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Three-Phase Induction Motor Equivalent Circuit and Performance

Aim:- To determine the equivalent circuit parameters of a three phase


induction machine and to predict its performance at a specified slip using :
i ) Equivalent circuit, ii ) Circle diagram.
Also to determine the performance characteristics of the machine by actually
loading it.
Theory:- A three phase induction motor and a transformer have certain
similarities. The stator and rotor windings of the machine, like the primary
and secondary windings of a transformer do not have any electrical
interconnection but are only magnetically linked. Therefore, the theory of
operation of a transformer with suitable modifications can be extended to
cover the operation of an induction motor. It can be shown that an induction
motor can be approximately represented by the equivalent circuit as shown in
Fig.l. The explanation for the various equivalent circuit parameters shown in
this figure are given below :
R1: A.C. resistance per phase of the stator winding.
X1: A.C. leakage reactance per phase of the stator winding.
R2: Effective rotor resistance per phase referred to the stator side.
X2: Effective rotor leakage reactance per phase referred to the stator side.
Ro: Resistance giving the no-load loss per phase.
Xo: Magnetizing reactance per phase. S: Slip.
These equivalent circuit parameters can be determined by performing
the following two tests on the machine:
( i ) No-load test (ii ) Blocked rotor test.
i ) No-load test : In this test, first decouple the machine and run it lightly on
no-load by gradually increasing the voltage to the stator through an auto-
transformer. Increase the voltage to the rated value. Record the applied
voltage per phase Vo , no-load current Io and no-load power per phase Wo.
Since at no-load the slip is very small (normally assumed to be zero ), the
equivalent circuit of Fig.l gets reduced to that shown in Fig.2. From this it
can be shown that :
Working component of no-load current 𝐼𝑤 = 𝐼𝑜 cos ∅𝑜 , and magnetising
𝑊𝑜
component of no-load current 𝐼𝑚 = 𝐼𝑜 sin ∅𝑜 where cos ∅𝑜 =
𝑉𝑜 𝐼𝑜

Thus :
𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑜
𝑅𝑜 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋𝑜 =
𝐼𝑤 𝐼𝑚
ii ) Blocked rotor test : In this test the rotor of the machine is held stationary
and a reduced voltage VS per phase is applied to the armature winding. The
value of VS is so adjusted as to allow rated current IS to flow in the armature
winding. Record VS , IS, and input power WS.
It can be shown that at reduced voltage, the magnetizing branch of the
equivalent circuit can be neglected. The resulting equivalent circuit is shown
in Fig.3. From the circuit it is clear that:
𝑊𝑆
(𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ) =
𝐼𝑆 2
And

𝑉𝑆 2 2
(𝑋1 + 𝑋2 ) = √( ) − (𝑅1 + 𝑅2 )

𝐼𝑆

The d.c. value of R1 can be measured by voltmeter-ammeter method.


For this, apply a low d.c. voltage to any terminals of the induction motor
stator winding with a variable resistance connected in series. Record the
voltage Vdc across and the current Idc through the stator winding.
3 𝑉𝑑𝑐
For delta connected stator winding 𝑅1𝑑𝑐 =
2 𝐼𝑑𝑐
1 𝑉𝑑𝑐
For star connected stator winding 𝑅1𝑑𝑐 =
2 𝐼𝑑𝑐
The a.c. value of the resistance can be obtained by multiplying the d.c.
value of the resistance by a factor of (1.2). The value of R2 can be obtained
by subtracting the value of R1 from the value of ( R1 + R2 ). The reactances
X1 and X2 cannot be separated easily and it is the usual practice to assume
X1 = X2 ( this is almost true for high speed machines ).
iii) Load Test: The test motor is coupled to a d.c. generator. Start the motor by
applying the voltage gradually through an autotransformer. Increase the
voltage to the rated value. Load the motor by loading the d.c. generator.
Record the applied voltage V1, line current I1, input power W1, motor torque
T, speed N, generator terminal voltage Vdc and generator load current Idc.
Circle diagram:- The circle diagram is the current locus diagram of the
induction motor. With the help of this diagram it is possible to predict the
complete performance of the motor. Follow the procedures given below to
draw the circle diagram (See Fig.5):
1) Draw vertical line AB.
2) Choose a suitable current scale.
3) At the bottom end of the line, B, mark an angle equal to the no-load power
factor angle o along the clockwise direction. Mark off its length ВС equal to
the no-load current, to the chosen current scale.
4) From point В draw another line BD at an angle S in the clockwise
direction corresponding to the p.f. angle of the current under blocked load
condition.
5) Convert the value of the blocked rotor current IS corresponding to the rated
voltage, according to the relation:
𝐼𝑆
𝐼𝐵𝐷 = ∗ 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑉𝑆
and mark the length of the line BD equal to current IBD to the chosen current
scale.
6) Join CD and draw a perpendicular bisector on it. This perpendicular
bisector cuts the horizontal line from point С at F.
7) With F as a centre and CF as a radius draw a semi-circle
passing through С and D and let this semi-circle cut the extended
1ine CF at G.
8) From В draw a horizontal line BJ.
9) From D draw a perpendicular DHJ on line BJ.
10) The power scale is now fixed by measuring DJ which is equal to the
input power per phase under blocked rotor condition with the rated voltage
applied to the stator winding.
11) Divide the length DH at point K, such that
𝐷𝐾 𝑅2
=
𝐾𝐻 𝑅1
and join CK.
12) The 1ine CK is then the torque 1ine and the torque per phase is given by
the vertical intercept between the semi-circle and the 1ine CK. Thus, for any
working point P, the torque per phase in synchronous watts is represented by
PR to the power scale. Similarly, the line CD is the power line and for the
same point P, the power output is represented by PQ.
13) The slip 1ine : Join GD and produce the 1ine to any convenient point U.
From U drop a perpendicular UV on the torque line CK, meeting the line CG
at V. With V as zero and U as 100, divide the line UV into 100 equal parts.
To find the slip corresponding to the operating point P, join P and G. Let the
line PG cut UV at W. The VW will be the slip to the scale UV as 100.
14) The efficiency line : Produce the power line DC backwards to meet base
line BJ at B. Extend the length of CD beyond D to a convenient point D '.
Draw ВС perpendicular to BJ and let a line draw through D parallel to the
line CG meet ВС at С . With zero at D' and 100 at C, divide the line CD
into 100 equal parts. The machine efficiency corresponding to the operating
point P is given by the intercept DP( with DC as 100 ) where P is obtained
by joining В' to P and producing it to meet CDat P.
15) The power factor line : With any convenient radius BX draw a quadrant
of a circle XYZ with its centre at B. Divide BX into 100 equal parts with zero
at В and 100 at X. To find the power factor corresponding to point P, join BP
and produce it further to meet the arc XYZ at Y. From Y draw a horizontal
line YYon BX cutting the later at Y'. The intercept BY (to scale of BX=100 )
is the power factor.
Report:-
1. Calculate Ro and Xo from no-load test.
2. Calculate (𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ) and (𝑋1 + 𝑋2 )from blocked rotor test.
3. Calculate the a.c. values of R1 and R2.
4. Calculate input power, output power, slip, power factor and
efficiency for each load and plot the following on the same graph:
 Slip against output power.
 Torque against output power.
and hence derive the torque - slip characteristics. Also plot on the same
graph input current, power factor and efficiency against output power.
Give your comments about the shapes of the various curves you
have plotted.
5. Draw the circle diagram and from it obtain slip, efficiency, power
factor and torque corresponding to the full load condition.
6. From the circle diagram obtain the maximum torque, maximum
power, maximum power factor and starting torque of the machine.
7. Choose a few suitable working points on the circle diagram and
determine the slip and the corresponding torque. Plot the slip torque
characteristic with slip along x-axis.
Fig. (1)

Fig. (2) Fig. (3)

Fig. (4)
p.f.(0) Y p.f.(1)

Fig. (5)
Single-Phase Induction Motor
Aim:- To determine the equivalent circuit parameters and the performance
characteristics of a single-phase induction motor.
Theory:- Refer to Fig.l, in a single phase induction motor, the stator has two
windings, a main winding (m) and auxiliary winding (a) which is displaced 90
electrical space with reference to the main winding. The rotor (R) is of the
squirrel cage type. When the current in the auxiliary winding is made to have a
time phase displacement with reference to the main winding current a rotating
field of a varying amplitude is produced resulting in torque production.
Without the auxiliary winding current at starting, no rotating field can be
produced, however once the rotor picks up speed, the rotating field is
maintained even when the auxiliary winding is switched out.
In the motor under test, auxiliary winding is connected in series with
a capacitor (C) in order to obtain a current time phase displace with reference
to the main winding current. Once the motor is started the auxiliary winding is
cut out by a centrifugal switch.
It can be shown by double revolving field theory that a single-phase
induction motor when operating with its main winding only at a speed n r.p.s.
can be represented approximately by an equivalent circuit as shown in Fig.2
where:
R1: Stator resistance.
X1: Stator leakage reactance.
R2: Rotor resistance referred to stator.
X2: Rotor leakage reactance referred to stator.
Xm: Magnetising reactance.
𝑛𝑆 − 𝑛
𝑆 = 𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑝 =
𝑛𝑆
n: Speed in r.p.s., nS: Synchronous speed of field in r.p.s.
Ef: Voltage induced due to forward field
Eb: Voltage induced due to backward field.
Determination of equivalent circuit parameters:-
(a) Blocked rotor test: The approximate equivalent circuit of the motor (with
main winding only) under blocked rotor condition (when S =1 and effect of
Xm is negligible) is shown in Fig.3. Connections are made as in Fig.4 with
only (m) winding is connected. Variac is adjusted to pass a current ISC equal to
the rated current. WSC and VSC are noted.
(b) No load test: When the motor is operating on no-load with a low operating
value for the slip (s) the approximate equivalent circuit is as shown in Fig.5.
Connections are made as in Fig .6. The auxiliary winding is connected for
starting purpose only. The variac is adjusted for various values of VO up to
110% of the rated value and for each adjustment, reading of VO, IO and WO
are noted. One adjustment should be for VO = V1 the rated voltage of the
motor.
(с) Stator main resistance: Measure the stator main resistance R1dc by applying
small dc voltage. Find R1= R1dc*1.2.
(d) Direction of rotation: Note the direction of the rotation for the connection
you made in Fig.6. Interchange the leads to either the main winding or to the
auxiliary winding and note the direction of rotation.
Load Test:-
The motor is connected as shown in Fig.8 with a d.c. generator for
loading. The motor is run at its rated voltage V1 (should be constant for
various loadings). Readings of V1, , I1, W1, torque T and speed N r.p.m. are
noted.
Results:-
 Blocked rotor test
From the blocked rotor test (test a) find :
𝑉𝑆𝐶 2 2
𝑍𝑆𝐶 = = √(𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ) + (𝑋1 + 𝑋2 )
𝐼𝑆𝐶
𝑊𝑆𝐶
(𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ) = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 (𝑋1 + 𝑋2 )
𝐼𝑆𝐶
From test (с) find R1= R1dc*1.2, assume X1= X2. Thus R1, R2 and X1 are
determined.
 No-load test
1. From test (b), for each value of VO, we can determine the mechanical and
iron losses as below:
𝑅2
𝑊 = 𝑊𝑂 − 𝐼𝑂2 (𝑅1 + )
4
W gives the sum of mechanical losses Wm, the stator iron losses Wis and the
rotor iron losses Wir. Plot W against VO (refer to Fig.7). Extrapolate the curve
to cut the Y-axis to get Wm. The sum of stator iron losses at rated voltage V1 is
determined from the graph as shown in Fig.7.
2. From test (b), we can determine the value of Xm by take the values of IO
and WO when the voltage is rated value V1. Then:
2 2
𝑉1 𝑅2 𝑋2 𝑋𝑚
𝑍𝑂 = = √(𝑅1 + ) + (𝑋1 + + )
𝐼𝑂 4 2 2

R1, R2, X1 and X2 are known from the previous calculations. Hence calculate
Xm.
 Equivalent circuit
Draw the equivalent circuit as in Fig.2 for slip (s ). Insert the values obtained
by you in the diagram.
 Load Test
For each set of readings calculate:
2𝜋𝑁𝑇 𝑊1 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠, 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝. 𝑓. = cos ∅ = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
60 𝑉1 𝐼1 𝑊1

Plot cos ∅, efficiency, and I1 against Pout.


Fig. (1)

Fig. (3) Equivalent circuit for blocked rotor


condition

Fig. (2) Equivalent circuit for a slip (S)


Fig. (4) Blocked rotor test

V1

Fig. (5) Equivalent circuit for no-load

Fig. (6) No-load test


Fig. (8) Load test

Fig. (7)
Long Transmission Line
Aim:-
1) To determine the ABCD constants, line characteristic impedance and
propagation constant.
2) To determine the shunt reactance to counteract the voltage rise on no
load.
3) To determine the voltage profile along the line with and without shunt
compensation.
4) To determine the reactive power required for zero regulation at
different loads.
Introduction:-
Long lines give rise to special problems in power systems. The voltage at
the receiving end may rise on no load or light load, beyond permissible limits,
but on load, the voltage may go below normal. The phase shift may become
exceedingly large and lead to instability problems. The no load current, may
be large, if no compensated and interrupting, such currents present problems.
This experiment will help in understanding some of the problems associated
with long lines.
The long transmission line can be represented as the equivalent circuit
shown in Fig.1:

Fig. (1)

The equations for long transmission by using general constants of two


ports network shown in Fig.2 can be written as follows:
Power and Machine Lab Rotary One

Fig. (2)

Vs = AVr + BIr … … (1) Is = CVr + DIr … … (2)


And the equations for long transmission are:
Vs = Vr cosh γL + Zc Ir sinh γL … … (3)
V
Is = ( r⁄Z ) sinh γL + Ir coshγL … … (4)
c

By comparing the equations (1) & (2) with (3) & (4) yield:

A = D = coshγL , B = Zc sinh γL , C = (1⁄Z ) sinh γL , AD − BC = 1


c

Impedance of transmission line at sending end when receiving end open


Vs
circuit = Zso = ⁄I = A⁄C .
s

Impedance of transmission line at sending end when receiving end short


Vs
circuit = Zss = ⁄I = B⁄D .
s

Line characteristics impedance = Zc = √Zso Zss


Propagation constant = γL = √ZY = αL + βL
αL = Attenuation constant,
βL = Phase constant in radians per unit length.
Procedure:-
Part I
1) Connect the transmission lines as shown in Fig.3 to represent single
phase long transmission line.
2) Measure Zso by apply 110V in sending end and receiving end open
circuit.

1
Power and Machine Lab Rotary One

3) For measuring Zss, pass a current of 5A or less in receiving end when


it short circuit by apply low voltage in sending end.
4) Calculate Zso and Zss (as phasor) and ABCD constants (as phasor) and
specify the unit of each constant.
5) Determine Zc and 𝛾𝐿 as phasor.
6) Calculate the total phase shift 𝛽𝐿 .
7) Comment on magnitude and angle of A, angle of Zso and the total
phase shift.
Part II
1) Connect the transmission lines as shown in Fig.4 to represent single
phase long transmission tine.
2) When the switch OFF adjust the sending end to 110V and note the
receiving end voltage.
3) When the switch ON adjust the shunt reactance till the receiving end
voltage reaches 110V (Vs=Vr).
4) Note the current taken by the reactor and determine its VAR rating and
its ohmic value.
Part III
1) With adjustment as in part II above.
2) When the switch OFF. Measure the voltage at the sending end, one
third, two thirds of the length and at the end of the line.
3) When the switch ON. Measure the voltage at the sending end, one
third, two thirds of the length and at the end of the line.
4) Plot the voltage profiles with and without the shunt reactor and
compare the results in the cases.
Part IV
1) Connect the transmission lines as shown in Fig.5 to represent single
phase long transmission line.

2
Power and Machine Lab Rotary One

2) Adjust the loading resistance to take a power between 0 and 400 watts
in steps of about 50 watts.
3) For each value of power, adjust L or C of the loading units to make
Vr = l 10V.
4) For each value of power determine ±Q, the reactive power to obtain the
condition (Vr=Vs=l 10V).
5) Plot the result in the P-Q plane.
6) What is the approximate shape of the current?
7) Comment on results.

Answer: What are the used of shunt reactors, capacitors and synchronous
motors in power system?

3
Power and Machine Lab Rotary One

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