CHAPTER 4 BONE AND SKELETAL SYSTEM

Types of Bone:
Four components of Skeletal System: 1. Long bones
2. Short bones
1. Bones 3. Flat bones
2. Cartilage 4. Irregular bones
3. Tendons 5. Sesamoid bones
4. Ligaments

FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM GROSS ANATOMY OF THE BONE

 Supports the body  Bone Matrix - 35% organic + 65% inorganic
 Protects internal organs material.
 Facilitates movement  Organic –proteoglycans and collagen (flexible
 Stores and releases minerals and fats strength)
- yellow narrow contains adipose  Inorganic – calcium phosphate or
 Produces blood cells hydroxyapatite (weight-bearing strength)

CARTILAGE
Cartilage comes in three types:
 fibrocartilage
 elastic cartilage
 hyaline cartilage
- the precursor for most bones in the body
- bone lengthening and bone repair often
involve the production of hyaline cartilage

Chondroblasts - specialized cells that produce a

matrix surrounding themselves. Parts of a Long Bone
Chondrocyte – cells responsible for cartilage 1. Diaphysis - the tubular
formation; forms when matrix surrounds a shaft that runs
chondroblast; a rounded cell that occupies a between the proximal
space called a lacuna within the matrix. and distal ends of the
Perichondrium - a double-layered connective bone.
tissue sheath covering most cartilage.
Outer layer - dense irregular connective  Medullary cavity -
tissue containing fibroblasts hollow region in the
Inner layer - fewer fibers and contains diaphysis which is
chondroblasts. filled with yellow
marrow.
Cartilage grows in two ways:  Yellow marrow - Fat
Appositional growth - chondroblasts in the stored
perichondrium add new cartilage to the outside  Red marrow - site of
edge of the existing cartilage. blood cell production
Interstitial growth - chondrocytes within the
tissue divide and add more matrix between the 2. Epiphysis - wider section at each end of the
existing cells. bone, filled with spongy bone.
 Epiphyseal plate (growth plate)
BONE CLASSIFICATION  Endosteum - delicate membranous lining
BONE - osseous tissue where bone growth, repair, and remodeling
- hard, dense connective tissue occur.
- consists of extracellular bone matrix and bone cells
Periosteum – fibrous membrane that covers the osteochondral progenitor cells but from stem cells in
outer surface of bone red bone marrow.
- contains blood vessels, nerves, and
lymphatic vessels that nourish compact BONE TISSUES
bone 1. COMPACT BONE – denser, stronger type to
withstand compressive forces
Two layers of compact bone and the interior spongy - found under the periosteum and in the
bone work together to protect the internal organs. diaphyses of long bones
2. SPONGY BONE - contains trabeculae which
3. Articular Cartilage - hyaline cartilage which covers
forms along lines of stress to provide strength
the ends of the bone
and makes bones lighter, contains red marrow
(site of hematopoiesis)
BONE MARKINGS
Woven bone - the collagen fibers are
 Articulation - where two bone surfaces come
randomly oriented in many directions
together
Lamellar bone - mature bone
 Projection - an area of a bone that projects
above the surface of the bone
BONE ANATOMY
 Hole - an opening or groove in the bone that
Structure of a Long Bone
allows blood vessels and nerves to enter the
1. The diaphysis is the shaft of a long bone, and
bone.
the epiphyses are distinct from the diaphysis
and house the epiphyseal plate.
BONE CELLS
2. The epiphyseal plate is the site of lengthwise
 Osteoblasts - bone cell responsible for forming
bone growth.
new bone and is found in the growing portions
3. The medullary cavity is a space within the
of bone. Also release matrix vesicles
diaphysis.
Ossification - or osteogenesis is the formation
4. Red marrow is the site of blood cell production,
of bone by osteoblasts and occurs by
and yellow marrow consists of fat.
appositional growth.
5. The periosteum covers the outer surface of
 Osteocytes - primary cell of mature bone
bone.
- occurs when osteoblast becomes
 The outer layer contains blood
surrounded by bone matrix.
vessels and nerves.
 Osteogenic Cells - undifferentiated with high
 The inner layer contains osteoblasts,
mitotic activity and they are the only bone cells
osteoclasts, and osteochondral
that divide.
progenitor cells.
 Osteoclasts - responsible for bone resorption, or
 Perforating fibers hold the
breakdown
periosteum, ligaments, and tendons
in place.
Fontanels – or soft spots are membrane-covered
6. The endosteum lines cavities inside bone and
spaces between the developing skull bones that have
contains osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and
not yet been ossified.
osteochondral progenitor cells
ORIGIN OF BONE CELLS
Mesenchymal cells - stem cells, which can replicate
and give rise to more specialized cell types; produces
connective tissue.
Osteochondral progenitor cells - stem cells that can
become osteoblasts or chondroblasts.
- located in the inner layer of the perichondrium
and in layers of connective tissue that cover bone.

Osteoblasts are derived from osteochondral

progenitor cells, and osteocytes are derived from
osteoblasts. Osteoclasts are not derived from
BONE GROWTH – LENGTH  Osteogenesis imperfecta - brittle bones that
Epiphyseal plate -area of growth in a long bone fracture easily due to insuffi cient or
 On the epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal abnormal collagen
plate, cartilage is formed.   Rickets – a growth retardation due to
 On the diaphyseal side, cartilage is ossified, nutritional deficiencies in minerals (Ca2+)
and the diaphysis grows in length. or vitamin D; results in bones that are
 Four zones of cell in the epiphyseal plate: soft, weak, and easily broken
1. Reserve zone
- nearest the epiphysis and contains Bacterial Infections
randomly arranged chondrocytes that  Osteomyelitis - bone infl ammation often
do not divide rapidly. due to a bacterial infection that may lead
2. Proliferative zone to complete destruction of the bone
- chondrocytes produces new cartilage  Tuberculosis - typically, a lung bacterium
through interstitial cartilage growth that can also affect bone
3. Zone of maturation and hypertrophy
- chondrocytes produced in the zone of Decalcification
proliferation mature and enlarge  Osteomalacia - softening of adult bones
4. Zone of calcified matrix due to calcium depletion; often caused by
- very thin and contains hypertrophied vitamin D deficiency
chondrocytes and calcified cartilage  Osteoporosis - reduction in overall quantity
matrix. The hypertrophied chondrocytes of bone tissue
die, and blood vessels from the diaphysis
grow into the area BONE REMODELING
Remodeling - resorption of old or damaged bone
BONE GROWTH - DIAMETER takes place on the same surface where osteoblasts
Appositional growth - growth in diameter continue lay new bone to replace that which is resorbed.
even after longitudinal growth ceases - process of removing old bone and adding new bone
- Osteoclasts resorb old bone that lines the - Even without injury or exercise, about 5 to 10
medullary cavity percent of the skeleton is remodeled annually just by
- Osteoblasts, via intramembranous ossification, destroying old bone and renewing it with fresh bone.
produce new bone tissue beneath the
periosteum FRACTURE
Modeling - erosion of old bone along the medullary Fracture - broken bone
cavity and the deposition of new bone beneath the
periosteum.

FACTORS AFFECTING BONE GROWTH

 Scurvy – caused by vitamin C deficiency which
is marked by ulceration and hemorrhage in
almost any area of the body because normal
collagen synthesis is not occurring in
connective tissues.

 Tumors - May be malignant or benign and Types of Fracture

cause a range of bone defect 1. Transverse - Occurs straight across the long axis
of the bone
Growth and Developmental Disorders 2. Oblique - Occurs at an angle that is not 90
 Gigantism - abnormally increased body size degrees
due to excessive growth at the epiphyseal 3. Spiral - Bone segments are pulled apart as a
plates result of a twisting motion
 Dwarfism - abnormally small body size due 4. Comminuted - Several breaks result in many
to improper growth at the epiphyseal small pieces between two large segments
plates
 5. Impacted - One fragment is driven into the
other, usually as a result of compression
6. Greenstick - A partial fracture in which only
one side of the bone is broken
7. Open (or compound) - A fracture in which at
least one end of the broken bone tears through
the skin; carries a high risk of infection
8. Closed (or simple) - A fracture in which the skin
remains intact

BONE TISSUE REPAIR

1. Blood released from damaged blood vessels

forms a hematoma.
2. The internal callus forms between the ends of
the bones, and the external callus forms a collar
around the break.
3. Woven, spongy bone replaces the internal and
external calluses.
4. Compact bone replaces woven bone, and part of
the internal callus is removed, restoring the
medullary cavity.

Effects of Aging on the Skeletal System

- With aging, bone matrix is lost and the matrix
becomes more brittle.
- Spongy bone loss results from thinning and loss
of trabeculae. Compact bone loss mainly occurs
from the inner surface of bones and involves
formation of fewer osteons.
- Loss of bone increases the risk for fractures and
causes deformity, loss of height, pain, stiffness,
and loss of teeth.
- Exercise and dietary supplements are effective
at preventing bone loss.

SKELETAL SYSTEM
 Skeletal system - all the bones, cartilages, and
ligaments of the body that support and give
shape to the body and body structures.
 206 bones in adults
 Two major divisions:
- Axial Skeleton
- Appendicular Skeleton