Name: Harriet B.

Estanislao Midterm
Subject: HPP Laboratory
 Summaries
Of The
Topics

Name: Harriet B. Estanislao Date: March 19, 2020

Subject: Anaphy Lab. 1 Title of the topic: Senses

Summary report on Senses

Senses, is when the brain receives information. Sensation is the stimulation of sensory receptors
being initiated, and Perception is the conscious awareness of those stimuli. Sensory receptors are specialized
cells capable of responding to stimuli by developing action potentials. Several types of receptors are
associated with general and special senses and each respond to each stimulus, these are the
Mechanoreceptors responds to mechanical, Chemoreceptors responds to chemicals, Photoreceptors responds
to light, Thermoreceptors responds to temperature, and Nociceptors responds to stimuli that resulting in
sensation of pain. The general senses include sense of touch, pressure, pain, temperature, vibration, itch, and
proprioception.
Touch receptors are structurally more complex, here are the several types, Merkel disks involved in
detecting light, Hair follicle receptors are involved in detecting light touch, Meissner corpuscle located deep
into the epidermis, Ruffini corpuscle are the deeper tactile, Pacinian corpuscle associated with joints and
tendons. Pain is characterized by a group of unpleasant perceptual and emotional experience. 2 types of pain
sensation, first are localized, sharp, pricking, or cutting, second is diffuse, burning, or aching pain. Pain can be
reduced by gating mechanism means involving gate control theory.
Special senses are the smell and taste that responds to chemical stimulation, light stimulation in
vision and balance and hearing to a mechanical stimulation with mechanoreceptors. Olfaction, olfactory
neurons the cilia has receptors that responds in the nasal mucus, and the wide range of detectable odors
resulting in combination of receptors. Neuronal pathways for olfaction where the axons of the olfactory
enters the olfactory bulb and then olfactory tracts carry action potentials from the bulb to the cortex of the
brain. Taste, the one that detects tastes stimuli are called taste buds. There are 5 types of taste, sour, salty,
bitter, sweet, and umami. Neural pathways for taste the facial nerve carries taste from the anterior two thirds
of the tongue.
Vision, the visual system includes eyes, accessory structures and sensory receptors. Eyebrows
protect the eyes from foreign objects, Eyelids is associated with lashes, Conjunctiva is a transparent mucus
membrane, Lacrimal apparatus consist of lacrimal gland situated in the superior lateral corner of the orbit,
extrinsic eye muscle are attached to the surface and responsible for the movement of each eyeball. anatomy
of eyes are the Fibrous, Vascular, Nervous tunic and Chamber of the eyes. Function of the eyes is about the
light that passes through. Neuronal pathways for vision are the optic radiations extend from thalamus to
visual cortex. Hearing and balance, the ear is divided into 3, the external, middle and internal ear. Hearing are
the collected sound waves, Balance or equilibrium has 2 components the static and dynamic equilibrium.
Neuronal pathways of hearing are soundwaves are funneled through the auricle drown the external auditory
canal. Neuronal pathways of balance are axons in the vestibular portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve
project to the vestibular nucleus and to the cerebral cortex.

Name: Harriet B. Estanislao Date: March 26, 2020

Subject: Anaphy Lab. 1 Title of the topic: Blood

Summary report on Blood

 Blood, the heart pumps blood to expand throughout the body and can maintain homeostasis. Blood
has several functions, blood can transport gasses, nutrients, and waste products, can regulate the pH level,
maintain temperature of our body, protection against substances while also conducting blood clotting. Blood
composition, it is a type of connective tissue that compose of liquid matrix and consisting of formed plasma
and elements. The total volume of the blood is 4-5 L in average female while the average men is 5-6 L. Plasma
consist of 91% water and 9% dissolved substances and it is a yellow pale fluid. Albumin makes up 58% of the
plasma proteins, Globulins is 38% of the plasma protein, Fibrinogen consist of 4% of plasma protein, Serum is
the plasma without clotting factors.
Formed elements, as stated earlier it is consisting of 45% of the total blood composition, it is also
compose of RBC that is 700 times more numerous than WBC and WBC is 17 times more numerous of
platelets. Production of formed elements, Hematopoiesis formed elements are produced here and can
continue throughout our lives. RBC its primary function is to transport oxygen to the lungs and can bend or
fold around its thin center by decreasing its size for it is enable it to pass more easily, it is also a disk shaped.
WBC are spherical cells; it is larger than RBC and each has nucleus. The two functions of WBC are to protect
the body against microorganism and to remove dead cells. When consist of large cytoplasmic granules it is
called Granulocytes. Granulocytes has 3 kinds, Neutrophils, Basophils, and Eosinophils. Platelets, each are
consisting of small amount of cytoplasm that is surrounded by cell membrane. It plays a major role by
preventing blood loss.
Preventing blood loss, when blood vessel is damage loss of blood can minimize by these 3, Vascular
spasm is a temporary constriction of blood vessel, Platelet plug formation can seal up a small break in blood
vessel, and Blood clotting because blood constriction and platelets are not enough to close large cuts. Blood
grouping, Antigens is the RBC that have molecules, on the other hand the one that binds antigens and the
plasma that includes protein is called antibodies. ABO and Rh are the most important blood groups. ABO
blood group is categorized as human blood, there are 2 types of antigens that may appear on the surface of
the RBC the type A and type B antigens. Rh blood group, Rh antigens do not develop unless Rh negative is
exposed to Rh positive RBC. Diagnostic blood test, blood typing is where it determines the ABO and Rh blood
of a blood sample in Crossmatch blood cells are mixed with the recipient and donor. CBC contains RBC count,
hemoglobin, WBC count, hematocrit measurement. WBC count is it determines the percentage, Blood
chemistry the material dissolved in plasma.

Name: Harriet B. Estanislao Date: April 2, 2020

Subject: Anaphy Lab. 1 Title of the topic: Heart

Summary report on Heart

 Heart, it functions by Generating blood pressure, Routing blood, Ensuring one-way blood flow, and
Regulating blood supply. The size of the heart is approximately a size of a clench fist nut the heart decreases
by the age of 65. The heart is located in the thoracic cavity that is between the 2 pleura cavities that
surrounds the lungs. The rounded part is called Apex, flat part at the opposite is called Base.
Cardiopulmonary resurrection is done when the blood flow in the body if the person’s heart stops. The
anatomy of the heart is composed of the Pericardium formed the pericardial cavity, which surrounds the
heart, the outer layer is Fibrous pericardium while the inner layer is Serous pericardium. Parietal
pericardium is the lining of the fibrous pericardium, on the other hand is the Visceral pericardium that covers
the heart. Filled fluid with a thin layer is called Pericardial fluid. External anatomy the right and left ventricles
are separated externally by interventricular sulci. Heart chambers and internal anatomy, these are the 4
chambers in the heart, left and right atria and the right and left ventricles.
Heart valves is maintained by the one-way flow of blood and it has 2 types the Atrioventricular and
Semilunar valves. Route of blood flow through the heart, based on figure 12.10 first into the Superior and
inferior vena cava, to the Right ventricle, then into the Pulmonary trunk, proceeds to Pulmonary arteries, and
into Pulmonary veins, and to the Bicuspid valve, then to the Left ventricle and lastly to the Aorta. Blood
supply to the heart, Coronary arteries and cardiac veins provide the pathway for blood through the heart
wall. Cardiac veins the pathway is parallel to the coronary arteries and it drains blood from the cardiac
muscle. Histology of the heart, Heart wall are composed of 3 parts, Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium.
Cardiac muscle contains 1 or 2 nuclei and it also contains the actin and myosin which are joined to from
myofibrils. Action potentials in cardiac muscle is prolonged, Conduction system of the heart cardiac muscle
can contract without neural stimulations.
Electrocardiogram it is consist of P and T waves, and QRS complex. Cardiac cycle, refers to the
process if repetitive pumping and each pump consist of a primer pump called Atrium, and power pump called
the Ventricle. Heart sounds, there are 2 main heart sounds first is lubb that has a lower pitch sound and
occurs at the beginning of ventricle systole and second is dub that occurs at the beginning of ventricle
diastole. Stethoscope was developed to listen to the sound of the heart and lungs. Regulation of heart
function. Intrinsic regulation contained within the heart itself while Extrinsic regulation are carried through
the autonomic nervous system. It affects the connective tissue of the heart valves, heart failure also occurs,
enlargement of left ventricle, these are the effects of aging on the heart.

Name: Harriet B. Estanislao Date: April 9, 2020

Subject: Anaphy Lab. 1 Title of the topic: Blood Vessels and
Circulation
 Summary report on Blood Vessels and Circulation

Circulatory system has 5 functions, it carries blood, exchange nutrients, waste products and gasses
with tissue, it can also transport substances, helps to regulate blood pressure and lastly directs blood flow to
the tissue. General features, there are 3 main types of blood vessel these are the Arteries carry blood from the
heart, Capillaries blood is supplied to capillaries by arterioles and it is only consisting of endothelium, and
Veins small veins are covered and medium size and large veins contains less smooth muscle. Pulmonary
circulation it carries blood from the right ventricle of the heart and lungs then back to the left atrium.
Pulmonary trunk the blood from the right ventricle is pumped into the short vessels. Systemic circulation, the
one that carries blood from the left ventricle.
Aorta the systemic circulation is either directly or indirectly from the aorta. Arteries of the head and
neck the brachiocephalic is the first vessel to branch, the most common carotid artery extends in the side of
the neck to the mandible where they branch into internal and external carotid arteries. Arteries of upper
limb, it is named differently because they pass into different body regions, Axial artery in the axilla, Brachial
artery when it extends to the arm, Ulnar artery branches from the shoulder and Radial artery the one that
supplies blood to the forearm. Thoracic aorta has branches and it can be divided into 2, Visceral and Parietal
arteries. The internal thoracic arteries are branches of the subclavian arteries and the anterior thoracic artery
extends between the ribs. Abdominal aorta, visceral branches supply the abdominal organs on the other hand
is parietal branches that is responsible for the abdominal wall. Arteries of the pelvis, external iliac artery
enters lower limb and internal iliac artery supplies the pelvic area. Arteries of the lover limb, the external iliac
become femoral artery then extends and called popliteal artery.
Veins of the head and neck, external and internal jugular that collects blood from the neck. Veins of
the upper limbs, can be divided into two superficial and deep groups. Veins of the thorax, the hemiazygos and
accessory hemiazygos veins empty into the azygos vein which now empties into the superior vena cava. Veins
of the abdomen and pelvis, through Ascending lumbar veins the blood from the posterior abdominal wall
returns. Veins of the lower limb, deep veins follow the same path of the arteries. Physiology of circulation,
Blood pressure, Pressure and resistance, Pulse pressure, and Capillary exchange. Control of blood flow in
tissues, blood flow in tissue is proportional and metabolic. Regulation of arterial pressure, the most important
in short term regulation of blood pressure are the baroreceptor, chemoreceptor, and adrenal medullary reflex
mechanism. Several effects of aging on the blood vessels are reducing elasticity and thickening of arterial
walls, the efficiency of capillary exchange and some wall thicken.
Illustrations
The Multipolar Neuron
The Spinal Cord
 The Human Brain

Brainstem, Cerebrum: Lobes of Cortex, Cerebrum: Functional Areas of Cortex

Cranial Nerves

The Eye
The Ear
The Heart
Laboratory
Exercises

The Spinal Nerve

The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
 Table 20.1 Cranial Nerves

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Major Arteries of The Body

Major Veins of The Body

The Hepatic Portal System
 Review and
Comprehension

Activity: Senses Review and Comprehension

Explain how pain is reduced by analgesic and how it can be modified, according to the gate control theory.
 Pain can be reduced or controlled by “gating mechanisms” involving the gate control theory.
According to the gate control theory, these action potentials “close the gate” and inhibit action
potentials carried to the brain by the spinothalamic tract. The gate control theory also explains why
the intensity of pain is decreased by diverting a person’s attention. Perception of pain can be
disrupted through anesthesia; local anesthesia suppresses action potentials from pain receptors
through the injection of chemical anesthetics.
what are the five-primary taste? How do they produce many different kinds of taste sensation?
 Sour, salty, bitter, sweet, and umami are the five-primary taste. The facial nerve carries taste from the
anterior two-thirds of the tongue, the glossopharyngeal nerve carries taste from the posterior one-
third of the tongue, and the vagus nerve carries taste from the root of the tongue.
What is the blind spot of the eye, and what causes it?
  The blind spot of the eye is the optic disc, it is where the optic nerve exits the ye and blood vessels
enter. The blind spot is due to the lack of receptors (rods and cones) where the optic nerve and blood
vessels leave the eye or some cases where the blind spots blocks the light from reaching the
photoreceptors or when there is a local adaption of the retina just after seeing a bright light.
Describe the relationship among the tympanic membrane, the auditory ossicles, and the oval window of the
inner ear.

 The tympanic membrane separated the external ear from the middle ear. The middle ear contains
three auditory ossicles and has two covered openings on the medial side of the middle ear, one of
them are known to be the oval window. The auditory ossicle forms a flexible, bony bridge that
transmits vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. As vibration are transmitted
from the malleus to the stapes, the force of the vibrations is amplified about 20-fold because the area
of the tympanic membrane is about twenty times that of the oval window