Class: 10 Medium: ENGLISH Subject: Biology

Chapter: 2. TRANSPORTATION Work sheet No: 31.

CONCEPTS: 1. PULSE; 2. HEART BEAT
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
The student….
1. Identifies the need of circulatory system in the organisms.
2. Conducts the activity to observe the pulse rate and heart beat rate
3. Compares the pulse rate with heart beat rate.
CONCEPT PRESENTATION:
All the living organisms need nutrients, gases. Liquids etc.. for growth and maintenance of the
body. The circulatory system helps to send these substances to all parts of the body in all the organisms.
Observe the below figure
 Have you ever observed a doctor holding the wrist of the patient
and looking at his watch for a minute? What is the doctor trying to find
out from the watch and the wrist of the patient?
 What is pulse?
By holding the wrist of the patient the doctor is counting the heart beat
of the patient per minute.
Do an activity by keeping index and middle finger on your wrist below
the thumb with little pressure as shown in the above figure. You feel
something pushing your fingers rhythmically up and down this is called
Pulse.

 What is pulse rate per minute?

 What will be your pulse when your at rest?
 What will happen to your pulse rate when you do vigorous exercise or Jogging?
Now you stand up and jog for one minute at the same place. Note the pulse per minute. Observe the
pulse of your friends and record it in the following table.

S.No Name of the person Pulse rate at rest Pulse rate after jogging

Generally, the pulse rate is 72 times per a minute. Pulse rate is less at rest and more while doing
exercise.
 Do all persons have same pulse rate?
The pulse rate varies from person to person and situation to situation. So it is not constant, when you are
afraid or excited the pulse rate goes up.
  Name the apparatus used by the doctor to observe the heartbeat.
We get heart beat sound when we run fast. To observe the heart beat doctors use stethoscope. In the year
1816 Rene Laennec discovered the stethoscope. Rene Laennec used paper tubes first and after bamboo
and now he has invented the stethoscope that we are using.
Observe the given figure.
 What is the difference between pulse and heart beat?
 How can we observe this?
we can find out the relation between pulse and heart beat
by using pulse indicator. Take a shirt button or an injection
bottle lid, insert a match stick, and place it on your wrist as
shown in the figure. Observe movements in matchstick. Put your
other hand on your chest or with the help of stethoscope.
 Pulse, heart beat are equal. Let’s do it.
Make a paper tube 10-inch-long and one inch in diameter. Keep one end of it at your ear and the other
end on the chest of your friend, so that your friend’s heart beat is audible to you. Listen carefully and
count the heart beats for a minute. Note observations in the following tabular form.
S.No Name of the Stedent Heartbeat at rest /Min. Pulse rate at rest/Min.
1 Eshwar 72 72
2
3
4
5
SELF ASSESSMENT:
1. Write the procedure of an activity to observe the pulse rate.

2. What is the relationship between the heartbeat and the pulse rate? How it can be observed?

3. Prepare a stethoscope with locally available material like match stick, straw and thread etc. And count
the heart beats with the help of that stethoscope

4. The system involved in the transportation of materials in an organism is ( )

A. Digestive system B. Respiratory system C. Nervous system D. circulatory system
5. Stethoscope was discovered by
A. Laennec B. Robert brown C. Linnaeus D. Lamarck
6. Observe the following graph and identify the correct statement ( )

A. Pulse rate and heart beat per minute is equal

B. There is a difference in the pulse rate and
Heart beat rate.
C. Heart beat rate is more than pulse rate
D. Pulse rate is less than heart beat rate.
Class: 10 Medium: ENGLISH Subject: Biology
Chapter: 2. TRANSPORTATION Work sheet No: 32.

CONCEPT: 1. STRUCTURE OF THE HEART

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
The Student,
1. Explains the external and internal structure of heart with the help of diagram.
2. Identify the location of valves and blood vessels associated with the heart.
3. Conducts an activity to observe the structure of heart in the laboratory.
4. Differentiates between auricles and ventricles.
CONCEPT PRESENTATION:
Circulatory system includes heart, blood and blood vessels.
The heart is a pumping organ in our body.
Observe the following figures

 Where is the heart located in our body?

 What is the shape of the heart?
 How many chambers are there in heart?
Heart is located in between
lungs and protected by rib cage
the size of our heart is the size
of our fist. The heart is a pear
shaped structure, triangle in
outline, wider at the anterior end
and narrower at the posterior
end .The heart is covered by two
pericardial membranes, the
space between these two
membranes is filled with
pericardial fluid, which protects the heart from shocks. Heart is divided into four chambers. Two
upper are called atria (auricles) and two lower chambers are called ventricles.
 How can we observe the internal structure of mammalian heart?
Materials required: freshly collected specimen of heart of sheep, soda straws, used pen
refills, sharp and long blade or scalpel, tray, a jug of water, dissection scissors, forceps.
Dissect the heart and observe the internal parts of the heart as shown in the figure.
 How many blood vessels are attached to the heart?
 Where do you find the valves in the heart?

The coronary vessels are present in the walls of the heart, which supplies blood to
muscles of the heart. The deoxygenated blood from different organs of the body is transported
through superior and inferior vena cava and from right atrium it reaches to right ventricle.
Tricuspid valve is present in between right atrium and right ventricle. Right ventricle pumps
deoxygenated blood to lungs through pulmonary artery. From lungs oxygenated blood enters in
left atrium then it moves to left ventricle. From left ventricle oxygen rich blood is pumped to
various parts of the body through aorta. Bicuspid (mitral) valve is present in between left atrium
and left ventricle. Pulmonary valve is present at the region of pulmonary aorta and systemic
valve is present at the region of systemic aorta.
SELF ASSESSMENT:
1. Explain the internal structure of heart with a neat labelled diagram.

2. What precautions would you take while observing the mammalian heart in the laboratory?

3. Where are the valves located in the heart?

4. Explain the blood flow from the heart to body parts and vice versa

5. Which blood vessels carry blood to the heart?

6. Write about the external structure of the heart?

7. The location of tricuspid valve is... ( )

A. In between left atrium and left ventricle.
B. In between right atrium and right ventricle.
C. In between left atrium and right atrium
D. In between right atrium and left ventricle.

8. The main function of pericardial fluid is...... ( )

A. To supply blood to the heart
B. Protect the heart from shocks
C. Giving shape to the heart.
D. Storage of waste materials.
Class: 10 Medium: ENGLISH Subject: Biology
Chapter: 2. TRANSPORTATION Work sheet No: 33.

CONCEPT: 1. BLOOD VESSELS

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
The student….
1. Identifies the blood vessels which are involved in circulation.
2. Differentiates the structure and functions of arteries and veins.
3. Draws the well labelled diagram of T.S of artery, vein and blood capillaries.

CONCEPT PRESENTATION:
The blood circulates in the blood vessels. The coronary blood vessels in the walls of the heart,
which supply blood to the muscles of the heart.
 How many types of blood vessels present in our body? What are they?
Two types of blood vessels present in our human body. They are arteries and veins. Arteries carry
blood from the heart to body parts. Whereas veins send blood from body parts to the heart. To establish
continuity in between arteries and veins another type of microscopic blood vessels known as blood
capillaries are also present.
Observe the following diagram

 Name the blood vessels shown in the above figure.

 Write the differences between artery and vein
 What are the functions of arteries and veins?

The blood vessels shown in the above figures are artery, vein and blood capillary.
Arteries and veins play an important role in blood circulation. The walls of the arteries are thick. In
artery the lumen is smaller when compared to vein.
The walls of the veins are thin. The blood flow through the artery with high pressure. Except
pulmonary artery other arteries carries oxygenated blood in the same way except pulmonary vein, other
veins carries deoxygenated blood. Valves are present in veins. Arteries cannot retain their shapes when
blood is absent but veins can retain their shapes.
Marcello Malpighi observed tiny blood vessels that were invisible with naked eye. He called
these blood vessels as ‘capillaries. They allow diffusion of various substances and establish continuity
in between arteries and veins.

SELF ASSESMENT:
1. Write the difference between arteries and veins in a tabular form.

2. Draw the diagrams of T.S of artery and T.S of vein

3. Identify the correct statement ( )

A. The walls of the veins are thick and lumen is small.
B. The walls of the artery are thin and lumen is small
C. The walls of the artery are thick and lumen is small
D. The walls of the vein are thin and lumen is small

4. Pulmonary artery carries blood from ( )

A. Heart to kidney B. Heart to liver
C. Heart to lungs D. Heart to stomach
Class: 10 Medium: ENGLISH Subject: Biology
Chapter: 2. TRANSPORTATION Work sheet No: 34.

CONCEPT: 1. THE CARDIAC CYCLE

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
The student,
1. Explains different events occurring in cardiac cycle.
2. Draws the flow chart showing the different stages of cardiac cycle.
3. Differentiates between systole (contraction state) and diastole (relaxed state).
CONCEPT PRESENTATION:
Human heart start beating around 21st day during the embryonic development.
the contraction and relaxation of auricles and ventricles is called heartbeat.
Observe the below figures
Observe the contractions and relaxation of auricles and ventricles.
How contraction and relaxation occur ? How the blood flow from auricles to ventricles?
When do we get Lub and dub sounds?

1. All the four chambers are in relaxed state (diastole)

2. Blood from vena cava and pulmonary veins enters the right and left atria respectively.
3. Now atria contract, forcing the blood to enter into the ventricles.(systole)
4. When the ventricles are filled with blood, atria start relaxing. On ventricular contraction due to
pressure blood moves into aorta and pulmonary artery. The aperture between atria and ventricle
is closed by valves. When the Atrio-ventricular valves are closed force bully . It creates first
sharp sound ‘lub’.
5.When the ventricles start relaxing the pressure is reduced. The blood which has entered the
arteries try to come back .the valves which are present in the blood vessels(semi lunar valves) are
closed to prevent backward flow of blood into ventricles. Now it creates dull sound of heart ‘dub.
 What are systole and diastole?
 What is cardiac cycle?
One contraction and relaxation of atria and ventricles is called one cardiac cycle. The sequential
events in the heart which are cyclically repeated in the cardiac cycle. The cardiac cycle includes
an active (contraction) phase systole and resting phase diastole of atria and ventricles. Total
process is completed in 0.8 sec approximately. The time needed for atria contraction is 0.11-
0.14 sec and ventricular contraction is 0.27-0.35 sec.
SELF ASSESSMENT:
1. What is cardiac cycle? Write the steps involved in the cardiac cycle?

2. Write the differences between systole and diastole

3. Explain the different stages of cardiac cycle with the help of flow chart.

4. The blood from pulmonary vein enters into ( )

A. Right atrium B. Right ventricle

C. Left atrium D. Left ventricle
5. Approximate time required to complete one cardiac cycle is ( )
A. 0.2 Sec B.0.4 sec C.0.5 sec D. 0.8 Sec
Class: 10 Medium: ENGLISH Subject: Biology
Chapter: 2. TRANSPORTATION Work sheet No: 35.

CONCEPTS: 1. Single circulation 2. Double circulation

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
The Student,
1. Explains single and double circulation with the help of diagram.
2. Differentiates between single and double circulation
3. Gives examples of the organisms showing single and double circulation.
CONCEPT PRESENTATION:
The blood that is pumped by the heart reaches the body parts and comes back to the heart. The
blood flows in the blood vessels. The circulation of blood is not same in all the animals.
Observe the figures.

 Which animal shows single circulation?

 Which animal shows double circulation?
 How many times blood passes through the heart in single circulation?
 How many times blood passes through the heart in double circulation?
  What is single circulation and double circulation?
Blood flows through heart only once to complete one circulation. This is called single
circulation. In fish we find single circulation. Two chambered heart is present in the fish.
Blood flows through the heart twice for completing one circulation. This is called double
circulation.
In higher organisms like mammals, birds and reptiles double circulation is present. In
man four chambered heart is present. In double circulation blood circulates from the body parts
to the heart, and then heart to lungs, and again from lungs to the heart afterwards to the body
parts. Pulmonary circulation is found in double circulation. Whereas it is absent in single
circulation.
 Why blood is send to lungs?
Pulmonary circulation is the portion of circulatory system. Which carries deoxygenated blood
away from the right ventricle to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the
heart. This is called pulmonary circulation.
SELF ASSESSMENT
1. Explain single and double circulation with the help of diagram.

2. Write the differences between single and double circulation.

3. What happens in pulmonary circulation?

4. Two chambered heart is present in ( )

A. Fish B. Man C. Frog D. Birds
5. The organs involved in pulmonary circulation are ( )
A. Heart, kidney B. Heart, liver C. Heart, lungs D. Heart, stomach.
6. Identify the correct statement about double circulation ( )
i) In double circulation pulmonary circulation is present.
ii) In double circulation blood flows twice through the heart.
iii) Double circulation found in fishes
iv) Double circulation found in mammals.
A. i &ii B. i, ii & iv C. ii & iii D. only iii
Class: 10 Medium: ENGLISH Subject: Biology
Chapter: 2. TRANSPORTATION Work sheet No: 36.

CONCEPT: 1. Lymphatic system

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
The Student….
1. Explains the functions of lymphatic system.
2. Differentiates between blood and lymph
3. Identifies the importance of tissue fluid
CONCEPT PRESENTATION:
As blood flows to tissues through blood capillaries, some amount of fluids and certain solid
materials are constantly flowing out of them at different junctions. Such materials are collected and
sent back into the blood circulation.
 What is tissue fluid?
The liquid portion of the blood with nutrients, flows out of the capillaries this is
called tissue fluid. This tissue fluid, which is present in the tissues should be
transported into the blood vessels again. Some portion of the tissue fluid enters into
the vennule, which in turns form the vein,
which carry blood to the heart.
Observe the lymphatic system in the diagram.
 What is lymphatic system?
To transport the tissue fluid into the main blood
stream, a separate system is called lymphatic system.
Lymphatic system parallel to venous system.
Tissue fluid transported into the blood vessels again.
Some portion of the tissue fluid enters into the vennules
then veins and remaining enter into lymphatic system.
Lymph is the vital link between blood and tissues by
which essential substances pass from blood to cells and
excretory products from cells to blood. Valves are present in lymphatic vessels.
 What is the difference between blood and lymph?
Blood is a substance, which contains solid and liquid particles. lymph is the substance that
contains blood without solid particles.
 How lymph is pushed into lymphatic vessels?
The muscles which are attached to the skeleton act as a pump, when they contract and help
in pushing the lymph flowing in lymphatic vessels and blood flowing in veins towards the heart.
The valves that are present in the lymphatic vessels and veins stops the reverse flow of the blood.
 What is the main reason for swelling of the feet due to overnight journey?
Feet will be swollen after overnight journey in sitting position without moving due to
blockage of lymph in lymph vessels. This condition is called edema. After moving the legs lymph
will flow in the lymphatic vessels and swelling will reduce.
SELF ASSESSMENT
1. Explain the function of lymphatic system.

2. Write the differences between lymph and blood.

3. What is tissue fluid?

4. Lymph is the vital link between ... ( )

A. Blood & blood vessels B. Blood & tissue
C. Blood & heart D. Blood & lungs
5. Identify the correct statement about lymph ( )
A. Lymph contains blood without solid particles.
B. Lymph contains blood with solid and liquid particles.
C. Lymph contains blood without solid and liquid particles.
D. Lymph contains blood with solid particles.
Class: 10 Medium: ENGLISH Subject: Biology
Chapter: 2. TRANSPORTATION Work sheet No: 37.

CONCEPT: 1. Evolution of the transport system

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
The Student,
1. Identifies the process of circulation that takes place in different organisms.
2. Explains the evolution of transport system from lower to higher organisms.
3. Differentiates between open and closed circulatory system.
4. Gives examples for organisms showing open and closed circulatory system.
CONCEPT PRESENTATION:
The circulatory system plays an important role in transportation of materials that takes place in
the body of animals. There is a gradual development of circulatory system from unicellular lower
organisms to multi cellular higher organisms.
 How the nutrients and oxygen are transported in unicellular organisms?
In unicellular organisms like amoeba the protoplasm shows natural movements. These movements
are called Brownian movements, because of which the nutrients and oxygen are distributed throughout
the protoplasm equally.
 How transportation of materials takes place in sponges?
The parazoans like sponges, use marine water for transportation. the sponges create their own currents
by beating of flagella that are present in their body.
 What is gastro vascular cavity?
Cnidarians like hydra, jellyfishes have developed blind sac like gastro vascular cavity which takeup
the function of digestion and transportation of nutrients to each and every cell.
 How the materials get transported in Platyhelminthes and Nemathelminths?
In Fasciola like Platyhelminthes organism the digestive system is highly branched and supplies
digested food to all the cells. In these animals most of the body is occupied by digestive and excretory
system.
 In Nemathelminths, the pseudocoelom will take up the function of collection and distribution of
materials.
 How the transportation takes place in annelids?
The Annelids, the first eucoelomate animals have developed a pulsatile vessel to move the fluid and
the transporting medium is blood.
 What is open circulatory system?
The arthropods have developed a pulsatile organ to pump the blood, the heart. The blood instead of
flowing in blood vessels floods the tissues, such type of transportation in which blood supplies the
material without blood vessels is called open type of circulatory system. Egg: Insects like cockroach,
housefly, mosquito.
 What is closed circulatory system?
Blood takes the responsibility of delivering the materials which flows in the blood vessels is called
closed type circulatory system. In this type of system, the blood flows through blood vessels Eg:
Annelids, Echinoderms, Octopus like molluscs and higher chordates.

SELF ASSESSMENT
1. Write the difference between open circulatory system and closed circulatory system

2. Explain the evolution of circulatory system from lower organisms to higher organisms with suitable
examples.

3. Write the different phyla, their animals and their circulatory system in a tabular form.

4. Match the following ( )

a) Pseudocoelom ( ) i) Amoeba
b) Brownian movements ( ) ii) Cockroach
c) Closed circulatory system ( ) iii) Human being
d) Open circulatory system ( ) iv) Round worm
A). a-iii, b-iv, c-i, d-ii B). a-ii, b-ii, c-i, d- iv
C). a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv D). a-iv, b-i, c-iii, d-ii.
5. The main function of gastro vascular cavity is ( )
A. Digestion & respiration B. Digestion & Reproduction
C. Digestion & transportation D. Digestion & assimilation
Class: 10 Medium: ENGLISH Subject: Biology
Chapter: 4. TRANSPORTATION Work sheet No: 38.
CONCEPT: 1. BLOOD PRESSURE
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
The student,
1. Explains the blood pressure.
2. Differentiates between systolic and diastolic pressure
3. Conducts an activity to measure the B.P with sphygmomanometer
CONCEPT PRESENTATION:
To move the blood through this network of vessels, a great deal of force is required.
 How this force is provided in the body?
The force is provided by the heart and is at its highest when the ventricles contract, forcing
the blood out of the heart and into the arteries then there is a drop in the pressure as the ventricles
refill with blood for the next beat.
 What is blood pressure?
The pressure of the blood on the walls of blood vessels is called blood pressure. It is
produced primarily by the contraction of heart muscles. Blood pressure is the force exerted in the
arteries.
Observe the given figure

 Name of the device given in the figure

 What can we observe with that device?

The device given in the figure is called

sphygmomanometer. It measures the blood
pressure (BP). B.P is always measured in the upper arm
artery with sphygmomanometer. B.P varies throughout the body. There are two pressure
readings, of which one measures the strongest pressure during the time blood is forced out of the
ventricles this is called systolic pressure. The second reading is taken during the resting period
as the ventricles refill with blood this is called diastolic pressure.
 What is the normal blood pressure in healthy person?
 What is hypertension?
Normal blood pressure is 120/80 mm of Hg. People who have high B.P during resting period
are said to have hypertension. If it is less than 120/80mm of Hg said to be Low B.P. B.P will
change according to the activity in which the person is engaged , such as resting, walking and
running.
SELF ASSESSMENT
1. What is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure?

2. What are the main causes of hypertension?

3.Name the device used to measure the B.P ( )

A. Lactometer B. Hydrometer C. Sphygmomanometer D. Spherometer
4. The blood pressure of healthy young adult is ( )
A.120/80mm of Hg B.80/120 mm of Hg C.110/80 mm of Hg D. 90/120mm of Hg
Class: 10 Medium: ENGLISH Subject: Biology
Chapter: 4. TRANSPORTATION Work sheet No: 39.

CONCEPT: 1. BLOOD COAGULATION

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. Explains the different stages involved in blood coagulation
2. Identifies the reasons for delay in blood coagulation
CONCEPT PRESENTATION:

When we cut our selves the blood flows out of the wound for only a short period of time.
Then the cut is filled with a reddish solid material, this solid material is called a blood clot.
 What happens if blood does not clot?
If blood does not clot, anyone with even a slight wound bleed profusely. It leads to death.
Observe the figures.

 What are the stages involved in blood clotting?

Blood platelets play an important role in blood coagulation. Following are the stages involved in
blood coagulation.
When the blood flows out, the platelets release an enzyme called thrombokinase.
Thrombokinase acts on another substance present in the blood called prothrombin.
Converting it into thrombin.
 Thrombin acts on another substance called fibrinogen, which is in dissolved state.
Converting into insoluble fibrin.
The blood cells entangle in the fibrin fibres forming the clot.
Thrombokinase
Prothrombin Thrombin
Thrombin
Fibrinogen Fibrin

 What is serum?
The straw yellowish coloured fluid portion after formation of clot is serum.
 How much time does it take for blood clotting?
 What might be the reasons for delay in blood clotting?
Normally the blood clots in 3-6 minutes.
Vitamin-K deficiency, it takes more time for blood clotting. Haemophilia is a genetic disorder;
SELF ASSESSMENT:
1. Explains the different stages involved in blood coagulation.

2. What happens if platelets are absent in the blood?

3. Write the blood clotting process in equation form .

4. The vitamin required for coagulation of blood is ( )

A. vitamin-A B. vitamin-E C. Vitamin-D D. vitamin-K
5. Identify the genetic disorder related to blood ( )
A. Diarrhoea B. AIDS C. Malaria D. Haemophilia
Class: 10 Medium: ENGLISH Subject: Biology
Chapter: 2. TRANSPORTATION Work sheet No: 40.

CONCEPT: 1. TRANSPORTATION OF WATER IN PLANTS

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
The Student,
1. Explains the mechanism of transportation of water in plants.
2. Identifies that osmosis, root pressure and transpiration are the important factors in
transportation of water.
3. Conducts activities to prove root pressure, transpiration
CONCEPT PRESENTATION:
The roots absorb water along with minerals from the soil; xylem plays an important role in
transportation of water and minerals.
 Which part of the root plays an important role in absorption of water?
Root hairs absorb water. Water which is absorbed by root hairs will reach to the xylem vessels and
then supply to all parts of the plant.
 Which factors are helpful for the absorption of water in root hair?
Osmosis, root pressure and transpiration are helpful for absorption of water in root hair.
Observe the following figure.

 How osmosis takes

place while absorbing water
through roots in plants?
Roots absorb the
water by the process of
osmosis. The soil water is an
extremely dilute solution of
salts. Soil water
concentration is more dilute
than that of the cell sap in the root hair therefore water will enter into the root hairs by osmosis. The
entry of water dilutes the contents of the root hair, so that it becomes more dilutes than its
neighbouring cell. Finally water enters the xylem vessels. As there are vast number of root hairs and
root cells involved, a pressure in the xylem vessels develops which forces the water upwards. This
total pressure is known as root pressure.
 How do we observe the root pressure?
Observe the following figure.
Take a potted plant, cut the stem portion
1 cm. above the ground level. Then connect a
glass tube with stem by rubber tube. Take care
while joining tube and stem being bound tightly,
so that water cannot escape from the tube. Pour
some water in the glass tube until water level
can be seen above the rubber tube mark the level
of [M1] in the tube. Keep your arrangement
aside for 2-3 hours. Then observe the mark
water level [M2] in the tube. Observed water
level increase in glass tube because of root pressure.
Observed the given figure.
 What is transpiration?
Evaporation of water through leaves in
vapour form is called transpiration. Water evaporates
through stomata of leaves and lenticels of stem.
When the leaves transpire, there is a pulling effect on
the continuous columns of water in the xylem
vessels. The water continuous from xylem vessels to
mesophyll cells from which it evaporates into the air
spaces causing the pull.
Thus water is absorbed by osmosis into the plant from the soil by the root hairs, this is
passed into the xylem vessels, which forms a continuous system of tubes through root and stem into
the leaves. Extra water evaporates and releases into the atmosphere. The evaporation creates the
main pull of water above root pressure which gives a major push from below.
SELF ASSESSMENT
1. Explain the procedure to prove the root pressure.

2. Explain the mechanism of transportation of water in plants.

3.Explain the absorption of water through root hair in plants.

4.Match the following ( )

a. Xylem ( ) i) Developed in xylem vessels
b. Root hairs ( ) ii) Transportation of water& minerals
c. Osmosis ( ) iii) Absorption of water
d. Root pressure ( ) iv) Moving of substances through Semi
Permeable membrane
A). a-iii, b-iv, c-i, d-ii B). a-ii, b-iii, c-iv, d- iv
C). a-i, b-iii, c-iv, d-ii D). a-iv, b-i, c-iii, d-ii.

5.Identify the activity shown in the figure ( )

A. Osmosis B. Root pressure.

C. Transpiration D. Diffusion
Class: 10 Medium: ENGLISH Subject: Biology
Chapter: TRANSPORTATION Work sheet No: 41
CONCEPT: 1. TRANSPORTATION OF FOOD IN PLANTS

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
The Student,
1. Explains transportation of food in plants.
2. Identifies that phloem plays an important role in transportation of food in plants.
CONCEPT PRESENTATION:
Phloem plays an important role in transportation of food, manufactured in the leaf. Food
such as sugar is synthesized in the green parts of the plants; this has to be transported to all living
cells. The veins of the leaf consist of xylem; phloem .these tissues are continuous with stem.
Observe the figure given below.

 To which part of the plant aphid penetrates its

proboscis?
Biologists studied about food transportation in
plants with the help of aphids (green flies). When a
feeding aphid is killed and the proboscis carefully
sectioned, the proboscis only penetrates up to phloem
sieve tube.
It is found that, because the contents of the
phloem sieve tubes are under slight pressure the fluid
slowly exudes from the Cut end of the proboscis in
the form of drops. These drops are then collected and
analysed. This fluid is found to contain sugars and
amino acids. The scientists came to the conclusion
that transportation of food is by phloem.

 Parts of the plant which have been attacked by aphids often become sticky, why?
Aphids absorb so much sugar from the phloem that they cannot assimilate all of it. And it
excretes out of the body as sticky syrup called honeydew. Leaves which have been attacked by
aphids often become sticky as a result of honey dew.
 How can we prove the conduction of sugars by the phloem?
 Observe the following figure.

Remove the bark, including

the phloem from a shoot to expose
the wood. After few days when the
tissues above and below the ring were
analysed. It was shown that food had
accumulated above the ring, but was
not present below it. If it is left for
some more time, the stem increases in
thickness immediately above the ring,
no growth occurring below it. So any
damage to the phloem all around the stem will prevent the food from passing down to the roots
and the tree will die. So that transportation of food in plants takes place through phloem. Because
bark of the trees damaged more than a half, even then the tree is alive. With this experiment we
can confirm that food is transported through phloem.

SELF ASSESSMENT
1. Explain the procedure adopted by biologists to study the transport of food in plants through
phloem with the help of aphid.

2. Write the experiment to prove sugar is transported through phloem.

3. Following organism was studied by Biologists to observe the transportation of food through
phloem. ( )

A. Cockroaches B. Grasshoppers C. Aphids D. Wasps

4. The vascular bundles are found in this part of the leaf ( )

A. Leaf apex B. Leaf margin C. Veins D. Stipules