.
The largest movement of people in the history: between 1820 and 1930, more than 37 million
people came to the United States
CHAPTER 9: DISCONTENT AND REFORM
Over-production of cotton and tobacco and decline of the prices
The Grange movement was replaced by Farmers’ Alliances
With the rise of agrarian distress, Farmers’ Alliances transformed into the People’s Party/the
Populist Party
Laissez-faire capitalism
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
Great Rail Strike of 1877 ended thanks to federal troops sent by President Cleveland
In 1901, President McKinley was assassinated in New York
Vice President Theodore Roosevelt became the president (trust-buster)
The Standard Oil Company was fined $29 million.
Between 1890s and 1915s, Progressivism dominated American political life
Muckrakers and “literature of exposure”: Mark Twain’s The Gilded Age, Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle,
Frank Norris’s The Octopus and Lincoln Steffens’s The Shame of the Cities
By the early 20th century, most of the larger cities and more than half the states had established an
eight-hour day on public works
The first official census in 1790: 3,929, 214 people in the country
“A nation of nations”
CHAPTER 10: WAR, PROSPERITY AND DEPRESSION
President Calvin Coolidge: “The chief business of the American people is business”
American Pragmatism: Jeremy Bentham, Charles Sanders Peirce, William James and John Dewey
“the greatest amount of good for the greatest number”
Five American vessels were sunk by the German in April 1917 (the sinking of Lusitania)
The assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, Serbia.
ALLIES: Great Britain, France, Italy (1915), Japan, Russia, Portugal, Romania, Belgium and United
States (1917)
CENTRAL POWERS (Axis): Germany, the Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria
President Wilson’s Fourteen Points
The foundation of the League of Nations
The Bolshevik revolution
The Versailles Treaty
The booming 1920s
The economic recession and Great Depression in 1929 because of over-production
Bread lines became common after the economic crisis
During the 1920s, the United States sharply restricted foreign immigration for the first time in its
history
Darwinian Theory of biological evolution VS religious fundamentalist crusade
In 1925, a high school teacher John Scopes was prosecuted for violating a Tennessee law that
forbade the teaching of evolution in the public schools
Speakeasies
The era of “flaming youth”
Jazz Age
The Roaring Twenties
Lost Generation (coined by Gertrude Stein)
Harlem Renaissance
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
F. Scott Fitzgerald, Sinclair Lewis and Ernest Hemingway

CHAPTER 11: THE NEW DEAL AND WORLD WAR II

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1932-1945): Lawyer/Democratic
He won the most sweeping victory in all American history over his opponent Alfred E. Landon in
1937.
He is the first president to be televised at opening of New York World’s Fair in 1939
He broke the two-term tradition for the first time in presidential history in 1940
He died before completing his fourth term in 1945
Roosevelt and the new deal: the problem of unemployment after the Great Depression and
redistribution of wealth
Roosevelt aimed to provide a social safety net and a stable food supply
Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933): by 1940, 2.5 million people had moved out of the Plains states,
the largest migration in American history.
Plains states: roughly Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Kansas, Colorado, Iowa, Minnesota,
Montana, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Wyoming, Montana etc.
Interventionists (a strong belief in the idea of “manifest destiny”)
VS
Isolationists (U.S. should not interfere in internal affairs of other countries)
Japan, Pearl Harbor and Normandy
World War II (1939-1945) is the first war in which the most advanced war technologies such as
airplanes, airstrikes, guided missiles and atomic bombs were used
The most expensive war in history (more than one trillion dollars)
The Allies: Great Britain (including Canada and India), the United States (from 1941), Soviet Union,
France and China
The Axis: Germany, Italy, Japan, Soviet Union (until 1941)
Asian Espionage, internment of Japanese Americans and relocation centres
Holocaust of European Jews and the idea of Aryan supremacy
Nazi concentration camps
In 1983, U.S. government acknowledged the injustice of the internment
Unconditional surrender
Death of Roosevelt three weeks before Germany surrendered
Harry Truman ordered the army to drop atomic bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in
1945
Surrender of Japan

CHAPTER 12: POSTWAR AMERICA

Cold War: Winston Churchill-Franklin Roosevelt-Josef Stalin
Churchill and Iron Curtain
Western tradition of pluralist democracy VS tradition of Eastern autocratic government
Harry Truman and the Fair Deal (Truman’s domestic program)
Truman Doctrine: $400 million for economic and military aid mostly to Greece and Turkey
Secretary of State George C. Marshall
Marshall Plan (1948) as one of the most successful foreign policy initiatives of American history
President Dwight Eisenhower (1953): “forces of good and evil”
American reliance on a nuclear shield against Soviet threat
In 1949, the Soviet Union tested its own atomic bomb
Republican Senator Joseph R. McCarthy from Wisconsin
McCarthyism and communist witch-hunt
The post-war baby boom
The spread of radios and TVs all over the country: homogenizing cultural values
Mass production and advertisement
Elvis Presley and Rock and Roll
Ducktail haircut
The Beat Generation: accepted social patterns VS sense of alienation and quest for self-realization
Intuition VS Reason
Jack Kerouac’s On the Road
The civil rights movement
separate but equal (Jim Crow laws) VS peaceful co-existence (non-violent action doctrine)
Jackie Robinson broke the colour barrier against black professional baseball players
Montgomery bus boycott (1955-6): Rosa Parks rejected to sit in the back of the bus
Martin Luther King Jr.

CHAPTER 13: DECADES OF CHANGE: 1960-1980

John Fitzgerald Kennedy (1961-1963): Democratic
Lyndon Baines Johnson (1963-1969): Democratic
Richard Milhous Nixon (1969-1974): Republican
Gerard Rudolph Ford (1974-1977): Republican
James Earl Carter (1977-1981): Democratic
Ronald Wilson Reagan (1981-1989): Republican
George Herbert Walker Bush (1989-1993): Republican
William Jefferson Clinton (1993-2001): Democratic
George Walker Bush (2001-2009): Republican
Barack Obama (2009-2017): Democratic
Donald Trump (2017-2020): Republican
(Joseph) Joe Robinette Biden (2020-…….): Democratic
Martin Luther King Jr. and the rise of nonviolent direct action
Malcolm X and black power
The women’s movement
National Organization for Women (NOW) was founded in 1966
Radical feminist VS moderate feminists
The Latino Movement (Hispanics + Chicanos)
The American-Indian Movement (AIM) in 1968
Woodstock Generation
Rejection of the classical Marxist terminology
The New Left VS the New Right
Bob Dylan
Environmentalism
The cold war between U.S. and Soviet Union in the context of the space program
Neil Arm strong becomes the first man walking on the surface of the moon in 1969
Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society
The Vietnam War (1955-1975)

CHAPTER 14: THE NEW CONSERVATISM AND A NEW WORLD ORDER

A society in transition
Homosexuals, Sexual Immorality and AIDS: By 1992, over 220,000 Americans died of AIDS
Abortion
The fall of the Soviet Union and end of the Cold War
Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)
First Gulf War (1990-1991)
Second Gulf War (2003-2011)
CHAPTER 15: BRIDGE TO THE 21ST CENTURY
1990s as a time of peace, prosperity and rapid technological change.
Terrorist attacks mostly from the Middle Eastern countries
The 9/11 attack at World Trade Centre and the invasion of Iraq in 2003
Barack Obama (2009-2017): Lawyer/Democratic
Donald Trump (2017-2020): Businessman/Republican
(Joseph) Joe Robinette Biden (2020-…….): Lawyer/Democratic
AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF THE USA
1-A NEW WORLD
Colombus wanted to discover a new way from Europe to Asia to find silk, spices and gold.
Los Indios
Amerindians/Native Americans: caribou, buffalo, fish (especially salmon), beans, squash and
peppers
a-The Pueblo
b- The Apache
c- The Iroquois
d- Dakota (allies)/Sioux (enemies)
Potlatches (gift giving)
Buddhist monk Hoei-Shin sailed from China to Mexico in AD 459
Irish monk Brendan the Bold landed in America in AD 551
Viking sailor from Iceland Leif Ericson (lucky Leif) sailed from Greenland to the eastern coast of
North America in about AD 1000 (Vinland the Good)
Welsh explorer Prince Madoc landed on the shores of Mobile Bay in 1170.
Only arrival of the Vikings has some scientific pieces of evidence
Sagas
Spanish conquistador Ponce de Leon and the fountain of youth
The Spanish settlers founded St. Augustine in 1565: the first permanent European settlement on
the mainland of North America
The Aztecs
The Incas of Peru
The Spanish conquistadors Hernando de Soto and Francisco Coronado separately explored much of
the southern part of the United States between 1539 and 1543.
Coronado aimed to find the Seven Cities of Gold but they became the first Europeans to see the
Grand Canyon of the Colorado River
In 1497, King Henry VII hired Italian sailor John Cabot to discover a passage to India but it didn’t
work (England’s claim)
In 1524, French king Francis I hired Italian sailor Giovanni Verrazano but it didn’t work
In 1534, French explorer Jacques Cartier discovered the St. Lawrence River. (France’s claim)
Virginian beginnings, foundation of Jamestown and the Virginia Company (child labour and
prisoners)
Captain John Smith, Pocahontas and tobacco planter John Rolfe
Sir Walter Raleigh brought the first dried leaves of tobacco to England
In 1613, John Rolfe shipped the first load of Virginia tobacco to England (high quality tobacco)
White indentured servants from England VS Black lifelong African slaves
1585 expedition by Sir Walter Raleigh and The lost colony of Roanoke Island
The Pilgrim Fathers, religious persecution and birth of Puritanism
The Mayflower Compact
John Winthrop: “We shall be like a city on a hill” and “The eyes of all people are upon us”
Roger Williams of Salem: the separation of church and state didn’t work in Massachusetts
Roger Williams set up Rhode Island
William Penn and Quakers founded Pennsylvania in 1681
The first Thanksgiving in 1621
In 1626, the first Dutch governor of the New Netherlands Peter Minuit bought Manhattan from the
Shinnecock for twenty-four dollars
Martin Luther
John Calvin
Henry VIII
James I
King James Bible
Georgia became the last state in 1733
Colonial Life in America: fur, timber, tobacco, and cotton
a-The New England Group
b-Other New Englanders
c-The Middle Colonies
The westward expansion and the frontier: In 1775, Daniel Boone and thirty axmen cut a track called
the Wilderness Road through the Appalachians.
A tradition of representative government in the colonies
French and Indian War and the Peace of Paris (1763)
Trade laws and Robert Walpole’s “sleeping dogs”
The long American coastline and the problem of smuggling
Stamp Act of 1765
Samuel Adams, No Taxation without Representation and Boston Massacre (1770)
First Continental Congress
American War of Independence
The Declaration of Independence: “Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness”
Thomas Paine as the voice of the revolution
The Treaty of Paris (1783): Britain officially recognized her former colonies as an independent nation
The Marquis de Lafayette: He came to avenge the death of his father and he became a major-
general who won Washington’s respect after a couple of achievements.

2-A NEW NATION

3-YEARS OF GROWTH
4-TWENTIETH CENTURY AMERICANS
5-SUPERPOWER

PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

George Washington (1789-1797): soldier/non-partisan but generally sympathetic to Federalist
ideology
He refused the third term and he did not run in election of 1796
He was the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army at the start of the Revolution
John Adams (1797-1801): Lawyer/Federalist
He was defeated in election of 1800 by Thomas Jefferson
He died at his 90 after having lived to see his son as a president in the White House
Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809): Lawyer/Democratic-Republican
He didn’t run in election of 1808
He wrote Declaration of Independence as a delegate to the Continental Congress
He knew Greek, Latin, Spanish and Italian
He is the only president who remained leader of his party after leaving the White House
He is father of the University of Virginia
He died at his 83 as a poor man
James Madison (1809-1817): Lawyer/Democratic-Republican
He didn’t run in the election of 1816
He knew Greek, Latin and Spanish at his 12
He write Federalist Papers with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay
James Monroe (1817-1825): Soldier/Democratic-Republican
He didn’t run in the election of 1824
John Quincy Adams (1825-1829): Lawyer/Democratic-Republican
Chosen president by house of representatives in the absence of a candidate with more than 50 % of
the popular vote
Defeated in the election of 1828 by Andrew Jackson
Andrew Jackson (1829-1837): Soldier-Lawyer/Democratic
He didn’t run in the election of 1836
He enjoyed horseback riding a lot
Martin Van Buren (1837-1841): Lawyer/Democratic
Defeated in the election of 1840 by William Henry Harrison
He was the first president to reach the White House except through the death of an incumbent
president.
William Henry Harrison (1841): Soldier/Whig
He became the first president to die in office
John Tyler (1841-1845): Lawyer/Whig
He was an accomplished violinist
He didn’t run in the election of 1844
The first president to come into office upon death of a president
James K. Polk (1845-1849): Lawyer/Democratic
He didn’t run in the election of 1848
Zachary Taylor (1849-1850): Soldier/Whig
He retired to his farm as a hero of the Mexican War.
He became the second president to die in office
Millard Fillmore (1850-1853): Lawyer/Whig
He is the second vice president to be promoted by death.
He didn’t run in the election of 1852
Franklin Pierce (1853-1857): Lawyer/Democratic
He didn’t run in the election of 1856
James Buchanan (1857-1861): Lawyer/Democratic
He is the first president to receive a telegraphic message by the trans-Atlantic submarine cable in
1858.
He never married
He didn’t run in the election of 1860
Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865): Lawyer/Republican
He was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth during his second term
Andrew Johnson (1865-1869): Democratic (elected vice president on Republican ticket)
He didn’t run in the election of 1868
He is the first president to come into office upon assassination of a president
He is the third vice president to be promoted by the accident of death
Ulysses Simpson Grant (1869-1877): Soldier/Republican
He didn’t run in the election of 1876
His rival Horace Greeley died between general election and meeting of electoral college.
He earned close to half a million dollars by writing his memoirs.
He died from throat cancer
Rutherford Birchard Hayes (1877-1881): Lawyer/Republican
He didn’t run in the election of 1880
He is the first president who made the White House “bone dry”.
James Abram Garfield (1881): Professor of Ancient Languages and Literature/Republican
He is the second assassinated president
Chester Alan Arthur (1881-1885): Lawyer/Republican
He didn’t run in the election of 1884
He is the second president to come to office upon assassination of a president
Grover Cleveland (1885-1889): Lawyer/Democratic
He is the only president in American history to serve two non-consecutive terms in office (1885–
1889) and (1893–1897)
Defeated in the election of 1888 by Benjamin Harrison
He is the first president to wed in the White House
He is the first grandson of a president to be elected
During the presidential campaign, he was charged with having fathered an illegitimate child and he
admitted it.
He made large use of his veto power.
Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893): Lawyer/Republican
Defeated in election of 1892 by Grover Cleveland
He is grandson of the 9th president William Henry Harrison.
Grover Cleveland (1893-1897): Lawyer/Democratic
He didn’t run in election of 1896
William McKinley (1897-1901): Lawyer/Republican
He is the third president assassinated during his second term
The first president to ride in an automobile
Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909): He studied law at university/Republican
He became the youngest president of the United States at his 42.
He didn’t run in the election of 1908
He is the third president to come into office upon assassination of a president
He received the Nobel Prize for bringing about peace between Japan and Russia.
William Howard Taft (1909-1913): Professor of Constitutional Law at Yale/Republican
Defeated in election of 1912 by Woodrow Wilson
Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921): He studied law at University of Virginia/Democratic
He became the president of Princeton University at his 46
He became a recognized author of scholarly works on American history and government.
He didn’t run in the election of 1920
He held the first presidential press conference in 1913
He is the president to leave American soil while in office
Warren Gamaliel Harding (1921-1923): Editor and Printer/Republican
He is the first president coming from the ranks of business.
He is considered as the best dressed president of the United States.
He died suddenly in 1923
The first president who could drive an automobile
Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929): Lawyer/Republican
He didn’t run in election of 1928
He is the second vice president to become the president upon death of a president
Herbert Hoover (1929-1933): Mining Consultant and Executive/Republican
Defeated in election of 1932 by Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1932-1945): Lawyer/Democratic
He won the most sweeping victory in all American history over his opponent Alfred E. Landon in
1937.
He is the first president to be televised at opening of New York World’s Fair in 1939
He broke the third term tradition for the first time in presidential history in 1940
He died before completing his fourth term in 1945.
Harry S. Truman (1945-1953): County Judge/Democratic
He didn’t run in election of 1952
He is the sixth president to be the president upon death of a president
Dwight David Eisenhower (1953-1961): Soldier/Republican
Ineligible to run in election of 1960
He held the first televised news conference in 1955
He is the first president who added a helicopter to the services of the White House.
Kennedy and Nixon engaged in the first presidential debate on television in 1960
John Fitzgerald Kennedy (1961-1963): Soldier/Democratic
He is the fourth President assassinated during his administration
He wrote the Pulitzer prize book Profiles in Courage
He became the youngest president ever at his 43 and the first Roman Catholic president
Lyndon Baines Johnson (1963-1969): Democratic
He didn’t run in election of 1968
He is the fourth president to come into office upon death of a president
Lady Bird Johnson is the first First Lady to participate in husband’s inaugural ceremony in 1965
Richard Milhous Nixon (1969-1974): Lawyer/Republican
He is the first president to visit Peking and Moscow in 1972
He is the only president who resigned in 1974
He ended American involvement in Vietnam War in 1973.
Gerard Rudolph Ford (1974-1977): Lawyer and Soldier/Republican
Defeated in election of 1976 by Jimmy Carter
He escapes two assassination attempts
Ford is the only person to have served as both vice president and president without being elected to
either office by the Electoral College
James Earl Carter (1977-1981): Soldier and Farmer/Democratic
Defeated in election of 1980 by Ronald Reagan
He held the first presidential call-in broadcast in 1977
In 2002, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work in co-founding the Carter Center.
Ronald Wilson Reagan (1981-1989): Actor/Republican
Ineligible to run in election of 1988
Reagan appoints Sandra Day O’Connor as the first woman justice of the Supreme Court in 1981
Geraldine Ferraro becomes the first woman chosen as vice presidential candidate for major political
party
George Herbert Walker Bush (1989-1993): Businessman and Diplomat/Republican
Defeated in election of 1992 by Bill Clinton
In the 1988 presidential election, Bush defeated Democrat Michael Dukakis, becoming the first
incumbent vice president to be elected president since Martin Van Buren in 1836.
With the victory of his son, George W. Bush, in the 2000 presidential election, the two became the
second father–son pair to serve as the nation's president, following John Adams and John Quincy
Adams
William Jefferson Clinton (1993-2001): Lawyer/Democratic
At age 46, he became the third-youngest president in history
In 1998, Clinton was impeached by the House of Representatives, becoming the second U.S.
president to be impeached, after Andrew Johnson
United States Supreme Court disbars Clinton prohibiting him from arguing in front of the Court in
2001
Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history
In the 1994 elections, the Republican Party won unified control of Congress for the first time in 40
years
In 1996, Clinton became the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt to be elected to a second full
term
Clinton left office with the highest end-of-office approval rating of any U.S. president since World
War II
George Walker Bush (2001-2009): Soldier and Businessman/Republican
Ineligible to run in election of 2008
He is the second son of a former United States President to himself become the American president,
with the first being John Quincy Adams.
He became the fourth person to be elected president without a popular vote victory.
Barack Obama (2009-2017): Lawyer/Democratic
Ineligible to run in election of 2016
He is the first African American president of the United States of America
Donald Trump (2017-2020): Businessman/Republican
He lost the popular vote but he won Electoral College
He became the oldest first-term U.S. president and the first without prior military or government
service
The third impeached president
(Joseph) Joe Robinette Biden (1942-…….): Lawyer/Democratic
The president:
Vice president:
Nominee:
Pollster:
Polls:
Flip-flopper:
Canvassing/door to door campaign:
Undecided:
Concession speech:
Be eligible:
Eligibility:
Incumbent:
Rallies:
Landslide victory/sweeping victory:
Narrow victory:
Popular vote:
Swing states:
Voter turnout:
Early voting:
Electoral college:
Electorate:
Mail-in ballot:
Voting machine:
Exit poll:
Polling station:
Front-runner:
Caucus:
Primary election:
General election:
Voting boot:
Winner-take-all system in electoral college:
Conservative:
Liberal:
Elephant:
Donkey:
Red states:
Blue states: