Bped Iv Sem 1.4

BPED IV SEM
402
1.4
Fundamental concepts of following terms – Axes and Planes,

Centre of Gravity, , Line of Gravity
Understanding Planes and Axes of Movement
Terminology when describing the relative positions of the body parts or
relationship between those parts it is advisable to use the same standard
terminology.
Anterior: Toward or on the front of the body: in front of the pectorals are
on the anterior aspect of the body
Posterior: Towards or on the back of the body: behind The rhomboids
are on the posterior aspect of the body
Superior: Toward the head or upper part of a structure: above the
homeruns is superior to the radius
Inferior: Toward the lower part of a structure: below The tibia is inferior
to the femur
Medial: Toward or at the midline of the body: inner side The adductors
are medial to the abductors
Lateral: Away from the midline of the body: outer side The abductors
are on the lateral aspect of the leg
Proximal: Closer to the origin of a point of reference The elbow is
proximal to the wrist
Distal: Further from the origin or point of reference The foot is distal to
the knee
Planes and Axis Human movements are described in three dimensions
based on a series of planes and axis. There are three planes of motion
that pass through the human body.
 The sagital plane
 The frontal plane
 The transverse (horizontal) plane
The sagital plane lies vertically and divides the body into right and left
parts.
The frontal plane also lies vertically and divides the body into anterior
and posterior parts
. The transverse plane lies horizontally and divides the body into
superior and inferior parts.
Axis
An axis is a straight line around which an object rotates. Movement at a
joint takes place in a plane about an axis. There are three axes of
rotation.
 Sagital axis
 Frontal axis
 Vertical axis
The sagital axis passes horizontally from posterior to anterior and is
formed by the intersection of the sagital and transverse planes.
The frontal axis passes horizontally from left to right and is formed by
the intersection of the frontal and transverse planes.
The vertical axis passes vertically from inferior to superior and is formed
by the intersection of the sagital and frontal planes.
Planes of motion and function
 There is a tendency when describing a movement for it to be referred
to in the particular plane that it is dominated by. An example of this
would be a description of walking as a sagital plane movement.
 In reality this is really only a description of the gross direction of
movement. At individual joint level, movement will be occurring in all
three planes not solely in the sagital plane. For example during walking,
the hip will be flexing/extending in the sagital plane,
adducting/abducting in the frontal plane and internally/externally
rotating in the transverse plane.
 The same concept applies to all the individual joints in the lower limb
 The movement that you effectively “see” does not represent what is
occurring in terms of motor control and force absorption within all three
planes.
 For example during gait the most obvious hip movement is expressed
in the sagital plane, but at the joint there is interplay between eccentric
force absorption and concentric force production in all three planes. The
hip is subtly decelerating internal rotation and adduction and then
accelerating external rotation and abduction.
 This simultaneous movement can be seen as one motion with three
components…… it can be termed tri-planar motion
 It is essential that the exercise professional is comfortable with the
concepts of tri-planar motion and the fact that all functional movements
are three dimensional, however it is biomechanically understood that
description in single plane terms is most useful when generalizing about
gross movement patterns.
Practical Reasoning Familiar machine based , weight training, lifting and
even bodyweight exercises may appear to be performed entirely within
one plane, and their “descriptions” can re-enforce this i.e.
Quads bench, bicep curl, hip abduction, hamstring curl, calf raise, tricep
press, lateral arm raise, overhead press, tricep extension.
However, just as in walking, there will also be elements of motor
control, stability and internal joint moments (directional control) in all 3
planes of motion occurring that may not be entirely obvious just by
simple observation. This tri-plane control tends to be exaggerated in free
weight and “open chain” lifts as opposed to the more enforced fixation
of machine based resistance exercise.
If we look at the functional activities of life and sport i.e. Rolling,
walking, skipping, twisting, running, jumping, hopping, Catching,
throwing, kicking, climbing, squatting, pushing, pulling etc
We can identify small patterns and “segments” that again may appear to
be dominant in one plane of movement. However these component
movements will combine to achieve more complex motor sequences,
such as a backhand at tennis, or a golf swing, a header in football, a
spike in volleyball, paddling in kayaking.
These are all activities that require motion in all three planes
simultaneously. But once again even at this higher level of complex
movement, simple observation may lead to a conclusion that the
movement is dominated by one plane i.e. the transverse plane in golf.
However the body is stabilising, redirecting, controlling and subtly
shifting in all three planes of motion, at all the involved joints in order to
successfully complete the golf swing.
Multi-plane movement dominates activities of life and sport. An
understanding of the interplay between the three planes of movement
can help with your “reasoning” when considering exercises and training
activities. For example, the machine based “culture” can dominate the
commercial and home based gym installations.
How many machines can you think of in the average gym that fully
utilise and challenge the transverse plane?
What functional carry-over to dynamic movement would you expect
from casual use of a seated pec deck?
How does a bilateral seated adductor press relate to the list of
component patterns of movement?
A simple lift, such as a bent knee dead-lift variation, may appear to be
very sagital plane dominant but to perform it successfully the other two
planes will be contributing significantly. The same basic pattern of a
floor lift could be expressed as an overhead medicine ball lift and then a
squat jump. There has been a progression in tri-plane “control” of what
appears to be a simple sagital plane movement… and this “control” has
been adapted in terms of range, speed and load.
Introduction
Centre of Gravity
The centre of gravity (COG) of the human body is a hypothetical
point around which the force of gravity appears to act. It is point at
which the combined mass of the body appears to be concentrated [1].
Because it is a hypothetical point, the COG need not lie within the
physical bounds of an object or person. One subjective way (there are
objective measures) to approximate the COG of an object is to
visualise it balancing on one finger.
Centre of Gravity in the Human Body
In the anatomical position, the COG lies approximately anterior to

the second sacral vertebra. However, since human beings do not
remain fixed in the anatomical position, the precise location of the
COG changes constantly with every new position of the body and
limbs. The bodily proportions of the individual will also affect the
location of the COG.
Stability and the Centre of Gravity
The direction of the force of gravity through the body is downward,

towards the centre of the earth and through the COG. This line of
gravity is important to understand and visualise when determining a
person's ability to successfully maintain Balance. When the line of
gravity falls outside the Base of support (BOS), then a reaction is
needed in order to stay balanced.
When the line of gravity is within the BOS, an object or person is

said to be stable. When the line of gravity falls outside the BOS, the
object or person is said to be unstable. Given that the line of gravity
must fall within the BOS in order to satisfy the criteria for stability,
the following factors should be considered:
 A larger BOS increases stability (the line of gravity must move a

greater distance to fall outside the BOS)
 A lower COG increases stability (it's unlikely that the line of gravity
will fall outside the BOS)

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BPED IV SEM

Fundamental concepts of following terms – Axes and Planes,

Centre of Gravity in the Human Body

In the anatomical position, the COG lies approximately anterior to

Stability and the Centre of Gravity

The direction of the force of gravity through the body is downward,

When the line of gravity is within the BOS, an object or person is

 A larger BOS increases stability (the line of gravity must move a

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