CULTURAL ASPECTS, Sociology - is the scientific study of society,

including social relationships, social

CONCEPTS, AND CHANGES interaction, and culture (Calhoune, 2002). It
involves the process of detaching oneself
from the common understanding of society
What is Culture?
Culture is everything
Society - it is a product of human interaction
Culture is everything that a person learns as as humans subscribe to the rules of their
a member of the society. Culture is culture. It is an organization that caters to a
everything - It is what a person has, does, human's need for belongingness in a group
and thinks as a part of the society.
 Material culture includes all tangible
Theories About the Society
and visible parts of a culture, including
clothes, food, or buildings.  August Comte - Society as a social
 Nonmaterial culture - includes all organism possessing a harmony of
intangible ideas like values, ideas, and structure and function.
knowledge.  Emile Durkheim - Society as a reality in its
own right. Collective consciousness is of
the key importance to society, and
Culture is learned society cannot survive without it.
 Talcott Parsons - Society is a total
It is a set of beliefs, attitudes, and practices complex of human relationships.
that an individual learns with his family,  George Herbert Mead - Society is an
school, or institution. exchange of gestures that involves the
use of symbols.
 Enculturation - The process of learning
 George Douglas Cole - society as a
your own culture.
complex organized association and
 Acculturation - due to the constant
institutions with a community
interaction between societies, culture
can be modified to accommodate
desirable traits from other cultures.
Social interaction - the compilation of the
ways and means by which humans interact
with each other within the society
Culture is shared
Social organization - it involves social
The set of behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs
structures such as institutions, social groups,
that a person possesses is a part of a greater
social stratifications, and ethnic groups.
collection of values and ideas that are
communally owned and practiced by the Social psychology - focuses on the impact of
members of the society. society on a person's nature and personality.

Culture affects biology In gaining peace and equality in our society,

there should be cultural relativism.
Humans are born into cultures that have
values on beauty and body. As such, they Cultural relativism suggests that ethics,
alter their bodies to fit the physiological morals, values, norms, beliefs, and behaviors
norms that are dictated by culture. must be understood within the context of the
culture from which they arise.
It means that all cultures have their own
Culture is adaptive
beliefs and that there is no universal or
Culture is a tool for survival that humans use absolute standard to judge those cultural
in response to the pressures in the norms.
environment.

Cultural relativism suggests that:

Culture is maladaptive
 Different societies have their moral codes
Culture can also cause problems for people and practices.
who comply with it. These problems arise  Norms, beliefs, and values must be
when the environment has changed and judged and understood from the context
culture remained the same. of the culture where they originate.
 No culture is objectively better than
others; cultures and their customs and
beliefs are not objectively superior or
SOCIETY AND THE inferior to any other culture.
APPLICATION OF CULTURAL
RELATIVISM
 Social, Political, and  Asset Management
 Disaster Resilience
Cultural Symbols
Political Theory
What is Politics?
Political theory examines the contemporary
Political comes from the Greek words “polis” application of political concepts such as
which means “city-state”, and “scire” human rights, equality, peace, and justice.
meaning "to know “. It mainly aims to know,
acknowledge, and value activities such as Example: Marx and Mill have similar starting
human interaction, conflicts, human and points: both assert that real freedom can
state relations, and the power distribution in only emerge when we fully develop our
a state. capacities as individuals and as a society.
 John Stuart Mill - individual liberty and
expression
Max Weber, a German sociologist, and a  Karl Marx - Social betterment ->
political economist introduces two essential conditions of the economic system
concepts in political science: Power and State
 Power – as defined by Robert Dahl, it is
the capacity to direct and influence the Comparative Politics
decisions of others. Comparative politics is a branch of political
 State – is a political entity that consists of science that aims to provide context to the
four elements: territory, government, differences in the government and the
people, and sovereignty. different political systems.
 The Philippines is a republic with a
Elements of the State presidential form of government
 Japan applies a parliamentary
Government – the set of personnel who government with a constitutional
manages the affairs of the state in its act of monarchy
allocating scarce values is called the
government. Its existence is dictated by the
political system that is revolves on. Political Behavior
Political behavior focuses on the attitudes,
Sovereignty - is the capacity of a political knowledge, and actions of an individual in
system to make independent decisions response to the political variables such as
within its territory. Sovereignty can be policies created by the government, the
classified in terms of its cope. Internal behavior of politicians, and the general
sovereignty External sovereignty political environment.

Territory - This is the geographic space in International relations

which the sovereignty of a state is exercised. International relations covers the interaction
A territory includes “the terrestrial, fluvial, between states and nonstate global actors
and aerial domains, including its territorial such as international organizations and
seas, the seabed, the subsoil, the insular human groups
shelves, and other submarine areas ” (De
Leon, 2005)
Socialization
People – this fourth element of a state is the Socialization - the process by which an
most crucial of all, it is through the existence individual is oriented by his or her society ’ s
of the people that concepts of government, norms. Socialization is the process whereby
state, territory, and sovereignty take shape. an individual’ s standards, skills, motives,
attitudes, and behaviors change to conform
 Culture to those regarded as desirable and
 Society appropriate for his or her present and future
 Politics role in any particular society.

What is the role of the state? Political Socialization

 Government intervention in the economy Individuals develop a political self, a sense of
 Market Engagement personal identification with the political
 Security management world. Developing a political self begins
 Infrastructure management when children start to feel that they are part
 Rule of Law of a political community
 Human Capital
 Public Financial Management
 Citizen Engagement