PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

APA FORMAT CITATION

GUIDE
Presented by: GROUP 1
CORE COMPONENTS OF AN
APA REFERENCE:
AUTHOR RULES:
• Initials are separated and ended by a
period (e.g. Mitchell, J.A).

• Multiple authors are separated by commas

and an ampersand (e.g. Mitchell, J.A.,
Thomson, A., & Coyne, R.).
AUTHOR RULES:

• Multiple authors with the same

surname and initial: add their name in
square brackets (e.g. Mendeley, J.
[James]).
DATE RULES:

• Date refers to date of publishing.

• If the date is unknown ‘n.d’ is used in

its place (e.g. Mendeley, J.A (n.d)).
TITLE RULES:

• The format of this changes

depending on what is being
referenced.
PUBLISHER RULES:
• If in the US: the city and two letter state
code must be stated (e.g. San
Francisco, CA).
• I not in the US: the city and the country
must be stated (e.g. Sydney, Australia).
RETRIEVED FROM URL:

• This is used if the source is

an online source.
APA REFERENCING BASICS
 REFERENCE LIST

• A reference list is a complete list of

references used in a piece of writing
including the author name, date of
publication, title and more.
 REFERENCE LIST

An APA reference list must:

• Be on a new page at the end of the
document
• Be centred
• Be alphabetically by name of first author (or
title if the author isn’t known, in this case a, an
and the should be ignored)
 REFERENCE LIST

An APA reference list must:

• If there are multiple works by the same

author these are ordered by date, if the works
are in the same year they are ordered
alphabetically by the title and are allocated
a letter (a,b,c etc) after the date
• Contain full references for all in-text
references used
 IN-TEXT CITATION

• A reference list is a complete list of

references used in a piece of writing
including the author name, date of
publication, title and more.
 IN-TEXT CITATION

• In-text references must be included

following the use of a quote or paraphrase
taken from another piece of work.
• In-text citations are citations within the
main body of the text and refer to a direct
quote or paraphrase. They correspond to a
reference in the main reference list. These
citations include the surname of the author
and date of publication only.
 IN-TEXT CITATION

Using an example author James

Mitchell, this takes the form:

- Mitchell (2017) states… Or …(Mitchell, 2017).

 IN-TEXT CITATION

The structure of this changes depending on whether a

direct quote or parenthetical used:
• Direct Quote: The citation must follow the
quote directly and contain a page number
after the date, for example (Mitchell, 2017,
p.104). This rule holds for all of the variations
listed.
 IN-TEXT CITATION

The structure of this changes depending on whether a

direct quote or parenthetical used:

• Parenthetical: The page number

is not needed.
 IN-TEXT CITATION

TWO AUTHORS
• The surname of both authors is stated
with either ‘and’ or an ampersand
between.

For example:
- Mitchell and Smith (2017) state…
Or …(Mitchell & Smith, 2017).
 IN-TEXT CITATION

THREE, FOUR OR FIVE AUTHORS

For the first cite, all names should be listed:
- Mitchell, Smith, and Thomson (2017) state… Or …
(Mitchell, Smith, & Thomson, 2017).
Further cites can be shorted to the first author’s name
followed by et al:
- Mitchell et al (2017) state… Or …(Mitchell et al, 2017).
 IN-TEXT CITATION

SIX OR MORE AUTHORS

• Only the first author’s surname should

be stated followed by et al, see the
above example.
 IN-TEXT CITATION
NO AUTHORS

• If the author is unknown, the first few words

of the reference should be used. This is
usually the title of the source.
• If this is the title of a book, periodical,
brochure or report, is should be italicised.
 IN-TEXT CITATION
NO AUTHORS
For example:
- (A guide to citation, 2017).
• If this is the title of an article, chapter or
web page, it should be in quotation
marks.
For example:
- (“APA Citation”, 2017).
 CITING AUTHORS WITH MULTIPLE WORKS FROM ONE YEAR

• Works should be cited with a, b, c etc

following the date. These letters are
assigned within the reference list, which is
sorted alphabetically by the surname of the
first author.
For example:
- (Mitchell, 2017a) Or (Mitchell, 2017b).
 IN-TEXT CITATION
CITING MULTIPLE WORKS IN ONE
PARENTHESES
• If these works are by the same author, the
surname is stated once followed by the
dates in order chronologically.
For instance:
- Mitchell (2007, 2013, 2017) Or (Mitchell,
2007, 2013, 2017)
 IN-TEXT CITATION
CITING MULTIPLE WORKS IN ONE
PARENTHESES

● If these works are by multiple authors then the

references are ordered alphabetically by the first
author separated by a semicolon.
As follows:
- (Mitchell & Smith 2017; Thomson, Coyne, & Davis,
2015).
 IN-TEXT CITATION
CITING A GROUP OR ORGANISATION:

• For the first cite, the full name of the group must be
used. Subsequently this can be shortened.
For example:
- First cite: (International Citation Association, 2015)
- Further Cites: (Citation Association, 2015)
 IN-TEXT CITATION
CITING A SECONDARY SOURCE
• In this situation the original author and
date should be stated first followed by ‘as
cited in’ followed by the author and date of
the secondary source.
For example:
- Lorde (1980) as cited in Mitchell (2017) Or
(Lorde, 1980, as cited in Mitchell, 2017)
 HOW TO CITE DIFFERENT SOURCE
TYPES
• In-text citation doesn’t vary depending on
source type, unless the author is unknown.
• Reference list citations are highly variable
depending on the source.
 HOW TO CITE A BOOK (TITLE, NOT CHAPTER) IN
APA FORMAT

• Book referencing is the most basic

style; it matches the template
above, minus the URL section. So
the basic format of a book
reference is as follows:
HOW TO CITE A BOOK (TITLE, NOT CHAPTER) IN
APA FORMAT
 HOW TO CITE A BOOK (TITLE, NOT CHAPTER) IN
APA FORMAT
Book referencing examples:
- Mitchell, J.A., Thomson, M., & Coyne, R.P.
(2017). A guide to citation. London, England: My
Publisher
- Jones, A.F & Wang, L. (2011). Spectacular
creatures: The
Amazon rainforest (2nd ed.). San Jose,
Costa Rica: My Publisher
 HOW TO CITE AN EDITED BOOK IN APA FORMAT

• This reference format is very similar

to the book format apart from one
extra inclusion: (Ed(s)). The basic
format is as follows:
HOW TO CITE AN EDITED BOOK IN APA FORMAT
 HOW TO CITE AN EDITED BOOK IN APA
FORMAT

Edited book example:

- Williams, S.T. (Ed.). (2015). Referencing: A
guide to citation
rules (3rd ed.). New York, NY: My Publisher
 HOW TO CITE A CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK IN
APA FORMAT

• Edited books are collations of chapters

written by different authors. To reference a
single chapter, a different format is
needed. The basic structure is as follows:
HOW TO CITE A CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK IN
APA FORMAT
 HOW TO CITE A CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK IN APA FORMAT

Edited book chapter example:

- In the following example, B.N. Troy is the
author of the chapter and S.T. Williams is the
editor.
- Troy, B.N. (2015). APA citation rules. In S.T,
Williams (Ed.). A
guide to citation rules (2nd ed., pp.
50-95). New York, NY: Publishers.
 HOW TO CITE AN E-BOOK IN APA FORMAT

• An E-Book reference is the same as a

book reference expect the publisher is
swapped for a URL. The basic structure is
as follows:
- Author surname, initial(s) (Ed(s).*).
(Year). Title (ed.*). Retrieved from URL
- *optional.
 HOW TO CITE AN E-BOOK IN APA FORMAT

E-Book example:
- Mitchell, J.A., Thomson, M., & Coyne,
R.P. (2017). A guide to citation.
Retrieved from
https://www.mendeley.com/reference
-
management/reference-manager
 HOW TO CITE AN E-BOOK CHAPTER IN APA
FORMAT
• This follows the same structure as an edited
book chapter reference except the
publisher is exchanged for a URL. The
structure is as follows:
- Last name of the chapter author, initial(s).
(Year). Chapter title. In editor initial(s),
surname (Ed.). Title (ed., pp.chapter page
range). Retrieved from URL
 HOW TO CITE AN E-BOOK CHAPTER IN APA
FORMAT
ex:
- Troy, B.N. (2015). APA citation rules. In S.T,
Williams (Ed.). A guide to citation rules (2nd
ed., pp. 50-95). Retrieved from
https://www.mendeley.com/reference-mana
gement/reference-manager
 HOW TO CITE A JOURNAL ARTICLE IN PRINT OR
ONLINE IN APA FORMAT
• Articles differ from book citations in that the publisher and publisher
location are not included. For journal articles, these are replaced with
the journal title, volume number, issue number and page number. The
basic structure is:
 HOW TO CITE A JOURNAL ARTICLE IN PRINT OR
ONLINE IN APA FORMAT
Journal Article Examples:

- Mitchell, J.A. (2017). Citation: Why is it so important. Mendeley

Journal, 67(2), 81-95
- Mitchell, J.A. (2017). Citation: Why is it so important. Mendeley
Journal, 67(2), 81-95. Retrieved from
https://www.mendeley.com/reference-management/reference-
manager
 HOW TO CITE A NEWSPAPER ARTICLES IN PRINT OR
ONLINE IN APA FORMAT

The basic structure is as follows:

- Author surname, initial(s). (Year, Month
Day). Title. Title of Newspaper, column/section,
p. or pp. Retrieved from URL*
- Only include if the article is online.

Note: the date includes the year, month and

date.
 HOW TO CITE A NEWSPAPER ARTICLES IN PRINT OR
ONLINE IN APA FORMAT

Newspaper Articles Example:

- Mitchell, J.A. (2017). Changes to citation
formats shake the research world. The
Mendeley Telegraph, Research News, pp.9.
Retrieved from
https://www.mendeley.com/reference-mana
gement/reference-manager
 HOW TO CITE MAGAZINE ARTICLES IN PRINT OR
ONLINE IN APA FORMAT
The basic structure is as follows:
- Author surname, initial(s). (Year, month day). Title. Title
of the Magazine, pp.

Magazine Article Example:

- Mitchell, J.A. (2017). How citation changed the research
world. The Mendeley, pp. 26-28
 HOW TO CITE A TV PROGRAMME IN APA FORMAT

The basic format is as follows:

- Writer surname, initial(s) (Writer), &

Director surname, initial(s) (Director). (Year of
Release). Episode title [Television series
episode]. In Executive producer surname,
initial(s) (Executive Producer), TV series
name. City, State of original channel: Network,
Studio or Distributor
 HOW TO CITE A TV PROGRAMME IN APA FORMAT

TV Programme Example:
- Catlin, M., and Walley-Beckett, Moire
(Writers), & Johnson, R
(Director). (2010). Fly [Television series
episode]. In Schnauz, T.
(Executive Producer). Breaking bad. Culver
City, CA: Sony Pictures
Television
THANK YOU !!
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
(Group 1)