Seismic Design:

Static and Dynamic

Analysis
Seismic Design
Introduction : Earthquake

Earthquake load on SAP

Static Analysis: Design Base Shear

Building Irregularities

Dynamic Analysis: Response Spectrum Analysis

Introduction
Introduction : Earthquake
- Earthquakes are shaking and vibrations at the earth’s surface due to the underground movement of a fault plane or
volcanic activity.

- This results in a sudden release of energy and as a result, seismic waves are created.

- Earthquakes do not cause damage; rather, infrastructure experiences damage because of an earthquake. That is, the
devastating effect of earthquakes should be attributed to an inferior built environment. Thus, when infrastructure is
designed to account for the effects of earthquakes, even the largest earthquakes cause little or no damage.
Introduction : Earthquake
• Focus – point within Earth where the
earthquake starts.

• Epicenter – the location on the surface directly

above the focus.

• Fault – associated with earthquake activity

where movement has occurred.
Introduction : Earthquake
These are the main types of fault, all of which
may cause an interpolate earthquake.
Introduction : Earthquake
Introduction : Earthquake
Introduction : Earthquake
Introduction : Earthquake
How to make Building Safe from Earthquake?
How to make Building Safe from Earthquakes?

• Shear Wall – a structural system composed of braced panels (also known as shear
panels) to counter the effects of lateral load acting on a structure.

• - Wind and seismic loads are the most common loads that shear walls are designed
to carry.

• Under several building codes (IBC and UBC), all exterior wall lines in wood or
steel frame construction must be braced. Depending on the size of the building
some interior walls must be braced as well.
How to make Building Safe from Earthquake?
Introduction: Earthquake Load
• Seismic load is the force exerted on a structure during an earthquake.
Seismic load on SAP
 Sample Project
3 Storey with Roof Deck open Building

10m length, (2@5m),

15m width (3@5m),

9.5m height (3.5m 2nd flr. , 6.5m 3rd flr. , 9.5m Roof
Deck flr.)

125mm concrete Slab

1.15kPa Superimposed Dead Load

2.4kPa Floor Load

Define – Groups – Add New Group – Modify/Show Group- (Check “Auto
Seismic Force Output”)
Define – Section Cuts – Add
Section Cut– Section Cut
Group (Choose the Group with
check Seismic)
Set Display Option – Check “Show
Analysis Model” and Run the analysis
Show Joint Loads – Load
Pattern Name (EL1 & EL2)
Results
Results
 Sample Project
Diaphragm is a structural component that
transfers lateral loads to the vertical elements of
the building, like walls and columns.
Seismic Load Manual
Computation
Results

Seismic Parameters

Cv 0.64
Ca 0.44
Na 1.00
Nv 1.00
I 1.00
R 3.5
Z 0.4
Ct 0.0853
Hn 9.50 m
T 0.46 s Ft = 0

Dead load 3.08 kPa

SDL 1.15 kPa
Results

Total Weight 57.304 kN

GL 1A/3A/1D/3D
Corner Wx Hx Wx Hx Fx Fsap %diff
RD 17.548 kN 9.50 m 166.7096 8.2269 8.33 1.24%
3rd 19.699 kN 6.50 m 128.0403 6.318621 6.24 -1.26%
2nd 20.057 kN 3.50 m 70.19902 3.464229 3.41 -1.59%
ΣWx Hx 364.9489 17.98

V=Cv*I*W / (RT) V=2.5Ca*I*W/R V=0.11Ca*I*W V=0.8Z*Nv*I*W/R

22.701 kN 18.010 kN 2.774 kN 5.239 kN

V 18.010 kN
Results

Total Weight 99.059 kN

GL 2A/2D
Corner
Mid Wx Hx Wx Hx Fx Fsap %diff
RD 31.467 kN 9.50 m 298.9346 14.62491 15.53 5.83%
3rd 33.617 kN 6.50 m 218.51 10.69026 11.17 4.29%
2nd 33.975 kN 3.50 m 118.9135 5.817657 6.06 4.00%
ΣWx Hx 636.358 32.76
Results

Total Weight 101.400 kN

GL 1B/3B/1C/3C
Edge Mid Wx Hx Wx Hx Fx Fsap %diff
RD 32.247 kN 9.50 m 306.3461 14.98342 15.55 3.64%
3rd 34.397 kN 6.50 m 223.5811 10.93537 11.18 2.19%
2nd 34.755 kN 3.50 m 121.6441 5.949623 6.07 1.98%
ΣWx Hx 651.5713 32.8

V=Cv*I*W / (RT) V=2.5Ca*I*W/R V=0.11Ca*I*W V=0.8Z*Nv*I*W/R

40.170 kN 31.868 kN 4.908 kN 9.271 kN

V 31.868 kN
Results

Total Weight 178.372 kN

GL 2B/2C
Wx Hx Wx Hx Fx Fsap %diff
RD 57.904 kN 9.50 m 550.0908 26.90499 29.64 9.23%
3rd 60.054 kN 6.50 m 390.3538 19.09224 20.82 8.30%
2nd 60.413 kN 3.50 m 211.4447 10.34178 11.26 8.15%
ΣWx Hx 1151.889 61.72

V=Cv*I*W / (RT) V=2.5Ca*I*W/R V=0.11Ca*I*W V=0.8Z*Nv*I*W/R

70.664 kN 56.060 kN 8.633 kN 16.308 kN

V 56.060 kN
Static Analysis
Static Analysis

According to NSCP, 208.4.8.2, the Static load procedure of Section 208.5 (Design Base Shear) may be used for the
following structures.

1) All structures, regular or irregular in Occupancy Categories IV and V in Seismic Zone 2.

2) Regular structure under 75m in height with lateral force resistance provided by systems listed in Table 208-11 (R
values OMRF, SMRF, etc.).

3) Irregular structures not more than 5 stories or 20m.

4) Structures having a flexible upper portion supported on a rigid lower portion where both portions of the structure
considered separately can be classified as being regular, the average story stiffness of the lower portion is at least
10x the average story stiffness of the upper portion and the period of the entire structure is not greater than 1.1x
the period of the upper portion considered as a separate structure fixed at the base.
Design Base Shear
Design Base Shear (NSCP or UBC 1997)
Standard Method

Seismic Parameters:
𝐶𝑣 𝐼
𝑉= xW
𝑅𝑇 • W = Total seismic DEAD LOAD
2.5 𝐶𝑎 𝐼
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = xW • I = Importance Factor
𝑅
• Ca, Cv = seismic coefficients

𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.11𝐶𝑎 𝐼 𝑊 • Na, Nv = near Source factors

• R = numerical coefficient representative of the inherent

over-strength and global ductility capacity of lateral-force-
resisting systems
0.8 𝑁𝑣 𝐼
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = x W , additional Vmin for Seismic zone 4
𝑅 • T = elastic fundamental period of vibration of the structure

• Z = seismic zone factor

Design Base Shear (NSCP or UBC 1997)
Standard Method

Ft= 0.07𝑉𝑇 < 0.25𝑉, T > 0.7sec Seismic Parameters:

Ft= 0, T ≤ 0.7sec • Ct = 0.0853 (Steel Moment Resisting Frames)

3 = 0.0731 (Reinforced Concrete Moment Resisting

T= 𝐶𝑡 𝐻𝑛 4
Frames and

eccentrically braced frames

𝑊𝑥ℎ𝑥
𝐹𝑥 = (𝑉 − 𝐹𝑡)
Σ𝑊𝑥ℎ𝑥 = 0.0488 for all other buildings

• Hn = Height of the building

𝐹𝑛 = 𝐹𝑥 + 𝐹𝑡
• Ft = concentrated force at the top
𝐹1 + 𝐹2 + 𝐹3 + ⋯ 𝐹𝑛 = 𝑉
Design Base Shear (NSCP or UBC 1997)

Simplified Method
3𝐶𝑎
𝑉= xW Applied only to:
𝑅
F1=
3𝐶𝑎
x W1 • Buildings of any occupancy (including single-family dwellings) not more than 3
𝑅 stories in height excluding basements that use light-frame construction;
3𝐶𝑎
F2= x W2 • Other buildings not more than 2 stories in height excluding basements.
𝑅

F1 + F2 =V
Seismic Parameters : Importance Factor, I
Seismic Parameters : Near Source Factors, Na, Nv

For the closest distance to known

Seismic Source, Fault Finder (app) is
used.

Exact location of the project must be

given.
Fault Finder
Seismic Parameters : Seismic Coefficient, Ca, Cv

Soil Investigation will be conducted to

determine the Soil Profile Type in the
given Project.
Sample of Geotechnical Report
Seismic Parameters : Seismic zone factor, z
Seismic Parameters : R
Building Irregularities
Building Irregularities

Vertical Structural Irregularities (Table 208-9) Horizontal Structural Irregularities (Table 208-10)

1) Stiffness Irregularity – Soft Story 1) Torsional Irregularity – To be Considered when

Diaphragms are not Flexible
2) Weight (Mass) Irregularity
2) Re-Entrant Corner Irregularity
3) Vertical Geometric Irregularity
3) Diaphragm Discontinuity Irregularity
4) In Plane Discontinuity In Vertical Lateral-Force-
Resisting Element Irregularity 4) Out-Of-Plane Offsets Irregularity

5) Discontinuity In Capacity – Weak Story 5) Non-parallel Systems Irregularity

Irregularity
Vertical: Type 1 Stiffness Irregularity – Soft Story

Stiffness Irregularity – Soft Story

A soft storey is one in which the

lateral stiffness is less than 70%
of that in the storey above or
less than 80% of the average
stiffness of the 3 stories above.
Vertical: Type 2 Weight (Mass) Irregularity

Weight (Mass) Irregularity

Mass irregularity shall be

considered to exist where the
effective mass of any storey is
more than 150% of the effective
mass of an adjacent storey. A
roof that is lighter than the floor
below need not be considered
Vertical: Type 3 Geometric Irregularity

Geometric Irregularity

Vertical geometric irregularties

shall be considered to exist
where the horizontal dimensions
of the lateral-force-resisting
system in any storey is more
than 130% of that in an adjacent
storey. One Storey penthouses
need not be considered.
Vertical: Type 4 In Plane Discontinuity In Vertical
Lateral-Force-Resisting Element Irregularity
An in-plane offset of the lateral-
load resisting elements greater
than the length of those
elements.
Vertical: Type 5 Discontinuity In Capacity – Weak
Storey Irregularity
A weak storey is one in which
the storey strength is less than
80% of that in the storey above.
The storey strength is the total
strength of all seismic-resisting
elements sharing the storey for
the direction under
consideration.
Horizontal: Type 1 Torsional Irregularity

Torsional Irregularity

Torsional irregularity shall be

considered to exist when the
maximum storey drift, computed
including accidental torsion at
one end of the structure
transverse to an axis is more
than 1.2 times the average of the
storey drifts of the two ends of
the structure.
Horizontal: Type 2 Re-Entrant Corner Irregularity

Re-Entrant Corner Irregularity

Plan configurations of a
structure and its lateral-force-
system contain re-entrant
corners, where both projections
of the structure beyond a re-
entrant corner are greater than
15% of the plan dimension of the
structure in the given direction.
Horizontal: Type 3 Diaphragm Discontinuity
Irregularity
Diaphragms with abrupt
discontinuities or variations in
stiffness, including those having
cutout or open areas greater
than 50% of the gross enclosed
area of the diaphragm, or
changes in effective diaphragm
stiffness of more than 50% from
one storey to the next.
Horizontal: Type 4 Out-of-Plane Offsets
Irregularity
Discontinuities in a lateral force
path, such as out-of-plane offsets
of the vertical elements.
Horizontal: Type 5 Non-Parallel Systems
Irregularity
The vertical lateral-load-resisting
elements are not parallel to or
symmetric about the major
orthogonal axes of the lateral
force-resisting systems.
Building Irregularities Check in STAAD Pro
Building Irregularities Check in STAAD Pro
Building Irregularities Check in STAAD Pro
Building Irregularities Check in STAAD Pro
Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic Analysis

According to NSCP, 208.4.8.3, the dynamic lateral-force procedure of Section 208.5.3 shall be used for all other
structures, including the following:

1) Structure 75m or more in height, except as permitted by Section 208.4.8.2, Item 1. (Static)

2) Structures having a stiffness, weight or geometric vertical irregularity of Type 1, 2 or 3, as define in Table 208-9 or
208-10, except as permitted by Section 208.4.10.3.1

3) Structures over 5 story or 20m in height in Seismic Zone 4 not having the same structural system throughout their
height except as permitted by Section 208.5.3.2.

4) Structures, regular or irregular, located on Soil Profile Type Sf, that have a period greater than 0.7s. The analysis shall
be including the effects of the soils at the site and shall conform to Section 208.5.3.2, Item 4
Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic Analysis: Response Spectrum Analysis

Response Spectrum defines the maximum relative linear response of a single degree freedom system for excitation by
a given strong earthquake ground motion.
Dynamic Analysis: Code Based Response Spectra
Response Spectrum Analysis application in
SAP 2000 Ex. 1
Response Spectrum Analysis application in
SAP 2000 Ex. 1
Project Info:

5 Storey with Roof Deck Open Building

150mm concrete Slab

1.5 kPa Super Imposed Dead Load

3.6 kPa Floor Load

30m ht. (5m floor height)

6-8m bay Spacing both direction

Response Spectrum Analysis application in
SAP 2000 Ex. 1
Response Spectrum Analysis application in
SAP 2000 Ex. 1
Response Spectrum Analysis application in
SAP 2000 Ex. 1
Response Spectrum Analysis application in
SAP 2000 Ex. 1
Response Spectrum Analysis application in
SAP 2000 Ex. 1
Response Spectrum Analysis application in
SAP 2000 Ex. 1
Response Spectrum Analysis application in
SAP 2000 Ex. 1
Response Spectrum Analysis application in
SAP 2000 Ex. 1
Response Spectrum Analysis application in
SAP 2000 Ex. 1
5944.591 / 2572.345 = 2.310961788 (U1 Fx)

10085.397 / 4708.767 = 2.141833945 (U2 Fy)

Response Spectrum Analysis application in
SAP 2000 Ex. 1
Dynamic Analysis
Thank you