CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter includes ideas, generalization or conclusions and others. Those that

were included in this chapter helps in familiarizing information that are relevant to the

present study. The researcher made use of the local and foreign resources to provide

information to this study, and to determine the similarities and differences of the present

study.

The literature review revealed that vaping has negative effects on both the health

and learning of students. With regard to health, vaping has been linked to various

respiratory and cardiovascular problems. The researchers found that college students

who vaped had a higher risk of developing respiratory symptoms, such as coughing,

wheezing, and shortness of breath, compared to non-vaping students Gaiha, S.M.,

Cheng, J., Halpern-Felsher, B., et al. (2021). Another found that vaping can cause

damage and infection by (Czogala et al. 2016). The study found that the levels of

nicotine, glycerin, and propylene glycol in the air were significantly higher during e-

cigarette use compared to the 30-minute post-use period. The researchers also found

that formaldehyde levels in the air were detectable but remained within safe limits;

moreover, vaping can lead to nicotine addiction and exposure to harmful chemicals,

which can have long-term effects on health.

A systematic review conducted by (Soneji et al. 2017) found that the risk of

cigarette smoking initiation was higher among adolescents who had ever used e-

cigarettes with higher nicotine content. The study also found that individuals who had

never smoked cigarettes before but had used e-cigarettes were more likely to
subsequently initiate cigarette smoking compared to those who had never used e-

cigarettes. Furthermore, the researchers found that individuals who had used e-

cigarettes were also more likely to smoke cigarettes more frequently and to have

difficulty quitting smoking. Another study by (McConnell et al. 2018) found that e-

cigarette use was associated with decreased lung function in adolescents. The

researcher concluded that e-cigarette use is associated with an increased risk of

respiratory symptoms among adolescents. They recommended that policies and

educational programs should target the prevention of e-cigarette use among

adolescents.

Furthermore, a study by (Barrington-Trimis et al, 2018) The researcher highlight

the potential harm of e-cigarette use, particularly among adolescents and young adults,

and suggest that efforts to prevent e-cigarette use may help to reduce future cigarette

use. The study also calls for further research to understand the mechanisms underlying

the observed associations. There are potential health risks, this also concerns the

impact of e-cigarette use on academic performance. A study by Perikleous et al. (2018)

provides a comprehensive literature review of the prevalence, patterns, and health

effects of e-cigarette use among adolescents. The researcher reviewed the health

effects of e-cigarette use, including their potential as a gateway to cigarette smoking

and their effects on respiratory and cardiovascular health.

Another study by (Lechner et al. 2017) found the relationship between cigarette

use and depressive symptoms in adolescents. Specifically, it may be looking at how

starting to use either electronic or combustible cigarettes might be associated with the
development or worsening of depressive symptoms, as well as how experiencing

depressive symptoms might influence the onset of cigarette use..

In terms of learning, research has shown that vaping can have a negative effect

on academic performance. A study of high school students found that those who vaped

had lower grades and were more likely to skip school than non-vaping students by

(Miech et al, 2017). Another found that vaping can lead to decreased attention and

memory, which can negatively impact learning and academic performance. Alzoubi, K.

H., Batran, R. M., Al-Sawalha, N. A., Khabour, O. F., Karaoghlanian, N., Shihadeh, A.,

& Eissenberg, T. (2021).

The literature suggests that e-cigarette exposure can have a negative effect on

learning and memory functions in both animal and human models. Animal studies have

shown that exposure to e-cigarette aerosol can lead to impairments in spatial learning

and memory, as well as alterations in hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Similarly, human

studies have found that e-cigarette use is associated with poorer cognitive performance,

including deficits in attention, working memory, and processing speed. The participants

were asked about their vaping behavior, workplace productivity, and job satisfaction.

Nicotine affects your brain development. This can make it harder to learn and

concentrate. Some of the students can't focus on their studies because of it. Some of

the brain changes are permanent and can affect your mood and ability to control your

impulses as an adult.(Amy W. Anzilotti, MD). Vape can also lead to the addiction of the

young teens especially the students. The more you vape, the more your brain and body

get used to having nicotine, and the harder it is to go without it. When you go without
vaping, the nicotine level in your bloodstream drops, which may cause unpleasant

feelings, physical symptoms, and strong urges to vape.

E-cigarettes contain nicotine, a drug that’s highly addictive. Students that are

easily attracted to vape can be more addicted to it. You don’t have to vape every day to

get addicted.This is nicotine addiction. Addiction in the growing brain may set up

pathways for later addiction to other substances that can distract the students from their

studies that can cause low grades and low academic performance (Amy W. Anzilotti,

MD).

It was difficult for students in previous generations to smoke cigarettes; they had

to sneak out to the campus. Young people can vape right on campus these days and

slip past their lecturers. Since e-cigarettes are compact and deliver nicotine discreetly,

students can smuggle them to their teachers. Students who vape in class cause

distractions for other students as well. Additionally, it might result in poorer academic

performance and grades. A study revealed that e-cigarette users missed assignments,

skipped courses, and had lower GPAs than non-users of tobacco products. Nicotine can

harm kids' developing brains and keep them from concentrating on their studies. Vaping

can cause students to develop early addictions that could harm them.(Patrick

McMahon, 2022)

Electronic cigarettes were first introduced in the U.S. in 2006. It is the claimed

substitute for smoking cessation tools and it is safer than cigarettes. Time flies and the

e-cigarette evolved, from the early generation to the latest generation. Before we had

the cigarette lookalikes (cigalikes), modifiable tank style e cigarettes, and to the latest

known as pod mods or the “pods”. The other one is called JUUL which was introduced
in 2015. JUUL is currently the most popular retail e-cigarette brand in the USA,

accounting for 76% of the retail e-cigarette market at the end of 2018 (Craver, 2019;

Huang et al. 2019).

The study conducted by Allem et al. (2018) found that e-cigarette use was

associated with increased odds of respiratory symptoms and poor mental health among

young adults. Barrington-Trimis and Leventhal (2018) found that e-cigarette use was

associated with an increased risk of asthma among adolescents. Kavuluru et al. (2019)

found that e-cigarette use was associated with an increased risk of depression and

anxiety among young adults.

Another study found that e-cigarette use was associated with poorer academic

performance and decreased motivation to learn among high school students by

Kinouani et al. (2017). This study found that e-cigarette use was associated with

increased likelihood of smoking among university students by McKeganey et al. (2018).

The study by Pepper et al. (2016) found that e-cigarette use was associated with

decreased cognitive function among college students.

This study provides a comprehensive review of the literature on e-cigarettes and

highlights the need for increased awareness and regulation to protect young people

from the potential harms of these products. The researcher found that e-cigarette use

was associated with increased likelihood of substance use among high school students

Ramamurthi et al. (2018). Another study by Yingst et al. (2018) found that e-cigarette

use was associated with decreased academic achievement and increased absenteeism

among high school students.

 Teens are particularly attracted to the ECs because of the sleek marketing, social

media activity, and promotional campaigns as well as celebrity endorsements, feature

cartoons, and sexual appeal (Grana & Ling, 2014).

Synthesis

The literature and studies mentioned above provide extensive information on the

effects of vaping and how it affects the health and academic performance of students.

These studies are relevant to the topic as they explore the potential impact of e-

cigarettes, including their negative and positive effects, to raise awareness among

students about the potential short-term and long-term effects of using vape.

The studies presented various discussions about academic failure and the

impact of e-cigarettes on students' health and academic performance. By examining the

available literature, these studies aim to identify the potential risks associated with

vaping and to promote healthier behaviors among students. Overall, the literature and

studies provide valuable insights into the potential effects of e-cigarettes on student

health and academic outcomes.

The literature review indicates that vaping has negative effects on both the health

and learning of students. Specifically, vaping has been linked to respiratory and

cardiovascular problems, with random students who vape at a higher risk of developing

respiratory symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath, as well as

having a history of asthma and chronic bronchitis.

The literature review highlights the negative effects of vaping on the health and

learning of students. Vaping has been linked to various respiratory and cardiovascular
problems, as well as nicotine addiction and exposure to harmful chemicals, which can

have long-term effects on health. E-cigarette use has been associated with increased

respiratory symptoms, asthma exacerbations, and decreased lung function in young

people.

Moreover, e-cigarette use has been associated with lower grades, a higher

likelihood of dropping out of school, decreased cognitive function, and poorer academic

performance among high school and college students. Studies also suggest that vaping

can lead to decreased attention and memory, which can negatively impact learning and

academic performance. The addictive nature of nicotine in e-cigarettes can affect the

developing brain, set up pathways for later addiction to other substances, and distract

students from their studies.

Students who vape in class cause distractions for other students as well. The

review also discusses the evolution of e-cigarettes from cigalikes to pod mods or JUUL,

which is currently the most popular retail e-cigarette brand in the USA.Overall, the

literature review suggests that vaping has significant negative effects on the health and

learning of students, and it is important to raise awareness about these risks among

young people

Bibliography
 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter explains various mathodologies that we used in using design,

respondents of the study, data gathering instrument and data gathering procedure.
Research Design

To study the effect of vape in the health and learning of the students, the

researcher used phenomenology design.

This study will use a phenomenological research design. Phenomenology is a

qualitative research approach that seeks to understand the lived experiences of

individuals. In this study, we will explore the subjective experiences of students who use

e-cigarettes, with a focus on the effect of vaping on health and learning.

This study employed a descriptive design to explain the circumstance, subject,

behavior, and phenomena. It was used to find information that might be used to make a

decision. Because of its versatility in solving difficulties, it is

used in a variety of fields of study. The researchers believed that this method is

best applied in this study.

Data Gathering Instrument

The data gathering instrument that the researcher used was the questionnaire to

gather the needed data of the students who use vape. The questionnaire includes the

respondents profile and the students smoking lifestyle. For the questionnaire, to ensure

the confidentiality of the respondent’s answers, the researchers attached the data

privacy form and the consent form for the respondents. The respondents are feel free to

talk to the researcher while interviewing, they can express their feelings about how they

feel when they are vaping. In the preparation of the instrument, the requirements in the

designing of a good data collection instrument are considered.

 The respondents profile is composed of 5 items and it is the first thing that the

respondent will see in the interview questionnaire. The second part contains the

respondents with their smoking lifestyle as a student which contains the students

lifestyle with the e cigarettes in their life. The researchers collated carefully the different

suggestions and comments

given, published the questions on google form for online distribution and printed

or hard copies for actual distribution.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher will make a lot of time, effort and cooperation in making their

interview for the respondents. In administering the interview we will make a

questionnaire, the researcher will make it both online and offline and ask permission

from the respondents in coming from personal information and other referrals, also the

researchers will ask if it is alright for the respondent to have an interview with the

researchers. The questionnaire will be created using suitable questions modified from

related research study and individual questions created by the researcher. The

researcher will ask for the consent of the respondents. Respondents will be given time

to answer the questionnaires that will be prepared by the researcher.