Rotary One1
Rotary One1
Rotary One1
Thus :
𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑜
𝑅𝑜 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋𝑜 =
𝐼𝑤 𝐼𝑚
ii ) Blocked rotor test : In this test the rotor of the machine is held stationary
and a reduced voltage VS per phase is applied to the armature winding. The
value of VS is so adjusted as to allow rated current IS to flow in the armature
winding. Record VS , IS, and input power WS.
It can be shown that at reduced voltage, the magnetizing branch of the
equivalent circuit can be neglected. The resulting equivalent circuit is shown
in Fig.3. From the circuit it is clear that:
𝑊𝑆
(𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ) =
𝐼𝑆 2
And
𝑉𝑆 2 2
(𝑋1 + 𝑋2 ) = √( ) − (𝑅1 + 𝑅2 )
𝐼𝑆
Fig. (4)
p.f.(0) Y p.f.(1)
Fig. (5)
Single-Phase Induction Motor
Aim:- To determine the equivalent circuit parameters and the performance
characteristics of a single-phase induction motor.
Theory:- Refer to Fig.l, in a single phase induction motor, the stator has two
windings, a main winding (m) and auxiliary winding (a) which is displaced 90
electrical space with reference to the main winding. The rotor (R) is of the
squirrel cage type. When the current in the auxiliary winding is made to have a
time phase displacement with reference to the main winding current a rotating
field of a varying amplitude is produced resulting in torque production.
Without the auxiliary winding current at starting, no rotating field can be
produced, however once the rotor picks up speed, the rotating field is
maintained even when the auxiliary winding is switched out.
In the motor under test, auxiliary winding is connected in series with
a capacitor (C) in order to obtain a current time phase displace with reference
to the main winding current. Once the motor is started the auxiliary winding is
cut out by a centrifugal switch.
It can be shown by double revolving field theory that a single-phase
induction motor when operating with its main winding only at a speed n r.p.s.
can be represented approximately by an equivalent circuit as shown in Fig.2
where:
R1: Stator resistance.
X1: Stator leakage reactance.
R2: Rotor resistance referred to stator.
X2: Rotor leakage reactance referred to stator.
Xm: Magnetising reactance.
𝑛𝑆 − 𝑛
𝑆 = 𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑝 =
𝑛𝑆
n: Speed in r.p.s., nS: Synchronous speed of field in r.p.s.
Ef: Voltage induced due to forward field
Eb: Voltage induced due to backward field.
Determination of equivalent circuit parameters:-
(a) Blocked rotor test: The approximate equivalent circuit of the motor (with
main winding only) under blocked rotor condition (when S =1 and effect of
Xm is negligible) is shown in Fig.3. Connections are made as in Fig.4 with
only (m) winding is connected. Variac is adjusted to pass a current ISC equal to
the rated current. WSC and VSC are noted.
(b) No load test: When the motor is operating on no-load with a low operating
value for the slip (s) the approximate equivalent circuit is as shown in Fig.5.
Connections are made as in Fig .6. The auxiliary winding is connected for
starting purpose only. The variac is adjusted for various values of VO up to
110% of the rated value and for each adjustment, reading of VO, IO and WO
are noted. One adjustment should be for VO = V1 the rated voltage of the
motor.
(с) Stator main resistance: Measure the stator main resistance R1dc by applying
small dc voltage. Find R1= R1dc*1.2.
(d) Direction of rotation: Note the direction of the rotation for the connection
you made in Fig.6. Interchange the leads to either the main winding or to the
auxiliary winding and note the direction of rotation.
Load Test:-
The motor is connected as shown in Fig.8 with a d.c. generator for
loading. The motor is run at its rated voltage V1 (should be constant for
various loadings). Readings of V1, , I1, W1, torque T and speed N r.p.m. are
noted.
Results:-
Blocked rotor test
From the blocked rotor test (test a) find :
𝑉𝑆𝐶 2 2
𝑍𝑆𝐶 = = √(𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ) + (𝑋1 + 𝑋2 )
𝐼𝑆𝐶
𝑊𝑆𝐶
(𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ) = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 (𝑋1 + 𝑋2 )
𝐼𝑆𝐶
From test (с) find R1= R1dc*1.2, assume X1= X2. Thus R1, R2 and X1 are
determined.
No-load test
1. From test (b), for each value of VO, we can determine the mechanical and
iron losses as below:
𝑅2
𝑊 = 𝑊𝑂 − 𝐼𝑂2 (𝑅1 + )
4
W gives the sum of mechanical losses Wm, the stator iron losses Wis and the
rotor iron losses Wir. Plot W against VO (refer to Fig.7). Extrapolate the curve
to cut the Y-axis to get Wm. The sum of stator iron losses at rated voltage V1 is
determined from the graph as shown in Fig.7.
2. From test (b), we can determine the value of Xm by take the values of IO
and WO when the voltage is rated value V1. Then:
2 2
𝑉1 𝑅2 𝑋2 𝑋𝑚
𝑍𝑂 = = √(𝑅1 + ) + (𝑋1 + + )
𝐼𝑂 4 2 2
R1, R2, X1 and X2 are known from the previous calculations. Hence calculate
Xm.
Equivalent circuit
Draw the equivalent circuit as in Fig.2 for slip (s ). Insert the values obtained
by you in the diagram.
Load Test
For each set of readings calculate:
2𝜋𝑁𝑇 𝑊1 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠, 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝. 𝑓. = cos ∅ = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
60 𝑉1 𝐼1 𝑊1
V1
Fig. (7)
Long Transmission Line
Aim:-
1) To determine the ABCD constants, line characteristic impedance and
propagation constant.
2) To determine the shunt reactance to counteract the voltage rise on no
load.
3) To determine the voltage profile along the line with and without shunt
compensation.
4) To determine the reactive power required for zero regulation at
different loads.
Introduction:-
Long lines give rise to special problems in power systems. The voltage at
the receiving end may rise on no load or light load, beyond permissible limits,
but on load, the voltage may go below normal. The phase shift may become
exceedingly large and lead to instability problems. The no load current, may
be large, if no compensated and interrupting, such currents present problems.
This experiment will help in understanding some of the problems associated
with long lines.
The long transmission line can be represented as the equivalent circuit
shown in Fig.1:
Fig. (1)
Fig. (2)
By comparing the equations (1) & (2) with (3) & (4) yield:
1
Power and Machine Lab Rotary One
2
Power and Machine Lab Rotary One
2) Adjust the loading resistance to take a power between 0 and 400 watts
in steps of about 50 watts.
3) For each value of power, adjust L or C of the loading units to make
Vr = l 10V.
4) For each value of power determine ±Q, the reactive power to obtain the
condition (Vr=Vs=l 10V).
5) Plot the result in the P-Q plane.
6) What is the approximate shape of the current?
7) Comment on results.
Answer: What are the used of shunt reactors, capacitors and synchronous
motors in power system?
3
Power and Machine Lab Rotary One