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    SPOS Practical - Assign No1

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    Prachi Sukenkar

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    SPOS Practical - Assign No1

    Uploaded by

    Prachi Sukenkar
    4 views8 pages

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    SPOS Practical_Assign No1

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    4 views8 pages

    SPOS Practical - Assign No1

    Uploaded by

    Prachi Sukenkar

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 8

    GROUP - A

    EXPERIMENT NO : 01

    1 Title:

    Design suitable data structures and implement pass-I and pass-II of a


    two-pass assembler for pseudo-machine in Java using object oriented
    feature. Implementation should consist of a few instructions from each
    category and few assembler directives. The output of Pass -I should be
    input for Pass -II.

    2 Theory Concepts

    Introduction :-

    There are two main classes of programming languages: high level


    (e.g., C, Pascal) and low level. Assembly Language is a low level
    programming language. Programmers code symbolic instructions, each of
    which generates machine instructions.
    An assembler is a program that accepts as input an assembly
    language program (source) and produces its machine language equivalent
    (object code) along with the information for the loader.

    Figure 1. Executable program generation from an assembly source code

    Advantages of coding in assembly language are:


     Provides more control over handling particular hardware components
     May generate smaller, more compact executable modules
     Often results in faster execution

    Disadvantages:
     Not portable
     More complex
     Requires understanding of hardware details (interfaces)

    Pass – 1 Assembler:

    An assembler does the following:


    1 Generate machine instructions
    - evaluate the mnemonics to produce their machine code
    - evaluate the symbols, literals, addresses to produce their
    equivalent machine addresses
    - convert the data constants into their machine representations
    2 Process pseudo operations
    Pass – 2 Assembler:

    A two-pass assembler performs two sequential scans over the source code:

    Pass 1: symbols and literals are defined


    Pass 2: object program is generated
    Parsing: moving in program lines to pull out op-codes and operands

    Data Structures:

    - Location counter (LC): points to the next location where the code will be placed

    - Op-code translation table: contains symbolic instructions, their


    lengths and their op- codes (or subroutine to use for translation)

    - Symbol table (ST): contains labels and their values

    - String storage buffer (SSB): contains ASCII characters for the strings

    - Forward references table (FRT): contains pointer to the string in SSB


    and offset where its value will be inserted in the object code
    Figure 2. A simple two pass assembler.

    Elements of Assembly Language :

    An assembly language programming provides three basic features which


    simplify programming when compared to machine language.

    1 Mnemonic Operation Codes :

    Mnemonic operation code / Mnemonic Opcodes for machine instruction


    eliminates the need to memorize numeric operation codes. It enables
    assembler to provide helpful error diagnostics. Such as indication of
    misspelt operation codes.
    2 Symbolic Operands :
    Symbolic names can be associated with data or instructions. These
    symbolic names can be used as operands in assembly statements. The
    assembeler performes memory bindinding to these names; the programmer
    need not know any details of the memory bindings performed by the
    assembler.
    3 Data declarations :

    Data can be declared in a variety of notations, including the decimal


    notation. This avoids manual conversion of constants into their internal
    machine representation, for example -5 into (11111010)2 or 10.5 into
    (41A80000)16

    Statement format :

    An assembly language statement has the following format :


    [ Label] <Opcode> <operand Spec> [, operand Spec> ..]
    Where the notation [..] indicates that the enclosed specification is optional.
    Label associated as a symbolic name with the memory word(s) generated
    for the statement
    Mnemonic Operation Codes :
    Instruction Format :

    Sign is not a part of Instruction

    An Assembly and equivalent machine language program :(solve it properly)

    Assembly Language Statements :


    Three Kinds of Statements
    1 Imperative Statements
    2 Declaration Statements
    3 Assembler Directives

    a Imperative Statements : It indicates an action to be performed during the execution


    of the assembled program. Each imperative statement typically translates into one
    machine instruction.
    b Declaration Statements : Two types of declaration statements is as follows
    [Label] DS [Label] DC <constant>
    ‘<Value>’
    The DS (Declare Storage) statement reserves areas of memory and associates names with them.
    Eg) D 1
    A S
    B D 15
    S 0
    First statement reserves a memory of 1 word and associates the name of the memory as A.
    Second statement reserves a memory of 150 word and associates the name of the memory as
    B.

    The DC (Declare Constant) Statement constructs memory word containing

    constants. Eg ) ONE DC ‘1’

    Associates the name ONE with a memory word containing the value ‘1’ . The programmer can
    declare constants in decimal,binary, hexadecimal forms etc., These values are not protected by the
    assembler. In the above assembly language program the value of ONE Can be changed by executing
    an instruction MOVEM BREG,ONE

    b.c Assembler Directives :


    Assembler directives instruct the assembler to perform certain actions during the assembly of a
    program. Some Assembler directives are described in the following

    START <Constant>
    Indicates that the first word of the target program generated by the assembler should be
    placed in the memory word with address <Constant>

    END [ <operand spec>]


    It Indicates the end of the source program
    Pass Structure of Assembler :

    One complete scan of the source program is known as a pass of a Language Processor.

    Two types 1) Single Pass Assembler 2) Two Pass Assembler.

    Single Pass Assembler :

    First type to be developed Most Primitive Source code is processed only once.
    The operand field of an instruction containing forward reference is left blank

    intially Eg) MOVER BREG,ONE

    Can be only partially synthesized since ONE is a forward reference

    During the scan of the source program, all the symbols will be stored in a table called
    SYMBOL TABLE. Symbol table consists of two important fields, they are symbol name
    and address.

    All the statements describing forward references will be stored in a table called Table of
    Incompleted Instructions (TII)
    TII (Table of Incomplete instructions)

    Instruction Address Symb


    ol
    1 ONE
    0
    1

    By the time the END statement is processed the symbol table would contain the address of
    all symbols defined in the source program.

    Two Pass Assembler :

    Can handle forward reference problem easily.


    First Phase : (Analysis)
    □ Symbols are entered in the table called Symbol table
    □ Mnemonics and the corresponding opcodes are stored in a table called Mnemonic table
    □ LC Processing
    Second Phase : (Synthesis)

    □ Synthesis the target form using the address information found in Symbol table.

    □ First pass constructs an Intermediated Representation (IR) of the source program for
    use by the second pass.

    Data Structure used during Synthesis Phase :


    c.1 Symbol table
    c.2 Mnemonics table

    Processed form of the source program called Intermediate Code (IC)


    ADVANCED ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

    1 ORIGIN
    2 EQU
    3 LTROG

    ORIGIN :

    Syntax : ORIGIN < address spec>

    < address spec>can be an <operand spec> or constant

    Indicates that Location counter should be set to the address given by < address spec>

    This statement is useful when the target program does not consist of consecutive memory
    words. Eg) ORIGIN Loop + 2

    EQU : Syntax

    <symbol> EQU <address spec>

    <address spec>operand spec (or) constant


    Simply associates the name symbol with address specification No
    Location counter processing is implied
    Eg ) Back EQU

    Loop LTORG :

    (Literal Origin)

    Where should the assembler place literals ?


    It should be placed such that the control never reaches it during the execution of a program.
    By default, the assembler places the literals after the END statement.
    LTROG statement permits a programmer to specify where literals should be placed.

    DESIGN OF TWO PASS ASSEMBLER:

    Pass I : (Analysis of Source Program)

    1 Separate the symbol, mnemonic opcode and operand fields


    2 Build the symbol table.
    3 Perform LC processing.
    4 Construct intermediate representation

    PASS 2:-

    Processes the intermediate representation (IR) to synthesize the target program.

    Note :(you can also write your own theory for this practical)
    Solve the below example.for Pass-1 Assembler.

    Conclusion :

    Thus , I have implemented Pass-1 & Pass -II assembler with symbol table, literal table,pool table
    and Machine Opcode Table .

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