4TH SEM

UNIT-III

T.V. PROGRAMMING PRESENTATION

We must be clear, at the outset, that all journalists, whether those in

Print or in the broadcast media, are journalists first and print or broadcast
Journalists afterwards. In other words, all journalists, regardless of which area of
Journalism they belong to, share a common profession and perform a common
Social function. Having said that, however, it must also be noted that despite the
Commonalities shared by print and broadcast journalists, there are important
differences in the choice and presentation of the stories they bring to the public.
These differences are dictated by the choice of medium – a story told in a
Newspaper is different in important ways from its broadcast or web equivalent.

Thus, there are different areas of journalism: print, broadcast and web
Journalism
Print Journalism means journalism practiced for newspapers and magazines. It
Involves the writing, editing and publication of news reports, features and
editorials.
Broadcast Journalism means journalism practiced for the electronic media
Including television and radio. It involves writing, shooting, editing and packaging
of news reports, features, documentaries and programmes.
Web journalism is the field of news and journals which are "broadcast", that
is, published by electrical methods, instead of the older methods, such as printed
Newspapers and posters. Broadcast methods include radio via air, cable, and
Internet, television via air, cable, and Internet, and, especially recently, the
Internet generally.
Television journalism involves more than reporting the news on television. It also
Involves researching and writing stories, collecting facts, following tips, and more. There
are many different kinds of television journalism fields one can enter into. Future journalist
with a love for sports may decide to pursue a career reporting news about sports.
 Ethics of Journalism - Code of Ethics for Television Journalists
It’s important that these journalists apply impartiality, fairness, a balanced view, and
truthfulness to each and every one of the stories they present to the public. These
ethics are what inspires trust in the public, and what makes certain television
journalists more likeable and trustable in the eyes of the public than others.
Television journalism is important in our times, as a huge percentage of the
Population receives their news and information from the television.

Journalism - Challenges for Television Journalists

Often times, television journalism can be difficult. There is the urge to bring the
Public the story before anyone else, and to provide as many details as possible.
Then there are times when certain information can be more harmful than it would
be helpful. For instance, in cases involving minor children, it’s up to the journalist
to leave the names or personal information out so as not to place the children in
Jeopardy. In certain cases, television journalists may choose to leave out details so
as not to ruin an investigation. Television journalism can be exciting and fun, but it
comes with a healthy dose of reality and choices that do bring consequences.

PRESENTATION
Presentation is the art of finding and delivering the best possible expression for any
given content. It includes diverse factors including use of language, shot
Composition, choice and selection of relevant details, and an interesting and
engaging way of presenting one’s subject matter. In other words, it is the skill of
capturing and holding the interest of the audience.

PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE PRESENTATION

1. The very first principle is that presentation is effective only when the content
is sound. The purpose of packaging is to enhance and bring out the inherent
significance of a story, not to apply cosmetic effects. A strong story stands
on its own with minimal packaging, whereas even excellent packaging cannot rescue
a weak story. In television journalism, unlike in filmmaking, bad shots which tell a good
story are preferred to excellent shots which tell an ineffective story. Having said that, it
is of course the ideal combination to have a strong story along with excellent shots.
 2. Presentation is about deciding what needs to be emphasized, what needs to
be underplayed and what needs to be left out. It involves intelligently
understanding the story so that one knows which are the best shots to take,
which facts come first, and which come later. In this context, a general guide
in writing hard news scripts is to follow the 5 Ws + 1 H formula: What,
Where, When, Who, Why and How.
3. The mark of good news presentation is that it does not sensationalize but
calmly and quietly makes sense of an event or trend. Thus, it should be
sober, balanced, objective, and impartial and must not be too noisy. A trend
observed in Indian television news is that news anchors as well as reporters
shout and create unnecessary excitement about the news, which is an
example of very bad presentation.
4. It is important not to use special effects such as flashes, page-turns, etc.
when editing a news story. One is supposed to be reporting a story, not
adding on aesthetic effects.
5. Equally, one must avoid using dissolves when editing a news story. So far as
possible cuts should be used when making shot transitions.
6. One must never add background music to a news report. A report is
supposed to be objective and unemotional. The only case where use of music
is permitted is when it is part of the ambient sound of a location where the
story has been shot.
7. Split-screen editing techniques, must serve a functional purpose, and must not be
done merely to make the story Superficially attractive.

INTERVIEWS & INTERVIEWING:

An interview is a focused conversation directed towards the aim of obtaining
information, analysis or opinions of the interviewee.
The person conducting the interview is called the interviewer, while the person
being interviewed is called the interviewee. The reporter may seek to record an
entire conversation consisting of his questions and the interviewee’s answers, or he
may choose to just record the answers given by the interviewee. A brief, compact
answer by the interviewee in response to a specific question by the reporter is
known as a sound bite.
TYPES OF INTERVIEWS
There are broadly two kinds of interviews:
a. Personality-based interviews.
b. Subject-based interviews.
a. Personality-based Interviews
These are interviews of prominent people. They often dwell on their achievements,
tragedies, trials and successes. The effort in such interviews is to enter the person’s
mind and get a glimpse into his or her life. Often, such interviews dwell on the
personal lives of public figures.
b. Subject-based Interviews
These are interviews of experts or policy-makers on a particular topic. Interviews
of specialists on subjects such as nuclear technology, rural employment, the Right
to Information, tax-reform, the Budget, etc. are examples. A variety of this kind of
interview is the ‘symposium interview’ or ‘panel discussion’, in which a group of
experts share different viewpoints and opinions on an issue, providing rich and
varied perspectives.
Interviews are a major source of information for a journalist. Interviews are
conducted over the phone, in person, or at the time of press conferences.
Journalists are not expected to offer their own opinions in news reports; they are
expected to give the views and opinions of people in power. Common people are
asked their views when the issues concern them. But common people are rarely
‘nominated’, whereas eminent people always are. The reason behind this is that
people with power and position make news while common people do not.
Interviewing in its broad sense is thus at the basis of nearly all newspaper
reporting, because nearly all stories deal with persons — their doings and opinions.
Even in covering the story which the reporter is fortunate enough to observe, a
certain amount of interviewing may still be necessary to make the story complete.
If it is a fire story, he probably questions the owner about the loss and the
insurance and plans for rebuilding; he interviews various persons to find out the
cause of the fire; he talks, perhaps, to persons who have been rescued and their
rescuers. These and other facts can be obtained only by asking questions.
Except when a story is dependent on what a person has said, in a speech or a
formal interview, it is nearly always desirable that the reporter, as far as possible,
should make the story his own. It is poor policy in news writing, as a rule, to put
trivial bits of information in the form of direct quotation. The reporter will find that
owing to the common failure to observe accurately the accounts given by witnesses
of a given occurrence will vary widely. It is the reporter's business to learn all that
he can of the story ; to see, in the limited time at his command, as many as possible
of the persons concerned in it, and then to present to the reader an intelligible, lucid
account in the third person — the kernel of the story without the husks of
inconsistency.
The interview may be in itself either a plain news story or a feature story. It may
take the form of a considered statement or it may be in-formal in character. Some
men give out type- written statements of their views when asked for an interview,
while others talk freely, putting the reporter on his honor to be fair and accurate in
his quotation. The question of presenting the speaker's remarks most effectively
from the news stand-point is then left entirely to the writer's discretion.
An interview rightly written, telling the speaker's meaning in simple, clear English
seasoned with phrases that give a hint of his personality is more accurate in this
sense than a phonographic record of the conversation. It follows that the speaker's
remarks need not be set down in the order in which they were made. Possibly the
last thing he said may be put in the lead. Part of the interview may be in indirect
quotation, summarizing statements of minor importance. The reporter may introduce
explanatory sentences, especially if the interview is long and deals with
more than one subject. He may break into the discourse to tell of the speaker's
gesture at a certain point or to describe a facial expression — anything that will
give the reader a vivid and true picture of the man interviewed.

PRINCIPLES FOR CONDUCTING AN EFFECTIVE INTERVIEW

Interviews are one of the most important techniques used by reporters to get the
information they want. The principles, which must be kept in mind for recording
effective interviews or sound bites, are as follows.
1. The reporter must do his research thoroughly before the interview. This
research must be about the topic on which the questions are meant to be
asked. If the interviewee is a prominent person, then the reporter must find
out as much as possible about him or her. The reporter may consult various
secondary sources such as books, magazines, newspapers, and websites and
speak to people who can provide relevant information. If time constraints do
not permit extensive research, then the reporter must at least make sure that
he or she is aware of the basics of the topic and knows a reasonable amount
about the person to be interviewed. The quality of an interview depends on
how well the reporter understands the subject and the interviewee.
2. Ideally, the reporter should prepare a list of questions. This list is known as a
questionnaire. The quality of the interview depends on the quality of the
questions asked, and therefore it is wise to spend some time planning
intelligent questions that go to the heart of the matter. The questions must be
so designed that the reporter does not ask leading questions – which means
that the reporter should not try to influence the interviewee to give a specific
answer. Also, the questions should be such that they require complete
answers, not just ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answers. The questions should be adjusted to
the nature of the interview. For example, when interviewing a politician
about public policy, the interview must be firm and interrogative. On the
other hand, when interviewing the victim of a tragedy, the questions must be
sensitive and must not probe too deeply into the interviewee’s personal
feelings. Remember that the questions are being asked on the behalf of the
audience, so ask what is relevant to people.
3. It goes without saying that basic manners such as dressing neatly, arriving
on time, and being courteous and confident are necessary. Be professional at
all times. Being professional does not mean being distant or formal, as some
people believe, it simply means that the work at hand should be the focus
and that it should get done efficiently.
4. Before the interview, establish a rapport with the interviewee through what
is called pre-chat. This is conversation before recording starts in order to
make the other person feel comfortable. If necessary, tell the interviewee
about the questions you wish to ask, but don’t discuss them in detail at this
point.
5. During the interview, remember that the interview is meant to be a focused
conversation. Try to make the interviewee so comfortable that he or she
speaks freely. In the case of a public figure that must be held accountable,
cross-question him or her whenever required politely but firmly.
6. During the recording of sound bites, request your interviewee to answer in
complete sentences. Incomplete answers cannot be used as sound bites.
7. Keep a strict watch on time constraints.
8. If an answer leads on to another question, and if time permits, do ask it.
9. After the interview is formally over, continue the conversation for a few
minutes and try to make the atmosphere more relaxed. The interviewee must
go away feeling he or she has engaged in a meaningful conversation.

ANCHORING
Anchoring is an extremely challenging aspect of journalism. This is because it
involves doing several different things simultaneously – guiding the flow of a
discussion, keeping track of time-limits, maintaining the link between the studio
and the Production Control Room (PCR), and above all, appearing confident and
possessing a combination of coordination and presentation.
There are mainly two kinds of anchoring, namely news anchoring and programme
anchoring. Of these, programme anchoring is more challenging as it is more
creative and the anchor cannot always fall back upon a script.

PRINCIPLES FOR EFFECTIVE ANCHORING OF SHOWS

The following principles need to be kept in mind for effective anchoring of
programmes.
1. The choice of anchor must be dictated by the nature of the programme. If the
programme is a serious discussion-based show, then the anchor must
preferably be someone senior and experienced and someone who can handle
a discussion with experts. For example, in a political discussion-based
programme, an anchor like Vikram Chandra of NDTV or Rajdeep Sardesai
of CNN-IBN is among the best choices. On the other hand, if it is a light,
entertainment-oriented show, then someone younger with a pleasing,
attractive personality is preferable.
2. The anchor must not just be someone who is good-looking but must be
knowledgeable about the subject of the show. This applies even to light,
entertainment-based shows.
3. The anchor must do his or her research on the subject of the show
beforehand. This is important, because the anchor is supposed to lead the
discussion.
4. A thorough command over language, vocabulary, and word-usage is
absolutely essential for an anchor, since anchoring is a profession, which
involves extensive speaking.
5. Similarly, clear enunciation and good pronunciation is indispensable for an
anchor.
 6. A good anchor therefore regularly practices voice and pronunciation
exercises, to develop his or her ability to speak clearly, with the right
emphasis and to project one’s voice if needed.
7. A good voice and a pleasing personality are valuable assets for an anchor.
8. An anchor must be confident and have great presence of mind. He or she
must not suffer from stage fright and must be able to pay attention to several
things at the same time. These include the remarks made by the audience,
the instructions sent from the PCR which the anchor can hear through an
ear-piece and the content and flow of the discussion.
9. The anchor must recognize that for all practical purposes, he or she is a
public figure and the face of the organization he/she works for. The anchor must
therefore refrain from any activity, public or private, which can damage the reputation of
the organization.
QUALITIES OF A NEWS ANCHOR
The role of the main anchor needs to be divided equally between the community
and the newsroom. Main anchors should be mentors and they should have done
just about every job in the newsroom, but more than that, they should be willing to
share their experience with anyone willing to learn.
A main anchor should be a repository of historical perspective. He/she should
know the problems each town in the market faces, the history and prognosis of
those towns and be able to put things into context. This assumes that the path to
main anchor in a newsroom begins somewhere other than the top. When the goal
of management is to attract viewers with a pretty or flamboyant anchor... one that
lacks a solid foundation, you're setting up for a disconnect within the newsroom
and with the audience. The reality is many stations don't care.
The main anchor needs to be the most respected, most widely read, most
knowledgeable and most experienced person in the newsroom. Still, building and
maintaining relationships with the community will at times need to be as much of
or more of a priority than reporting. It means becoming a part time journalist and
part time Rotarian.
The main anchor should be that accessible to people, someone who is an
important part of the community, someone who truly has the public's trust and
whose work connects all kinds of people.
 *An anchor is a professional who presents the news live during a television broadcast.
Sitting at a desk in front of the camera, the anchor reads from a teleprompter to narrate
the segments of the show. They provide details about recent events before introducing
news packages, and they signal when the newscast takes and returns from commercial
breaks.
*Whereas, A reporter is a professional who explores recent events and presents their
findings during a television broadcast.

TALK SHOWS:
“A television or radio show in which various topic are discussed to inform or educate the
listeners”
It is usually hosted by one person that focuses on interviews or audience participation. In
talk shows guests are those people who are learned, highly educated and who have great
experience in relation to whatever issue is being discussed.
“Talk show is basically the word of American English. In British English it is known by “chat
show”.
It is a spontaneous conversation which focuses on the audience and the viewers. It centers
around the guest with opposing opinions which includes both experts and non-experts.
Talk shows consist of evolving episodes that focuses on different perspectives in respect to
important issues, society , politics, religion or other popular context.
History :
The talk show is one of the most popular types of tv programs. This type of show has a
long history which goes back to the time that every house got a television in the 1950’s.
basically the talk show has been evolved from a radio station to television talk show.

Television talk show:

The talk show has been an important programming format for television and radio since its
earliest origins. On television, the earliest such programs as “Meet the Press”, which first
aired in 1947.
The impact of TV talk shows is more than the radio because we can see what is happening
and who is speaking. With the development in media lots of categories are evolved in talk
shows.
Type of TV talk shows:
There are many types of tv talk show programs on television. These talk show programs are
produced by the production staff to deliver pleasure to a variety of audience. Most audiences
love to follow a broadcast news program because everyone wants to be up to date on recent
news developments.

(a)News talk shows: The first category of talk show is the news program. A news talk show is
a program that analyses the information in current reports or events. There are many
headlines to debate or discuss in this kind of talk show.
(b) Sports talk show: The second type of talk show is the sports talk show. Just like a regular
talk show, sports talk shows are produced by the production staff and consist of the host and
the guest of the show. These shows are relatively concise and usually last for thirty minutes.
The formats of the show usually contains a discussion of several headlines in sports ranging
from the nation’s favorites to Olympic sports. Moreover, many are specialized shows that
devote all of their resources to specific sports. The host of sports talk show also provides a
daily updates and conducts an interview with famous athletes.
(c) Entertainment talk show: The third type of talk show is the entertainment talk show.
Entertainment talk shows are created to bring a very light content to audience. Therefore,
these shows are all about enjoyment factors. People in an entertainment talk show usually
consist of the host , whose function is to interview the guest who were invited to share their
stories.

(Procedures) Production of Television Talk Shows:

There are generally three main stages of television production. In each stage, different
departments have different tasks. Organizing and coordinating each elements of the show’s
production.
a. Pre-production: Pre-production is the first stage of television. This is when scripts
are written, story lines are crafted and a storyboard is developed. Producers will do
research, location scouting, casting and budgeting. Actors will rehearse and the
directors will plan his approach. This is more or less a planning stage, making sure
that all the elements are in place for protection and post production. A timeline
will be established and producers will coordinate different elements of both
production and post production to ensure the most efficient workflow.
b. Production: production is the actual taping of the TV or shoot. Cast and crew are
assembled and the director will orchestrate the taping and work to shoot as
quickly as possible. Production may take place in studio or a location. Location
shooting is almost always more work as production equipment needs to be
brought to the location along with the cast an d crew. Most TV shows prefers to
use established sets since this makes the production process easier.
c. Post- production: Post-Production can occur after production or simultaneously
during, production, depending on the planned approach for workflow. Post
Production involves video editing, titling, sound editing and mixing, dubbing, visual
effects and processing. This process can simultaneously with production. As soon
as raw footage is taken, the Post-Production team can begin to process and edit it.
Depending on the nature of the show, post- production can be tedious. There may
be hours of footage to go through if any visual effects or computer-generated
graphics (CGI) are needed, they can slow the process the process down
significantly.
d. Duplication and distribution: Once a final copy of the show is ready it must be
duplicated or copied so that the staff can send it to stations or affiliate. The show is
packaged with cover art and sent out to distributors so that it is available to a wide
viewing audience.
Impact/importance of Talk Shows
1. Political talk shows have become quite popular in Pakistan. They have given
rise to awareness. It helped much in changing the political scenario. The
contribution of the talk shows on many important issues cannot be ignored.
2. Every person has some biasness in him/her. But the best person is the one
who keep his biasness out of argument and discussion and talks on merit
with logic and facts and figures and listen without pre judging and pre
labeling anyone and any argument. It’s based upon the public interest.
3. Talk show makes easy the understandings of the people.
4. Talk show provide us information on various aspects of the event.
5. News just tells us the events but talk shows give us the detail and what is the
background of the story.
6. Now a days, talk shows are generating political awareness among the
people.
7. A person can learn how to communicate with the help of talk shows and
how to convince others.
8. Now every person can give his analysis on any event which has happened.
Viewers can now become makers.
9. Talk show influences the person’s life and become the source of social
change.
Conclusion:

Talk shows are the beauty of democracy. They have a huge impact on
creating a noise on the scene about any issues or diverting the public’s
attention from any critical issue. As audience , it’s very important to know
the biases of the political anchor so we do not accept everything they say
but apply our own common sense and understanding to the issues and the
host from which background he comes.