Anaphys SKELETAL SYSTEM

CHAPTER 4
BONE AND SKELETAL SYSTEM

OBJECTIVES:
 Define functions of the skeletal system
 Recognize how to classify types of bones and their

structure
 Identify types of fractures: bone repair
 Identify the balance between exercise, nutrition,

hormones and bone tissue
SKELETAL SYSTEM
 Four components:
1. Bones
2. Cartilage
3. Tendons
4. Ligaments
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
 Supports the body
 Protects internal organs
 Facilitates movement
 Stores and releases minerals and fats
 Produces blood cells

BONE CLASSIFICATION
 BONE –osseous tissue
- hard, dense
connective tissue
- consists of
extracellular bone matrix
and bone cells
1. Long bones
2. Short bones
3. Flat bones
4. Irregular bones
5. Sesamoid bones
GROSS ANATOMY OF THE BONE
 Bone Matrix - 35% organic + 65% inorganic material.
 Organic – collagen (flexible strength)
 Inorganic – hydroxyapatite (weight-bearing strength)

 Parts of a Long Bone
1. Diaphysis - the tubular shaft
that runs between the proximal
and distal ends of the bone.
 Medullary cavity - hollow
region in the diaphysis which
is filled with yellow marrow.
2. Epiphysis - wider section at

each end of the bone, filled
with spongy bone.
 Epiphyseal plate (growth
plate)
 Endosteum - delicate
membranous lining where
bone growth, repair, and
remodeling occur.
 Periosteum – fibrous membrane that covers the
outer surface of bone
- contains blood vessels, nerves, and
lymphatic vessels that nourish compact bone
 Two layers of compact bone and the interior

spongy bone work together to protect the internal
organs.
BONE MARKINGS
 Articulation - where two bone surfaces come
together
 Projection - an area of a bone that projects above

the surface of the bone
 Hole - an opening or groove in the bone that

allows blood vessels and nerves to enter the bone.
BONE CELLS
 Osteoblasts - bone cell responsible for forming
new bone and is found in the growing portions of
bone
 Osteocytes - primary cell of mature bone
 Osteogenic Cells - undifferentiated with high

mitotic activity and they are the only bone cells
that divide.
 Osteoclasts - responsible for bone resorption, or

breakdown
BONE TISSUES
 COMPACT BONE – denser, stronger type to
withstand compressive forces
- found under the periosteum and in the
diaphyses of long bones
 SPONGY BONE - contains trabeculae which

forms along lines of stress to provide strength
and makes bones lighter, contains red marrow
(site of hematopoiesis).
BONE ANATOMY
 Structure of a Long Bone
1. The diaphysis is the shaft of a
long bone, and the epiphyses are
distinct from the diaphysis and
house the epiphyseal plate.
2. The epiphyseal plate is the site

of lengthwise bone growth.
3. The medullary cavity is a space

within the diaphysis.
4. Red marrow is the site of blood

cell production, and yellow marrow
consists of fat.
BONE ANATOMY
5. The periosteum covers the outer surface of bone.
■ The outer layer contains blood vessels and
nerves.
■ The inner layer contains osteoblasts,
osteoclasts, and osteochondral progenitor cells.
■ Perforating fibers hold the periosteum,
ligaments, and tendons in place.
6. The endosteum lines cavities inside bone and

contains osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteochondral
progenitor cells.
BONE GROWTH - LENGTH
 Epiphyseal plate -area of growth in a long bone
 On the epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate,
cartilage is formed.
 On the diaphyseal side, cartilage is ossified, and
the diaphysis grows in length.
 Four zones of cell in the epiphyseal plate:
1. Reserve zone
2. Proliferative zone
3. Zone of maturation and hypertrophy
4. Zone of calcified matrix

BONE GROWTH - DIAMETER
 Appositional growth - growth in diameter
continue even after longitudinal growth ceases
 Osteoclasts resorb old bone that lines the
medullary cavity
 Osteoblasts, via intramembranous ossification,
produce new bone tissue beneath the periosteum
 Modeling - erosion of old bone along the

medullary cavity and the deposition of new bone
beneath the periosteum.
BONE REMODELING
 Remodeling - resorption of old or damaged bone
takes place on the same surface where
osteoblasts lay new bone to replace that which is
resorbed.
 Even without injury or exercise, about 5 to 10

percent of the skeleton is remodeled annually
just by destroying old bone and renewing it with
fresh bone.
FRACTURE
 Fracture - broken bone
 Types of Fracture
1. Transverse -Occurs straight across the long axis
of the bone
2. Oblique -Occurs at an angle that is not 90
degrees
3. Spiral -Bone segments are pulled apart as a
result of a twisting motion
4. Comminuted -Several breaks result in many
small pieces between two large segments
FRACTURE
 Types of Fracture
5. Impacted -One fragment is driven into the
other, usually as a result of compression
6. Greenstick -A partial fracture in which only one
side of the bone is broken
7. Open (or compound) -A fracture in which at
least one end of the broken bone tears through
the skin; carries a high risk of infection
8. Closed (or simple) -A fracture in which the skin
remains intact
BONE REPAIR
SKELETAL SYSTEM
 Skeletal system -all the bones, cartilages, and
ligaments of the body that support and give
shape to the body and body structures.
 206 bones in adults
 Two major divisions:

1. Axial Skeleton
2. Appendicular Skeleton
REVIEW
1. The flexible strength of bones occurs because of
___
1. Ligaments
2. Hydroxyapatite
3. Collagen fibers
4. Periosteum
2. The primary function of osteoclasts is to ____

1. Prevent osteoblasts from forming
2. Become osteocytes
3. Break down bone
4. Form the periosteum
REVIEW
3. A fracture in the shaft of a bone is a break in
the
1. Epiphysis
2. Diaphysis
3. Articular cartilage
4. Central canal
4. Yellow marrow is
1. Found mostly in children’s bones
2. Found n the epiphyseal plate
3. Important for blood cell production
4. Mostly adipose tissue
REVIEW

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CHAPTER 4

BONE AND SKELETAL SYSTEM

 Define functions of the skeletal system

 Recognize how to classify types of bones and their

 Identify types of fractures: bone repair

 Identify the balance between exercise, nutrition,

 Supports the body

 Protects internal organs

 Stores and releases minerals and fats

 Produces blood cells

 Inorganic – hydroxyapatite (weight-bearing strength)

2. Epiphysis - wider section at

 Two layers of compact bone and the interior

 Projection - an area of a bone that projects above

 Hole - an opening or groove in the bone that

 Osteocytes - primary cell of mature bone

 Osteogenic Cells - undifferentiated with high

 Osteoclasts - responsible for bone resorption, or

 SPONGY BONE - contains trabeculae which

2. The epiphyseal plate is the site

3. The medullary cavity is a space

4. Red marrow is the site of blood

6. The endosteum lines cavities inside bone and

3. Zone of maturation and hypertrophy

4. Zone of calcified matrix

 Modeling - erosion of old bone along the

 Even without injury or exercise, about 5 to 10

 206 bones in adults

 Two major divisions:

2. The primary function of osteoclasts is to ____

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