Ros02122002 7

ERCOT STEADY STATE WORKING GROUP
PROCEDURAL MANUAL
February 9, 2001
To Be Approved by ERCOT Reliability and Operations Subcommittee 1

ERCOT STEADY-STATE WORKING GROUP’S SCOPE
The ERCOT Steady-State Working Group (SSWG) operates under the direction of the Reliability and
Operations Subcommittee (ROS). The SSWG’s main objectives are to produce seasonal and future load-
flow base cases, coordinate tie-line data, update the Most Limiting Series Element Database, maintain the
ERCOT Data Dictionary, update the SSWG Procedural Manual, prepare data for and review seasonal
transmission loss factor calculation, and provide requested transmission system data and power-flow
support documents to market participants. The SSWG usually meets in July and November to accomplish
these tasks, and at other times during the year as needed to resolve any impending load-flow modeling
issues or to provide technical support to the ROS. Some of the above responsibilities are further described
as follows:
 Develop and maintain load-flow base cases for the spring, summer, fall, and winter seasons of the
upcoming year. The cases, collectively known as Data Set A, are normally produced by the SSWG by
August 1st on an annual basis. These seasonal cases consist of one on-peak and one off-peak case for
each of the four seasons.
 Develop and maintain load-flow base cases for the five future years following the upcoming year. The
cases, collectively known as Data Set B, are normally produced by the SSWG in December on an
annual basis. These future cases consist of five summer on-peak cases, one winter on-peak case, and one
minimum case.
 Maintain and update the ERCOT Data Dictionary to reflect new bus information and SCADA names.
This task is performed during the Data Set A and B work.
 Maintain and update the SSWG Procedural Manual to reflect current planning practices and the latest
load-flow base case modeling methodologies.
 Prepare data for and review seasonal transmission loss factor calculation on an annual basis. This task is
to be done by October 1st.
 Maintain and update the Most Limiting Series Element Database to reflect the most limiting thermal
ratings of transmission and substation equipment. This task is performed annually at year end.
 Assist in development of ERCOT processes for compliance with NERC Planning Standards for both
entity and region-wide requirements.
 Coordinate tie-line data submission to ERCOT with neighboring companies. Maintain and update the
ERCOT Tie-Line Database. This task is performed during the Data Set A and Data Set B work.
 Provide transmission system data, contingency information and power-flow support documents to
market participants as requested by the Data Sharing Task Force.
 Perform Voltage Control and Reactive Planning studies as directed by the ROS.

Table of Contents
SECTION 1.0 – Data Requirements................................................................................ 4

1.1 General ............................................................................................................... 5
1.2 Bus Data ............................................................................................................. 6
1.3 Load Data ........................................................................................................... 7
1.4 Generator Data................................................................................................... 9
1.5 Line Data .......................................................................................................... 12
1.6 Transformer Data ............................................................................................ 19
1.7 Static Reactive Devices .................................................................................... 23
1.8 Dynamic Control Devices ................................................................................25
SECTION 2.0 – Load-flow Procedures and Schedules............................................26

2.1 Data Set A Considerations ..............................................................................27
2.2 Data Set B Considerations................................................................................ 29
2.3 Error Screening and Case Updates..................................................................31
SECTION 3.0 – Other SSWG Activities......................................................................34

3.1 Transmission Loss Factor Calculation (to be developed by ESPTO)............35
3.2 Voltage Control and Reactive Planning (to be determined)...........................35
APPENDICES ..................................................................................................................... 36
A Owner ID, TSP, Bus/Zone Range and Tables.................................................37
B Glossary of Terms............................................................................................. 40
C TSP Impedance and Line Ratings Assumptions.............................................41
D MLSE................................................................................................................ 62
E Data Sharing Requirements.............................................................................63

SECTION 1.0 – Data Requirements

1.1 GENERAL
The principal function of the SSWG is to provide analytical support of the ERCOT electrical
transmission network from a steady state perspective. To accomplish this, the Working Group performs
three principal charges: load-flow, voltage control and reactive planning, and transmission loss factor
calculation tasks.
1.1.1 Coordination with ERCOT Operations
Load-flow base cases provide detailed representation of the electric system for planning
and evaluating the current and future high voltage electrical system and the effects of new loads,
generating stations, interconnections, and transmission lines.
1.1.2 Model
The model represents the high voltage system, branches, buses, bus components, impedances, loads,
multi-section lines, ownership, switched shunts, transformers, DC lines and zones. The network model
is combined at ERCOT System Planning Technical Operations (ESPTO) in the latest approved PTI
PSS/E and rawd ASCII data format based on a 100 MVA base. The model should reflect expected
system operation.
1.1.3 Data
The SSWG will take the load data from the ERCOT Annual Load Data Request (ALDR) and build two
sets of cases, Data Set A and Data Set B (see Sections 2.1 and 2.2).
Data Set A consists of seasonal cases for the following year. The SSWG must finalize Data Set A by
early August to meet ERCOT’s schedule to perform the commercially significant constraint studies.
Data Set B, which is finalized in mid-December, is used for planning purposes and consists of the
following:
 Future summer peak planning cases

 A future winter peak planning case
 A future minimum load planning case
 ERCOT Data Dictionary
1.1.4 Load-flow Case Uses

The cases being created each year are listed in Sections 2.1 and 2.2. ESPTO and Transmission Service
Providers (TSPs) test the interconnected systems modeled in the cases against the ERCOT Planning
Criteria to assess system reliability in the coming year and into the future. SSWG cases are used as the
basis for many other types of calculations and studies by ROS Working Groups and ERCOT System
Operations such as:

 Internal planning studies and generation interconnection studies
 Voltage control and reactive planning studies
 Dynamics Working Group stability studies
 ERCOT transmission loss factor calculation
 Basis for ERCOT operating cases and FERC 715 filing
 Commercially significant constraints studies

1.2 BUS DATA
1.2.1 Areas defined by TSP

Defined areas have been added to the ERCOT load-flow cases for modeling convenience and are
denoted in the TSP Bus/ Zone Range Table in Appendix A.
1.2.2 Bus Data Records

All in-service transmission (60kV and above) and generator terminals shall be modeled in load-flow
cases. Each data bus record has a bus number, name, base kV, bus type code, real component of shunt
admittance, reactive component of shunt admittance, area number, zone number, per-unit bus nominal
voltage magnitude, bus voltage phase angle, and owner id.
1.2.3 Bus Ranges

Presently, ERCOT is modeled within a 100,000 bus range. Bus ranges, new or amended, are allocated
by the Chairman of the SSWG with confirmation from the SSWG members. Bus ranges are based on
high-side bus ownership. (Refer to TSP Bus/Zone Range Table in Appendix A)
Bus numbers from within the TSP’s designated bus range are assigned by the TSP and are to remain in
the assigned ranges until the equipment or condition that it represents in the ERCOT load-flow cases
changes or is removed.
1.2.4 Zone Ranges

Presently zone ranges, new or amended, are allocated by the Chairman of the SSWG with confirmation
from SSWG members. Each TSP represents their network in the ERCOT load-flow cases using
allocated zone ranges. Zone numbers that have been assigned by the TSP, within the TSP’s designated
zone range, may be changed by the TSP as needed to represent their network in the ERCOT load-flow
cases. Every zone number assigned must be from the TSP’s designated zone range. Zone identifiers are
specified in zone data records. Each data record has a zone number and a zone name identifier. (Refer
to TSP Bus/Zone Range Table in Appendix A)
1.2.5 Owner IDs

All TSPs must provide owner IDs for buses. This data is maintained in the Owner ID, TSP Bus/Zone
Range Table shown in Appendix A.
1.2.6 Bus Name

As of April 1, 2000, bus names shall not identify the customers or owners of loads or generation at new
buses unless requested by customers.

1.3 LOAD DATA
Each bus modeling a load must contain at least one load data record. Each load data record contains a
bus number, load identifier, load status, area, zone, real and reactive power components of constant
MVA load, real and reactive power components of constant current load, and real and reactive power
components of constant admittance load. All loads (MW and MVAR) should be modeled on the high
side of transformers serving load at less than 60 kV.
Guidelines:
1.3.1 The bus number in the load data record must be a bus that exists in the base case. As of 2001
owner IDs shall not be associated with any entity in cases.
1.3.2 The load identifier is a two-character alphanumeric identifier used to differentiate between
loads at a bus. Self-serve loads greater than 50 MW must be identified by “SS.” See Section
1.4.1. Partial self-serve load should be modeled as a multiple load with “SS” identifying the
self-serve portion. Distributed generation less than 10 MW must be identified by “DG” and
modeled as negative load.
1.3.3 The load data record zone number must be in the zone range of the TSP serving the load. It
does not have to be the same zone that the bus is assigned to. Zone only describes a group
of buses for study.
1.3.4 Loads in ERCOT may be modeled by any combination of constant MVA, constant current,
and constant admittance. How the load is represented does not matter for a steady-state
solution where voltages are generally close to normal operating levels.
For steady-state solutions, loads are normally treated as constant MVA because it is
impractical to differentiate between them. However, for dynamic conditions loads behave
differently from one another and the loads must be modeled with different characteristics to
achieve correct study results. Load behavior can be placed in three different categories, as
constant MVA, constant current or constant admittance.
As voltage changes, real and reactive power will remain constant above some threshold
voltage set point for constant MVA loads. Current will remain constant during voltage
fluctuations above a threshold voltage for constant current loads. Current will change
proportionally to the voltage above a threshold voltage for constant admittance loads.
Values for the three load types should be modeled as MW and MVAR in the base case.
1.3.5 MVAR load modeled at each bus shall include transformer losses. It is extremely important
that loads reflect correct power factors on the high side of transformers serving load at less
than 60 kV. MW transformer losses are very small; however, MVAR losses, for example,
may change the power factor from .98 at the low-side terminals to .96 at the high side.
Incorrect reactive modeling perpetuated throughout a wide area might result in real world
voltage problems being ignored. MVAR loads shall be calculated from power factors
provided in the Annual Load Data Request (ALDR). MVAR transformer losses shall be
calculated from this load level assuming the ALDR given load and power factor at the high
side of the substation transformer.
1.3.6 Generator auxiliary load should not be modeled at generating station buses. Refer to section
1.4.1.
1.3.7 The system load for the load serving entities should be obtained from the load serving
entities’ ALDR.
1.3.8 Multiple loads from different TSPs at a bus may be used. At this time, each TSP can define a
load however it wishes with a load ID of its choice though careful coordination is required
between TSP representatives to ensure that the loads at the bus get modeled correctly.
1.3.9 Interruptible loads should be included in the total load modeled.

1.4 GENERATOR DATA
1.4.1 Acquisition of Generator Data

Only net real and reactive generator outputs and ratings should be modeled in load-flow cases. Net
generation is equal to the gross generation minus station auxiliaries and other internal power
requirements. All non-self-serve generation connected at 60kV and above with at least 10 MW
aggregated at the point of interconnect must be explicitly modeled. A generator explicitly modeled must
include generator step-up transformer and actual no-load tap position. Generation of less than 10 MW is
still required to be modeled, but not explicitly.
Self-serve generators serve local load that does not flow through the ERCOT transmission system. Data
should be submitted for self-serve facilities for:
 Any generating unit or plant with gross real power output of at least 50 MW.
 Any self-serve loads with a contract of at least 50 MW of backup power.
1.4.1.1 Coordination with Power Generating Companies

Power Generating Companies shall provide the following information:
 Data forms from the ERCOT Generation Interconnection Procedure
 One-line electrical system drawing of the generator’s network and tie to TSP (or equivalent)
 Modeling information of the generator’s transmission system in PTI or GE format
 Units to be retired or taken out for maintenance
1.4.1.2 Coordination with other ERCOT Working Groups

All generator data should be coordinated with the Dynamics Working Group and System Protection
Working Group members to assure that it is correct before submitting the cases. This will insure that all
of the cases have the most current steady state and dynamics information. The following are items that
should be coordinated:
 Unit bus number
 Unit ID
 Unit maximum and minimum real power capabilities
 Unit maximum and minimum reactive power capabilities
 Unit MVA base
 Resistive and reactive machine impedances
 Resistive and reactive generator step-up transformer impedances
1.4.1.3 Coordination with ERCOT Operations

The following data should be coordinated with ERCOT Operations:
 ERCOT historical generation dispatch
 Units real and reactive test data
 Unit outage schedules
1.4.2 Review Expected Load for Area to Serve

Before the generation schedule can be determined, the expected area load and losses (demand) must be
determined. Each MW of demand needs to be accounted for by a MW of generation. The ALDR should
be used for all the Data Set A and B cases.
1.4.3 Generation Dispatch Methodology

In order to simulate the future market, the following methodology was adopted for building the seven
2002 Data Set B cases (SS03sum1, SS04sum1, SS05sum1, SS06sum1, SS07sum1, SS05min, and
SS05win1).
Units owned by the Non-Opt-In Entities (NOIE) were dispatched according to the NOIE's planning
departments. Unless contracts are known for the full output of a unit, all remaining MWs of NOIE units
will be put into the ERCOT dispatch in their respective order.
Self-serve generation was also dispatched independently. It is believed that cogeneration and self-serve
units will have a better financial incentive to run than other plants. These plants were turned on at full
output unless actual data was available, in which case they were dispatched to an average of their
historical output. DC Ties were put at previous levels, which is the best available information.
All other units were placed in a spreadsheet and sorted by a predefined commitment order
(COMMORDER) to create an economic dispatch order. Each COMMORDER is sorted by age with
newer plants being placed on top. Generation was turned on to meet the load levels of each case.
The unit commitment order is as follows:

1. Exceptions (Units that can operate in more than one region are dispatched at 50% of PMAX
(Tenaska Frontier and Gateway), voltage support units (documentation is posted showing
voltage problem), DC ties, and must run if any exist under ERCOT protocols)
2. NOIE dispatch (Commorder number is not always 2 for NOIE units. It can be another number
that may better match with the unit)
3. Nuclear - max MW
4. Coal (bituminous, sub-bituminous, lignite) - max MW. Existing units and future units that are
expected to be constructed. Future units will be dispatched prior to existing units if it can be
assumed that they will be more efficient.
5. Hydro (most recent information). Existing units and future units that are expected to be
constructed. Future units will be dispatched prior to existing units if it can be assumed that they
will be more efficient.
6. Other renewable – Wind at 10%and 20% in on-peak and off-peak cases, respectively; solar max
MW, methane max MW - less than 10 MW is modeled as negative load. Existing units and
future units that are expected to be constructed. Future units will be dispatched prior to existing
units if it can be assumed that they will be more efficient.
7. Self-serve. Existing units and future units that are expected to be constructed. Future units will
be dispatched prior to existing units if it can be assumed that they will be more efficient.
8. Cogeneration. Existing units and future units that are expected to be constructed. Future units
will be dispatched prior to existing units if it can be assumed that they will be more efficient.
9. Combined cycle. Existing units and future units that are expected to be constructed. Future units
will be dispatched prior to existing units if it can be assumed that they will be more efficient.
10. Base load natural gas (steam through boiler). Existing units and future units that are expected to
be constructed. Future units will be dispatched prior to existing units if it can be assumed that
they will be more efficient.
11. Cycling natural gas (steam through boiler). Existing and future units that are expected to be
constructed. Future units will be dispatched prior to existing units if it can be assumed they will
be more efficient

12. Peaking gas (steam through boiler). Existing and future units that are expected to be constructed.
Future units will be dispatched prior to existing units if it can be assumed they will be more
efficient
13. Combustion turbine – simple cycle. Existing and future units that are expected to be constructed.
Future units will be dispatched prior to existing units if it can be assumed they will be more
efficient
If a future unit is not on the ERCOT generation web site, it will not be put in the case unless an
agreement has been reached between the TDSP and IPP to do so. Future units that are expected to be
constructed must either have signed an SGIA or have provided an agreement to reimburse the TSP for
expenses incurred toward constructing facilities for their generation if the generation project fails to go
forward.
1.4.4 Voltage Profile Adjustments
1.4.4.1 Schedule Voltage for Generator Units

After generation has been determined, the next step is to set the proper voltage profile for the system.
The location and output of the generators is important to the voltage stability of the system. Knowing
how the operators set the voltages and monitor the VAR flow will present a more realistic case.
1.4.4.2 Voltage Control

Check the voltages at several key locations within the system when modifying generation voltage and
control VARS. When these voltages are not within acceptable parameters, changes in the system VARS
are needed. VAR changes can be accomplished by turning on/turning off capacitors or reactors, and by
adjusting the voltage at certain generators and transformer taps.

1.5 LINE DATA
1.5.1 Use of Load-flow Data Fields
1.5.1.1 Bus Specifications

The end points of each branch in the ERCOT load-flow case are specified by “from” and “to” bus
numbers. In most cases the end point buses are in the same TSP area. However, when the “from” and
“to” buses used to specify a branch are in different TSP areas, the branch is considered to be a tie line
(See Section 1.5.3, Coordination of Tie Lines). Branch data includes exactly two buses. The end points
of Multi-Section Lines (MSL) are defined by two buses specified in a branch data record. (See 1.5.2.)
There are other components that are modeled with more than two buses, such as transformers with
tertiaries that may be represented by three-bus models.
1.5.1.2 Circuit (Branch) Identifier

Circuit identifiers are limited to two alphanumeric characters. Each TSP will determine its own naming
convention. These identifiers are typically numeric values (e.g. 1 or 2) that indicate the number of
branches between two common buses, but many exceptions exist.
1.5.1.3 Impedance Data

The resistive and reactive impedance data contained in the load-flow cases are both expressed in per-
unit quantities that are calculated from a base impedance. The base impedance for transmission lines is
calculated from the system base MVA and the base voltage of the transmission branch of interest. The
system base MVA used in the ERCOT load-flow cases is 100 MVA (S = 100 MVA). The base voltage
for a transmission line branch is the nominal line-to-line voltage of that particular transmission branch.
(See Transformer Data for Calculation of Transformer Impedances.) I didn’t see a section called this.
Therefore the base impedance used for calculating transmission branch impedances is:
ZBase 
kV  2
Base
ohms
S MVAsystembase
This base impedance is then used to convert the physical quantities of the transmission line into per-unit
values to be used in the load-flow cases.
1.5.1.3.1 Resistance
Once the total transmission line resistance is known and expressed in ohms, then this value is simply
divided by the base impedance to obtain the per-unit resistance to be entered in the load-flow case. This
calculation is as follows:
RTotalTransmissionLine ohms
R p .u .  



Z Base  ohms 
1.5.1.3.2 Reactance
Once the total transmission line reactance is known and expressed in ohms, then this value is also
divided by the base impedance to obtain the per-unit reactance to be entered into the load-flow case.
This calculation is as follows:

X TotalTransmissionLine  ohms
X p .u .   ohms 
Z Base
1.5.1.3.3 Charging
Line charging is expressed as total branch charging susceptance in per unit on the 100 MVA system
base. The total branch charging is expressed in MVARs and divided by the system base MVA to get
per unit charging. The equation used to accomplish this depends on the starting point. Typically the
charging of a transmission line is known in kVARs. Given the total transmission line charging
expressed in quavers, the equation to calculate the total branch charging susceptance in per unit on the
system base is as follows:
kVarsTotalBranchCh arg ing 10

3
 MVar 
B p .u .  
 MVA 

S MVAsystembase
Or, given the total capacitive reactance to neutral expressed in ohms X C ( ohms ) , the equation to calculate
the total branch charging susceptance in per unit on the system base is as follows:
kV  2
B p .u . 
X C ( ohms ) S MVAsystembase
1.5.1.4 Facility Ratings
ERCOT load-flow cases contain fields for three ratings for each branch record. The ratings associated
with these three fields are commonly referred to as Rate A, Rate B and Rate C. Methodology used by
each TSP shall be kept current in Appendix C. Following are the ERCOT facility ratings definitions:
1.5.1.4.1 Ratings Definitions
Rate A – Normal Rating

The most limiting series element (MLSE) rating at which a transmission facility can operate for an
indefinite period of time without exceeding NESC clearances or experiencing unacceptable loss of life
or equipment failure.
Rate B – Emergency Rating

The most limiting series element (MLSE) rating at which a transmission facility can operate for the time
sufficient for adjustment of transfer schedules, generation dispatch or line switching in an orderly
manner without exceeding NESC clearances or experiencing unacceptable loss of life or equipment
failure.
Rate C – Conductor/Transformer Rating

The rating at which the conductor can operate for an indefinite period of time without exceeding NESC
clearances or the transformer can operate for an indefinite period of time without experiencing
unacceptable loss of life.

When performing security studies, ESPTO will default to Rate B, unless the TSP has previously
indicated in writing that other ratings (e.g., Rate A) should be used. If problems exist using Rate B and
Rate B is significantly different from Rate C, then ESPTO will contact the TSP.
1.5.1.4.2 NERC Planning Standards

Compliance with the NERC Planning Standards for facility ratings is required in the ERCOT load-flow
cases. Specifically, these ratings should be in compliance with NERC Planning Standard Measures,
which state, "The rating of a system facility (transmission line, transformer, etc.) shall not exceed the
rating of the most limiting series element (MLSE) in the circuit or path of the facility, including
terminal connections and associated equipment." "In cases where protection systems and control
settings constitute a loading limit on a facility, this limit shall become the rating for that facility."
“Coordinated ratings for jointly owned facilities shall be documented in a document or database. Joint
owners shall agree on the ratings.” NERC Standards require that “Facility owners shall have on file a
document or data base identifying the normal and emergency ratings of all of their electrical facilities
(e.g., lines, terminal equipment, and transformers) that impact the bulk interconnected transmission
system.
1.5.1.4.3 Most Limiting Series Element Database

MLSE database contains ratings of all existing elements in series (switches, current transformers,
conductors, etc.) between the two end terminals of a transmission line and provides the maximum rating
of the transmission line. This data is due to ESPTO with the Data Set A work each year. See Appendix
D for example output.
1.5.1.5 Branch and Transformer Adjustment Data Record Coordination

Branch data records are used both for transmission lines and transformers. For every transformer
adjustment (LTC) data record, there must also exist a branch record modeled as a transformer with the
same from-bus, to-bus and circuit ID. (See Transformer Data section for more details on transformer
data.)
1.5.1.6 Complex Admittance

Branch Data records include four fields for complex admittance for line shunts. These records are
rarely used in ERCOT.
1.5.1.7 Status
Branch data records include a field for branch status. Entities are allowed to submit branch data with an
out-of-service status for equipment normally out of service. This information will be kept throughout
the load-flow data preparation process and returned to all entities with the final ERCOT load-flow
cases.
1.5.1.8 Line Length and Ownership
1.5.1.8.1 Mileage and Ownership Data

This data should be provided.
1.5.1.8.2 Ownership
The load-flow database allows users to specify up to four owners for each branch including percent
ownership. Ownership and owner IDs should be included for all non-transformer branches including

transmission lines owned by generation entities. The percent ownership of each line should sum up to
100%. See Appendix A.
1.5.1.8.3 Practices for Verification

Transmission line length should be verified from field data before values are entered into the load-flow
data. The following equation is an approximation that applies to transmission lines that are completely
overhead:
 Miles
or assuming S MVAsystembase 100 MVA then
OverheadCircuit 486.5 X p .u . B p .u . ( Miles)

1.5.2 Multi-Section Line Grouping
A multi-section line is defined as a grouping of several previously defined branches into one long circuit
having several sub-sections or segments.
Example: Two circuits exist (Figure 1) which originate at the same substation (4001) and terminate at
the same substation (4742). Each circuit has a tap to Substation A and a tap to Substation B. If a fault
occurs or maintenance requires an outage of Circuit 09, the circuit would be out-of-service between bus
4001 and bus 4742 including the taps to buses 4099 and 4672. The loads normally served by these taps
would be served by means of low-side rollover from buses 4100 and 4671 on Circuit 21. This is the
type of situation for which multi-section lines are used to accurately model load flows.

4001 4742
CKT.09
CKT.21
A B
4099 4100 4671 4672
Figure 1. Example of circuits needing to use multi-section line modeling.
Figure 2 represents a load-flow data model of the circuits in Figure 1. Branch data record would have
included the following:
4001,4099,09,…
4099,4672,09,…
4672,4742,09,…
4001,4100,21,…
4100,4671,21,…
4671,4742,21,…
along with the necessary bus, load, and shunt data. To identify these two circuits as multi-section lines,
entries must be made in the raw data input file. The multi-section line data record format is as follows:
I, J, ID, CKT1, DUM1, CKT2, DUM2, ... CKT9, DUM9, CKT10
where:
I “From bus” number.
J “To bus” number.
ID Two character multi-section line grouping identifier. The first character must be
an ampersand (“&”). ID = ‘&1’ by default.
CKTi Branch circuit identifiers of branches that are members of this multi-section line
grouping. CKTi = ‘1’ by default.
DUMi Bus numbers, or extended bus name enclosed in single quotes, of the “dummy
buses” connected by the branches that comprise this multi-section line grouping. No
defaults allowed.
Each dummy bus must have exactly two branches connected to it, both of which must be members of
the same multi-section line grouping.
The statuses of line sections are set such that the multi-section line is treated as a single element.
Figure 2. Load-flow model of example circuits.
For our example, the following would be entered as multi-section line data records:
4001, 4742, &1, 09, 4099, 09, 4672, 09
4001, 4742, &2, 21, 4100, 21, 4671, 21
Multi-section lines give a great amount of flexibility in performing contingency studies on load-flow
base cases. When set up correctly, hundreds of contingencies where the automatic low-side load
rollover occurs can be analyzed and reported within minutes.
1.5.3 Coordination of Tie Lines

A tie line is a branch that connects two control areas in the load-flow case. Normally the bus at one end
of the tie line is in one control area and the bus at the other end is in another control area. Each of the
interconnected TSPs owns some terminal equipment or line sections associated with the tie line. The
branch may be a transmission line, transformer, bus section or another electrical component connecting
systems together.
Careful coordination and discussion is required among SSWG members to verify all modeled tie-line
data. Even in load-flow cases where no new tie lines were installed, there could be many tie-line
changes. Construction timings of future points of interconnection can change. As an example, a tie line
may need to be deleted from a spring case and added to a summer case. Another example is, if a new
substation is installed in the middle of an existing tie line, it redefines the tie-line bus numbers,
mileages, impedances and possibly ratings and ownership.
Tie branch models also affect a number of important ERCOT calculations and therefore must accurately
reflect real-world conditions. Also missing or erroneous ties can produce unrealistic indications of
stability and/or voltage limits. Inaccurate metering points, impedances, ratings, transformer adjustment
data, status information, mileages, or ownership data can all have a profound effect on system studies;
therefore it is imperative that neighboring entities exercise care in coordinating tie branch data.
1.5.4 Metering Point

Each tie line or branch must have a designated metering point and this designation should also be
coordinated between neighboring control areas. The location of the metering point determines which
control area will account for losses on the tie branch. The load-flow program allocates branch losses to
the control area of the un-metered bus. For example, if the metering point is located at the “to” bus then
branch losses will be allocated to the control area of the “from” bus.
The first bus specified in the branch record is the default location of the metering point unless the
second bus is entered as a negative number. These are the first and second data fields in the branch
record.
1.5.5 Tie-Line Ratings

Ratings for tie lines should be mutually agreed upon by all involved entities and should comply with
NERC Planning Standards: “Ratings of jointly-owned facilities shall be coordinated and provided on a
consistent basis.”
1.5.6 Coordination of Tie-Line Data Submission

It is imperative for neighboring entities to coordinate tie data in order to allow Data Set A and Data Set
B work activities to proceed unimpeded. Entities should exchange written documents detailing tie-line
data at least two weeks before the data is due to ESPTO. Coordination of tie data includes timely
agreement between entities on the following for each tie line:
 In-service/ out-service dates for ties

 Metering point bus number
 From bus number
 To bus number
 Circuit identifier
 Impedance and charging data
 Ratings
 Transformer adjustment (LTC) data
 Status of branch
 Circuit miles
 Ownership (up to four owners)
 Entity responsible for submitting data
1.6 TRANSFORMER DATA
1.6.1 Transformer Modeling Records

Transformers modeled in ERCOT load-flow cases are specified by three sets of data records: Branch
Data; Transformer Adjustment Data and Transformer Impedance Correction Tables.
1.6.2 Branch Data – Transformers

The first sets of records for transformer modeling are contained in the set called Branch Data and
include the same fields as defined in Section 1.5, Line Data.
1.6.2.1 Bus Numbers

The end points of each transformer branch in the ERCOT load-flow case are specified by “from” and
“to” bus numbers. The “from” bus is the bus connected to the tapped side of the transformer and the
“to” bus is connected to the impedance side of the transformer being modeled. In some cases, the
“from” and “to” buses used to specify a branch are in two different control areas, making the branch a
tie line (See Section 1.5.3, Coordination of Tie Lines). The “from” bus is the metered side of the
transformer by default, but can be assigned to the other bus by assigning a negative number to the
second bus. The metered side determines which control area losses due to the transformer are assigned
to (control area of the un-metered bus). Three winding transformers (transformers with tertiaries) may
be represented by multiple branch records with buses defined at each transformer terminal.
1.6.2.2 Branch Identifier

Circuit identifiers are limited to two alphanumeric characters. Actual transformer identifiers may be
used for circuit identifiers for transformers, however, typically, circuit identifiers are used to indicate
which transformer is being defined when more than one transformer is modeled between two common
buses.
1.6.2.3 Impedance Data

The resistance and reactance data for transformers are specified in the load-flow database in per-unit
quantities on a 100 MVA system base, as described in Section 1.5.1.3, Impedance Data, in the line data
chapter.
1.6.2.3.1 Resistance
Transformer test records should be used to calculate the resistance associated with a transformer branch
record. As indicated above, the resistance calculated must be converted to a per-unit quantity on the
system base. Where transformer test records are unavailable, the resistance should be entered as zero.
1.6.2.3.2 Reactance
Transformer test records or transformer nameplate impedance should be used to calculate the reactance
associated with a transformer branch record. Where the transformer resistance component is known, the
transformer impedance is calculated on the same base using the known data and the reactance
component is determined using the Pythagorean theorem. Where the transformer resistance is assumed
to be zero, the calculated transformer impedance can be assumed to be equal to the transformer
reactance.
1.6.2.3.3 Susceptance
For load-flow modeling purposes, the transformer susceptance is always assumed to be zero.
1.6.2.4 Transformer Ratings
The ratings used for transformer branches are defined the same as in Section 1.5.1.4, Facility Ratings.
1.6.2.5 Tap Ratios

The ratio is defined as the transformer off-nominal turns ratio and is entered as a non-zero value in per
unit. If no number is entered for Ratio, the load-flow program will erroneously treat the branch as a
transmission line. Where the base kV contained in the bus data records for the buses connected to
transformer terminals are equal to the rated voltage of the transformer windings connected to those
terminals, the transformer off-nominal ratio is equal to 1.00. When the transformer has no-load taps, the
transformer off-nominal ratio will be something other than 1 and usually in the range of 0.95 to 1.05.
The effects of load tap changing (LTC) transformer taps are handled in the transformer adjustment data
record. Actual no-load tap settings will be periodically requested by ERCOT.
1.6.2.6 Angle
The transformer phase shift angle is for phase shifting transformers only and is measured in degrees
from the untapped to the tapped side of the transformer. The angle is entered as a positive value for a
positive phase shift.
1.6.2.7 Complex Admittance

Complex admittance data is not required for ERCOT load-flow cases and the values for each of these
four fields should all be zeros.
1.6.2.8 Length
Circuit mileage has no meaning in a transformer branch record and should be entered as zero.
1.6.2.9 Status
This field indicates the status of the transformer. A value of 1 indicates the transformer is in-service and
a value of zero indicates the transformer is out-of-service.
1.6.2.10 Ownership
The load-flow case allows users to specify up to four owners for each branch including percent
ownership. Ownership and owner IDs should be included for all non-transformer branches. The sum of
all percent ownerships should equal 100% for every line.
1.6.3 Transformer Adjustment Data

This second set of records for transformers establishes the control parameters for the automatic
adjustment of transformer load tap changers and phase shifters. Only those branch records that are
designated as transformers (non-zero ratios assigned) may be specified in a transformer adjustment data
record. Transformer adjustment data should be modeled as transformers are normally operated.
Transformers for which no tap adjustment data is provided are assigned default values that cause the
transformer to be treated as a fixed ratio (non-LTC) transformer.
1.6.3.1 Branch and Transformer Adjustment Data Record Coordination

Branch data records are used both for transmission lines and transformers. For every transformer
adjustment (LTC) data record, there must also exist a branch record modeled as a transformer with the
same “from” bus, “to” bus and circuit ID.
1.6.3.2 Controlled Bus
The bus number of the bus whose voltage is controlled by the transformer LTC and the transformer
turns ratio adjustment option of the load-flow solution activities. This record should be non-zero only
for voltage controlling transformers.
1.6.3.3 Transformer Adjustment Limits

These two fields specify the upper and lower limits of the transformer turns ratio adjustment or phase
shifter adjustment. For transformers with automatic adjustment, they are typically in the range 0.80 to
1.20.
1.6.3.3.1 Upper Limit

This field defines the maximum upper limit of the off-nominal ratio for voltage or reactive controlling
transformers and is entered as a per-unit value. The limit should take into account the no-load tap setting
of the transformer, if applicable. For a phase shifting transformer, the value is entered in degrees.
1.6.3.3.2 Lower Limit

Similar to the upper limit, this field defines the lower limit of the off-nominal ratio or phase shift angle
for the transformer defined.
1.6.3.4 Voltage or Load-Flow Limits

These two fields specify the upper and lower voltage limits at the controlled bus or for the real or
reactive load flow through the transformer at the tapped side bus before automatic LTC adjustment will
be initiated by the load-flow program. As long as bus voltage is between the two limits, no LTC
adjustment will take place.
1.6.3.4.1 Upper Limit

This field specifies the upper limit for bus voltage in per unit at the controlled bus or for the reactive
load flow in MVAR at the tapped side bus. For a phase shifting transformer, this field specifies the
upper limit for the real load flow in MW at the tapped side bus.
1.6.3.4.2 Lower Limit

Similar to the upper limit, this field specifies the lower limit for the bus voltage or the real or reactive
load flow for the transformer defined.
1.6.3.5 Step
Transformer turns ratio step increment for LTC is defined by this field and entered in per unit. Most
LTC transformers have 5/8% or 0.00625 per unit tap steps.
1.6.3.6 Table
The number of a transformer impedance correction table is specified by this field if the transformer's
impedance is to be a function of either the off-nominal turns ratio or phase shift angle. ERCOT load-
flow cases normally don’t use these tables and this field is set to zero by default.
1.6.3.7 Control Enable

This field enables or disables automatic transformer tap adjustment. Setting this field to one enables
automatic adjustment of the LTC or phase shifter as specified by the adjustment data values during load-
flow solution activities. Setting this field to zero prohibits automatic adjustment of this transformer
during these activities.
1.6.3.8 Load Drop Compensation
These two fields define the real and reactive impedance compensation components for voltage
controlling transformers. They are ignored for MW and MVAR flow controlling transformers. ERCOT
load-flow cases normally don’t use these fields and they are set to zero by default.
1.6.3.9 Resistive Component

The resistive component of load drop compensation entered in per unit is based on the resistance
between the location of the LTC and the point in the system at which voltage is to be regulated.
1.6.3.10 Reactive Component

Similar to the resistive component of load drop compensation, this value is entered in per unit and is
based on the reactance between the location of the LTC and the point in the system at which voltage is
to be regulated.
1.6.4 Transformer Impedance Correction Tables

Used to model a change in transformer impedance as off-nominal turns ratio or phase-shift angle is
adjusted in the load-flow solution. Applied only when the table field in the transformer adjustment
record (see Section 1.6.2.7) is set to a non-zero value. Is Section 1.6.2.7 the correct reference?
1.6.4.1 Table Number

The number of the transformer impedance correction table specified in the table field of the transformer
adjustment record.
1.6.4.2 Off-Nominal Turns Ratio

The initial off-nominal transformer turns ratio in per unit or the phase-shift angle in degrees.
1.6.4.3 Impedance Scaling Factor

The scaling factor by which the transformer nominal impedance is to be multiplied to obtain the actual
transformer impedance for the corresponding off-nominal turns ratio or phase- shift angle.
1.7 STATIC REACTIVE DEVICES
Presently all shunt reactors and capacitors that are used to control voltage at the transmission level are to
be modeled in the ERCOT load-flow cases to simulate actual transmission operation. There are two
distinct static reactive devices currently represented in the ERCOT load-flow cases: bus shunts and
series compensated capacitors. For ease of identifying all capacitive shunt devices in the ERCOT load-
flow cases shunt devices are modeled as switched shunts.
1.7.1 Switched Shunt Devices
1.7.1.1 Bus Shunt

A shunt capacitor or reactor connected to the high side or low side of a substation transformer in a
substation should be represented in the ERCOT load-flow case as a switched shunt device to accurately
simulate operating conditions. It is required when modeling a fixed bus shunt that they be modeled with
the switched shunt data record for easy identification in the ERCOT load-flow cases.
When a switched capacitor or reactor is submitted as the switched shunt data record, there are three
modes that it can operate in: fixed, discrete, or continuous. Switched capacitors are to be modeled in
the fixed mode for the ERCOT cases with Vhi = 1.5 p.u. and Vlo = 0.5 p.u.
A switched shunt can be represented as up to eight blocks of admittance, each one consisting of up to
nine steps of the specified block admittance. The switched shunt device can be a mixture of reactors and
capacitors. The reactor blocks are specified first in the data record (in the order in which they are
switched on), followed by the capacitor blocks (in the order in which they are switched on). The
complex admittance (p.u.), the desired upper limit voltage (p.u.), desired lower limit voltage (p.u.), and
the bus number of the bus whose voltage is regulated must be defined to accurately simulate the
switched shunt device.
If the load-flow program cannot handle the switched shunt modeling, then a fixed shunt capacitor or
reactor could alternately be submitted on the bus data with the real component of shunt admittance
entered as MW at one per unit voltage (nominal value) and the reactive component of shunt admittance
entered MVAR at one per unit voltage. A positive reactive component of admittance represents a shunt
capacitor and a negative reactive component represents a shunt reactor.
1.7.1.2 Dummy Bus Switched Shunt

If a capacitor or reactor were connected to a transmission line instead of a bus, an outage of the
transmission line would also cause the capacitor or reactor to be taken out of service (see Figure 3). For
these instances, the most accurate model is the switched shunt modeled at a dummy bus connected by a
zero impedance branch to the real bus. This dummy bus must have exactly two branches connected to
it, both of which must be members of the same multi-section line grouping. The status of the line
section is that the multi-section line is treated as a single element. A capacitor or reactor connected to a
line but modeled as a bus shunt will result in load-flow calculations for contingencies that differ from
real operating conditions.
Figure 3. Example one-line of line connected capacitor bank
1.7.2 Series Compensated Capacitor Banks

Additional requirements will be developed in the future.
1.8 DYNAMIC CONTROL DEVICES
Certain transmission devices are planned and designed to provide dynamic control of electric system
voltage/reactive parameters and are usually employed as solutions to specific system performance
issues. They typically involve feedback control mechanisms using power electronics to achieve the
desired electric system dynamic response. Examples of such equipment and devices include HVDC
links, active or real load-flow control and reactive power compensation devices using power electronics,
like unified load-flow controllers (UPFC’s), static var compensators (SVC’s), thyristor-controlled series
capacitors (TCSC’s) and, in some cases, mechanically-switched shunt capacitors and reactors. In
planning and designing transmission control devices, it is important to consider their operation within
the context of the overall interconnected systems over a variety of operating conditions. These control
devices can be used to avoid degradation of system performance and cascading outages of facilities. If
not properly designed, the feedback controls of these devices can become unstable during weakened
system conditions caused by disturbances and lead to undesirable interactions with other controls in the
interconnected systems.
1.8.1 Standards
Transmission control devices shall be planned and designed to meet the system performance
requirements as defined in the NERC Planning Standards, Section I.A. and associated Table I. These
devices shall be coordinated with other control devices within ERCOT and, where appropriate, with
neighboring regions.
Typical one line diagram
1.8.2 HVDC Modeling Requirements

All dynamic control devices in current operation or planned for the future shall be modeled in load-flow
cases. Modeling of dynamic control devices should not create solution problems or abnormal conditions
in the load-flow cases. Further requirements are yet to be developed.
For generation and loads, the area desired interchange level shall be manually set and the area slack bus
allowed to automatically adjust to this level plus losses. Capacitors, filter banks and reactors shall be
added or removed based on normal DC tie operation. Real power shall be the net of all transactions to
the HVDC tie and reactive power is calculated as a percentage of real power, as in actual operation. Use
of the interim unplanned loss matrix methodology requires that neither generation nor load be equal to
zero.
SECTION 2.0 – Load-Flow Procedures and Schedules
2.1 DATA SET A CONSIDERATIONS
The detailed data requirements for the production of the load-flow cases by ESPTO are described in
other sections of these guidelines. This section presents a general overview of the items that should be
considered when preparing ERCOT load-flow data.
2.1.1 Data Set A Uses

The ‘Data Set A’ cases are used for short-term planning, system operations analysis, commercially
significant constraint determination, and transmission loss factor calculations. Data Set A cases are
submitted by the ERCOT region in response to FERC 715 requirements and are posted on ERCOT web
site for general use.
2.1.2 Data Set A Case Definitions

Load-flow cases produced by ESPTO are to be divided into two groups. The first group, “Data Set A,”
models expected conditions for the following year’s four seasons (eight cases). The second group,
“Data Set B,” models cases for the five-year planning horizon.
Data Set A seasons are as follows:
SPG March, April, May

SUM June, July, August, September
FAL October, November
WIN December, January, February
ERCOT DATA SET A BASECASES

(YR) = FOLLOWING YEAR
BASE CASE NOTES TRANSMISSION IN-SERVICE DATE
(YR)SPG1 2 April 1, (YR)

(YR)SPG2 3 April 1, (YR)
(YR)SUM1 1 July 1, (YR)
(YR)SUM2 3 July 1, (YR)
(YR)FAL1 2 October 1, (YR)
(YR)FAL2 3 October 1, (YR)
(YR+1)WIN1 1 January 1, (YR+1)
(YR+1)WIN2 3 January 1, (YR+1)
Notes
1 Cases to represent the maximum expected load during the season.
2 Cases to represent maximum expected load during month of transmission in-service date.
3 Cases to represent lowest load on same day as the corresponding seasonal case (not a minimum
case). For example, (YR)FAL2 case represents the lowest load on the same day as the
(YR)FAL1 case.
2.1.3 Entity Responsibilities
The Data Set A load-flow cases are assembled and produced by ESPTO. The responsibilities for
providing this data are divided among the various market participants. These data provision
responsibilities may overlap among the various market participants because participants may designate
their representative or a participant may be a member of more than one market participant group. The
market participants can generally be divided into four groups: TSPs, Load Serving Entities, Power
Generating Companies, and Marketing Entities. The data responsibilities of each group are as follows:
2.1.3.1 TSPs
It is the responsibility of the TSPs to provide all the data required to model the transmission system (line
impedances, ratings, transformers, reactive sources, etc.) This will include data for all generator step-up
transformers physically tied to the system of the TSP. Transmission providers may also be responsible
for load or generation data if they are the designated representatives for load entities or power
generating companies.
2.1.3.2 Load Serving Entities

It is the responsibility of the load serving entities or their designated representatives to provide the data
required to model the loads including the data provided in the ALDR in all cases. This data should be
coordinated with their respective TSPs.
2.1.3.3 Power Generating Companies

It is the responsibility of the generation entities to provide all data required to model the generators in
all the cases. See Section 1.4. This data should be coordinated with their respective TSPs and should
include but is not limited to unit capabilities.
2.1.3.4 Marketing Entities

It is the responsibility of marketers to supply the load and/or generation data if they are the designated
representatives for either a load or generating entity or both.
2.1.4 Schedule
ESPTO shall post all data and information. As an example:
March 1 ALDR due to ESPTO

April 1 ALDR due to SSWG
April 24 NOIEs send generation dispatch data to ESPTO
May 1 Raw data files due to ESPTO
May 8 Pass 1 cases due to SSWG
May 10 SSWG general meeting if needed
May 20 Pass 1 changes due to ESPTO
May 27 Pass 2 cases due to SSWG
June 3 Pass 2 changes due to ESPTO
June 10-12 SSWG meeting at ESPTO office to finalize cases
July 1 Cases posted on the ERCOT web site by ESPTO
2.2 DATA SET B CONSIDERATIONS
2.2.1 Data Set Uses

Data Set B cases are generally used by TSPs to perform long-range planning studies.
2.2.2 Data Set B Case Definitions
ERCOT DATA SET B BASECASES

(YR) = FOLLOWING YEAR
BASE CASE NOTES TRANSMISSION IN-SERVICE DATE
(YR+1)SUM1 1 JULY 1, (YR+1)

(YR+3)WIN1 1 JANUARY 1, (YR+3)
(YR+3)MIN 2 JANUARY 1, (YR+3)
Notes
1 Cases to represent the maximum expected load during the season.
2 Cases to represent the absolute minimum load expected for (YR+3).
2.2.3 ERCOT Data Dictionary

With Data Set B, each SSWG member will submit a data file listing all buses that exist in any case from
either Data Set A or B. This file is called the ERCOT Data Dictionary. The data dictionary is used by
ESPTO to show correlation between base case bus numbers and control area ? SCADA names. Also,
the data dictionary without the SCADA names is included as part of ERCOT’s FERC 715 filing. The
format will be as follows:
Field Columns Special Instructions
Submitter Name A TSP

Bus Number B From load-flow cases
Bus Name (as in case) C From load-flow cases
Base kV of Bus D From load-flow cases
Full Bus Name E Unabbreviated name
County where bus located F Do not include the word “County”
Load Company Name G Load description (optional)
SCADA Station Names H ERCOT ICCP Data link names
There are several naming conventions that should not be used because it creates problems when the data
dictionary is used for ESPTO’s operations load-flow model. The following special characters should not
be used: $,%, :, !, @, &, (, ) or ’. No field should begin with an underscore or a # sign. SCADA names
should be a maximum of eight characters long, and there should be no duplicate SCADA names at the
same voltage level in the ERCOT Data Dictionary. SCADA names are not required for future
substations.
2.2.4 Schedule
ESPTO shall post all data and information. As an example:
September 10 NOIEs send generation dispatch data to ESPTO

September 17 Raw data files due to ESPTO
September 25 Pass 1 cases due to SSWG
September 30 SSWG general meeting if needed
October 7 Pass 1 changes due to ESPTO
October 14 Pass 2 cases due to SSWG
October 21 Pass 2 changes due to ESPTO
November 4-6 SSWG meeting at ESPTO office to finalize cases
November 15 Cases posted on the ERCOT web site by ESPTO
2.3 ERROR SCREENING AND CASE UPDATES
SSWG members are responsible for assembling all of the information for the sub-systems they are
responsible for and, through a systematic process, creating the load-flow base cases. This requires many
steps, each of which may introduce errors. To minimize the potential for errors in the cases, there are
many data screens and error checks that should be employed. These can be local or global in nature.
The creation of the load-flow base cases consists of two distinct phases; and, therefore, the screening for
and correction of errors will be divided into two different processes. These two phases are:
 Producing the application for load serving entities’ Annual Load Data Request
 Creating the cases for Data Set A and Data Set B
2.3.1 Review of ALDR

The ALDR provides the detailed load data for each customer that is requesting transmission service.
Because of the vastness of the data in the ALDRs, it is critical that they be reviewed and screened with
the utmost diligence before their submittal to ESPTO.
 Load shall be consistent with ALDR.

 Load serving entities’ total load plus losses in cases shall be consistent with coincident system load
in the ALDR, excluding self-serve load.
 Bus numbers should be within TSP designated SSWG bus range
After ESPTO reviews each ALDR, they are sent to all SSWG members who should review them closely
before they are used to create load-flow case data. If ALDR problems are found, SSWG members
should contact the entities submitting the data. Proper communication between TSP should minimize
these problems. Some checks that should be performed (by spreadsheet format) include but are not
limited to the following:
 The bus number in column D must be included. No duplicate IDs or bus numbers.
 The coincidence factors in columns K and Q must be less than or equal to 100%.
 The Minimum/Peak value in column T must be less than or equal to 100%.
 All power factors must be less than or equal to 1.
 There should be a continuity of power factors for loads that have changed from one TSP to another.
 The county name should be spelled correctly.
 NA, N/A, or other alphabetic characters should not appear in a numerical field (leave field blank if
not sure). Also #DIV/0! and #VALUE! should be deleted.
 There should be only one voltage level for each delivery point.
 In some places the workbook asks for kW or kWH and in some places MW or MWH. The values
must be in the correct measure.
 The calculated diversity factor in row 33 should be greater than or equal to 100%.
 Correct TSP code.
 No missing loads (i.e. loads that have changed from one TSP to another have not been dropped.)
 No duplicate loads.
2.3.2 Review of Load-Flow Base Case Data

Checks should include but are not limited to the following:
 Bus numbers should be within that TSP’s designated SSWG bus range
 Zone numbers should be within that TSP’s designated SSWG zone range
 No disconnected buses and swingless islands.
 No buses with blank nominal voltage.
 No radial distribution buses.
 No transformers serving non-network distribution buses.
 Should not be any topology differences between on-peak seasonal cases and corresponding off-peak
seasonal cases (e.g. 98SPG1 vs. 98SPG2)
 Branch data checks:
- Every non-transformer branch should have mileage
- Mileage comparison to impedance is reasonable
- Percentage ownerships total 100% for all lines
- No inordinately small impedances (less than 0.0001 p.u.)
- No inordinately large impedance (greater than 3.000 p.u.)
- No inordinately high R/X ratios (absolute value of R greater than 2.0 times absolute
value of X)
- Generally no negative reactances (with the exception of 3 winding transformers)
- No inordinately high charging (greater than 5.000 or negative)
- No inordinately high tap ratios (greater than 1.200)
- No inordinately low tap ratios (less than 0.800)
- Zero impedance branches connected to generation buses
- Zero impedance loops (X<0.0001 p.u. on 100 MVA base). Cases will not solve with
mismatches within the zero impedance loops.
 Transformer data checks:
- No transformer RMAX < RMIN
- No transformer VMAX < VMIN
- Difference between VMAX and VMIN should be 0.0125 or greater
- No non-transformer branches between voltages levels
 Generator data checks:
- No zero generator source impedance (CONG)
- No maximum generation (PMAX) less than minimum generation (PMIN).
- No maximum reactive generation (QMAX) less than minimum reactive generation
(QMIN).
- Offline generators should be Type 2 with status 0.
- No plant specified as remotely regulating itself (remote bus must be zero if self-
regulating).
2.3.3 Solved Case Checks

A case is considered solved when a power-flow program reaches a solution using the following method:
a Fully Coupled Newton-Rhapson iterative algorithm with transformer tap stepping enabled and
tolerance of the largest bus mismatch of .5 MW or MVAR on a 100 MVA base (.005 per unit) or less.
Other solution techniques may be applied prior to executing this solution method to converge the case.
A case shall also meet the following conditions:

 Solve in less than 20 iterations (preferably in less than 12 iterations)
 Switched shunts locked
 Phase shifters enabled
 DC transformer tap stepping enabled
 Generator var limits enforced immediately
 The system swing generation real output should be within the normal operating parameters of the
unit.
 Line and equipment loading shall be within applicable thermal rating limits
- No branches loaded above any of Rate A, Rate B or Rate C
- No emergency ratings (Rate B) of branches less than the normal ratings (Rate A).
 Voltage levels shall be maintained within applicable limits
- Voltage control conflicts (for example, PTI’s CNTB ALL)
- Generally no buses with solved voltage above 1.050 p.u.
- Generally no buses with solved voltage below 0.950 p.u.
 ESPTO will run contingency analysis before posting each data set.
 Before finalizing cases each TSP will verify and acknowledge error checking output produced by
ESPTO
2.3.4 Review of Tie-Line Listing

Coordination between TSPs is critical in maintaining the tie-line listing. Some potential problems that
need to be reviewed include:
 Correct add/remove years

 Correct from/to bus numbers
 Correct metering location
 Correct conductor description
 Correct ownership
 Correct mileage and impedance/rating
 TSPs should agree on all ratings
Once the discrepancies are identified, TSPs need to correct the differences and make appropriate
updates both to load-flow cases and the tie-line listing.
2.3.5 Case Updates

When necessary the TSP will document updates which will be posted by ESPTO. The file name should
have a clear description, which will include provider’s acronym and the specific case to be updated.
SECTION 3.0 – Other SSWG Activities
3.1 TRANSMISSION LOSS FACTOR CALCULATIONS
(To be developed later by ESPTO)
3.2 VOLTAGE CONTROL AND REACTIVE PLANNING

(To be determined)
APPENDICES
Appendix A
Owner ID,TSP, Bus/Zone Range Table
TSP ABBREVIATION TRAN OWNER ID TSP PSSE AREA NO. BUS ALLOCATED ZONE RANGE ZONE ALLOCATED
BUS RANGE
1 999 BRAZOS ELECTRIC POWER COOP. BEPC 101 TMPPA 11 1000 1 99 100
1 999 BRYAN, CITY OF BRYN 102 TMPPA 11 1 99
1 999 DENTON MUNICIPAL UTILITIES, CITY OF CODX 108 TMPPA 11 1 99
1 999 GARLAND, CITY OF COGX 110 TMPPA 11 1 99
1 999 GREENVILLE ELECTRIC UTILITY SYSTEM GEUS 113 TMPPA 11 1 99
1 999 TEXAS MUNICIPAL POWER AGENCY TMPA 127 TMPPA 11 1 99
1000 3699 COLLEGE STATON, CITY OF COCS 104 TUETA 1 100 199
1000 3699 TU ELECTRIC TUET 130 TUETA 1 2700 100 199 100
3700 3999 TEXAS NEW MEXICO POWER CO. TNMP 128 TMMPA 17 300 220 249 30
4000 4999 HOUSTON LIGHTING & POWER HLPT 114 HLPTA 4 1000 260 319 60
5000 5499 CITY PUBLIC SERVICE SAN ANTONIO CPST 107 CPSTA 5 500 340 369 30
5500 5899 MEDINA ELECTRIC COOP. MEDX 111 STECA 13 869 898
5500 5899 SOUTH TEXAS ELECTRIC COOP STEC 122 STECA 13 400 869 898 30
5900 5909 SAN MIGUEL ELECTRIC COOP. SMEC SMEC 14 10 899 899 1
5910 5919 SOUTH TEXAS POWER PLANT STP 114 HLPTA 4 10 260 319 60
5920 5929 EAST HIGH VOLTAGE DC AEP 16 10 200 200 1
5930 5989 PUBLIC UTILITY BOARD OF BROWNSVILLE PUBX 119 PUBXA 15 60 800 829 30
6000 6799 COLEMAN COUNTY ELECTRIC COOP. CCEC 103 AEP 8 402 479
6000 6799 CONCHO VALLEY ELECTRIC COOP. CVEC 105 AEP 8 402 479
6000 6799 MIDWEST ELECTRIC COOP. MWEC 118 AEP 8 402 479
6000 6799 RIO GRANDE ELECTRIC COOP. RGEC 120 AEP 8 402 479
6000 6799 SOUTHWEST TEXAS ELECTRIC COOP. SWTE 123 AEP 8 402 479
6000 6799 STAMFORD ELECTRIC COOP. SECX 124 AEP 8 402 479
6000 6799 TAYLOR ELECTRIC COOP. TECX 125 AEP 8 402 479
6000 6799 TEX-LA ELECTRIC COOP TXLA 130 TUETA 3 177 177 1
6000 6799 WEST TEXAS UTILITIES COMPANY WTUC 131 AEP 8 800 402 479 78
6096 6096 NORTH HIGH VOLTAGE DC AEP 8 402 479
6800 6942 RAYBURN COUNTRY ELECTRIC COOP RCEC 130 TUETA 2 142 178 178 1
6800 6810 GRAYSON COUNTY ELECTRIC COOP. GCEC 130 TUETA 2 11 178 178 1
6811 6849 LAMAR COUNTY ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE LCEC 130 TUETA 2 39 178 178 1
6850 6889 FARMERS ELECTRIC COOP. FECX 130 TUETA 2 40 178 178 1
6890 6899 TRINITY VALLEY ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE TVEC 130 TUETA 2 10 178 178
7000 7899 LOWER COLORADO RIVER AUTHORITY LCRA 116 LCRAA 7 900 500 589 90
7000 7899 SOUTHWESTERN ELECTRIC SERVICE CO. SESC 121 LCRAA 7 100 199
8000 8999 CENTRAL POWER & LIGHT COMPANY CPLC 106 AEP 8 1000 610 669 60
8000 8999 MAGIC VALLEY ELECTRIC COOP. MVEC 117 AEP 8 654 655 2
9000 9399 AUSTIN ENERGY AENX 100 AENXA 9 400 690 719 30
9400 9999 ERCOT SYSTEM PLANNING ESPTO XXX ESPTO XXX XXX 900 999 100
10000 31999 TU ELECTRIC TUET 130 TUETA 1 22000 100 199 100
10000 31999 COLLEGE STATON, CITY OF COCS 104 TUETA 1 100 199
32000 36999 BRAZOS ELECTRIC POWER COOP. BEPC 101 TMPPA 11 5000 1 99 100
32000 36999 BRYAN, CITY OF BRYN 102 TMPPA 11 1 99
32000 36999 DENTON MUNICIPAL UTILITIES, CITY OF CODX 108 TMPPA 11 1 99
32000 36999 GARLAND, CITY OF COGX 110 TMPPA 11 1 99
32000 36999 GREENVILLE ELECTRIC UTILITY SYSTEM GEUS 113 TMPPA 11 1 99
32000 36999 TEXAS MUNICIPAL POWER AGENCY TMPA 127 TMPPA 11 1 99
37000 39999 TEXAS NEW MEXICO POWER CO. TNMP 128 TMMPA 17 3000 220 249 30
40000 49999 HOUSTON LIGHTING & POWER HLPT 114 HLPTA 4 10000 260 319 60
50000 54999 CITY PUBLIC SERVICE SAN ANTONIO CPST 107 CPSTA 5 5000 340 369 30
55000 58999 MEDINA ELECTRIC COOP. MEDX 111 STECA 13 869 898
55000 58999 SOUTH TEXAS ELECTRIC COOP STEC 122 STECA 13 4000 869 898 30
59000 59099 SAN MIGUEL ELECTRIC COOP. SMEC SMEC 14 100 899 899 1
59100 59199 SOUTH TEXAS POWER PLANT STP 114 HLPTA 10 100 260 319 60
59200 59299 EAST HIGH VOLTAGE DC AEP 16 100 200 200 1
59300 59899 PUBLIC UTILITY BOARD OF BROWNSVILLE PUBX 119 PUBXA 15 600 800 829 30
60000 67999 COLEMAN COUNTY ELECTRIC COOP. CCEC 103 AEP 8 402 479
60000 67999 CONCHO VALLEY ELECTRIC COOP. CVEC 105 AEP 8 402 479
60000 67999 MIDWEST ELECTRIC COOP. MWEC 118 AEP 8 402 479
60000 67999 RIO GRANDE ELECTRIC COOP. RGEC 120 AEP 8 402 479
60000 67999 SOUTHWEST TEXAS ELECTRIC COOP. SWTE 123 AEP 8 402 479
60000 67999 STAMFORD ELECTRIC COOP. SECX 124 AEP 8 402 479
60000 67999 TAYLOR ELECTRIC COOP. TECX 125 AEP 8 402 479
60000 67999 TEX-LA ELECTRIC COOP TXLA 126 TUETA 3 177 177 1
60000 67999 WEST TEXAS UTILITIES COMPANY WTUC 131 AEP 8 8000 402 479 78
68000 68109 GRAYSON COUNTY ELECTRIC COOP. GCEC 112 TUETA 2 110 178 178 1
68110 68499 LAMAR COUNTY ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE LCEC 115 TUETA 2 390 178 178 1
68500 68899 FARMERS ELECTRIC COOP. FECX 109 TUETA 2 400 178 178 1
68900 68999 TRINITY VALLEY ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE TVEC 129 TUETA 2 100 178 178 1
70000 78999 LOWER COLORADO RIVER AUTHORITY LCRA 116 LCRAA 7 9000 500 589 90
70000 78999 SOUTHWESTERN ELECTRIC SERVICE CO. SESC 121 LCRAA 7 100 199
80000 89999 CENTRAL POWER & LIGHT COMPANY CPLC 106 AEP 8 10000 610 669 60
80000 89999 MAGIC VALLEY ELECTRIC COOP. MVEC 117 AEP 8 654 655 2
90000 93999 AUSTIN ENERGY AENX 100 AENXA 9 4000 690 719 30
94000 99997 RESERVED FOR FUTURE USE ESPTO XXX ESPTO XXX 3998 900 999 100
Appendix B
Glossary of Terms
ALDR – Annual Load Data Request
BUS– A node representing point of electrical connection, such as substation or radial tap point.
ERCOT – Electric Reliability Council of Texas
ESPTO – ERCOT System Planning
IPP – Independent power producer
LSE – Load serving entity
LTC – Load tap changing transformer
MLSE – Most limiting series element
MSL – Multi-section line
NERC – North American Electric Reliability Council
NESC – National Electric Safety Code
NOIE – Non-opt-in Entity
NUG – Non Utility Generator
PUCT – Public Utility Commission of Texas
QSE – Qualified Scheduling Entity
REP – Retail Electric Provider
SSWG – Steady State Working Group
TSP – Transmission Service Provider
VCRP – Voltage control and reactive planning
ZONE – A predefined sub-system within a load-flow case.

Appendix C
TSP Impedance and Line Ratings Assumptions
Reliant Energy HL&P
Reliant Energy uses the Line Constants (LC) module of the Computer Aided Protection Engineering
(CAPE) which is a software developed and supported by Electrocon International Incorporated. LC
calculates the line constant parameters for overhead transmission lines. LC calculates the total self-
series positive and zero sequence impedance and self-shunt positive and zero sequence admittance of the
main circuit in a given right-of-way section. LC also calculates the total mutual zero sequence series
impedance and shunt admittance between the main circuit and all other circuits in the given right-of-
way section.
LC does not calculate impedance for underground cables. Instead per-mile impedance data provided by
the manufacturer is entered in parameter codes. LC multiplies this per-mile impedance with the actual
mileage of the circuit to calculate total impedance for the underground cable.
Data used (conductor catalog, tower design, soil resistivity, parameter codes, right-of-way data, tower
string data, line data and line section data) in LC calculation is stored in a database called TLIP.gdb.
Calculated parameters are also stored in a TLIP database.
Line Constants
Assumptions used in the calculations are:
 Earth resistivity = 10 ohm-meters.
 Frequency = 60 Hz.
 Conductor characteristic data from T&D Reference Book, Aluminum Electrical Conductor
Handbook Second Edition 1982 from the Aluminum Association.
 Conductor temperatures used for calculating impedance: 25oC.
 Ground wires are included in zero sequence impedance calculations.
 Actual tower and pole configurations are used in calculations.
 Actual length of line is used.
 Sag characteristics are based upon the type of structure being studied.
Transformer Constants
Transformer impedance is calculated when possible using data from the manufacturer’s test reports and
industry accepted formulas to convert the manufacturer's test results data to resistance and reactance
values on the required per-unit base. If it is not available, HL&P will use typical data from similar
transformers in the system
Assumptions used in the calculations are:

 Frequency = 60 Hz.
 Temperatures vary depending upon the vendor test data.
Conductor Ratings
Conductor ampere ratings are calculated by the IEEE method detailed in ANSI/IEEE Standard 738-93
with the following input parameters:
Latitude = 28 N
Wind Velocity = 3 feet per second
Wind Angle = 30° to conductor
Emissivity Coefficient = 0.5
Solar Absorption Coefficient = 0.5
Line Elevation = 500 feet AMSL
Line Orientation = East – West
Time of Day = 2 P.M.
Atmospheric Condition = Clear
Air Temperature = 36 C
The normal rating is the maximum current carrying capacity of an element for continuous operation
without causing any loss of life. For overhead transmission conductor this capacity is the ampacity of
the conductor at 75oC unless the conductor has enough clearance for operating continuously at 90oC The
normal rating for switches, breakers, transformers, current transformers, wave traps etc. is the maximum
nameplate rating.
The emergency rating is the maximum current carrying capacity of an element for a short duration with
acceptable loss of life. For overhead transmission conductor it is the ampacity of the conductor at 90 oC
unless the conductor has been surveyed and cleared for operating at a higher temperature for a short
duration. For underground transmission conductor the emergency rating is the maximum allowable
ampacity for 300 hours of emergency operation. For substation facilities such as switches, breakers,
transformers, current transformers etc. the emergency rating is the same as the normal rating.
The emergency rating of the conductor is the conductor thermal rating.
Line Ratings
The maximum overall rating of a transmission line is the current carrying capability of the most limiting
element in series between the breakers at its two end points. Unless otherwise limited by equipment
ratings installed in the transmission line circuit such as breakers, current transformers, switches,
disconnects, wave traps, jumpers, the normal and emergency rating of a transmission line is the
conductor normal and emergency ratings. Where such equipment has a manufacturer's nameplate
continuous current rating less than the conductor normal and/or emergency rating, then that equipment’s
continuous rating shall be used for the normal and/or emergency rating of the transmission line.
Transformer Ratings
The normal and emergency rating of a transformer is the manufacturer’s test data’s highest continuous
FA or FOA rating at 65C rise, depending upon the particular transformer.
Texas-New Mexico Power Company
Conductor Ratings
Conductor thermal ratings are calculated by the IEEE method detailed in ANSI/IEEE Standard 738 with
the following input parameters:
Latitude = 30 N
Wind Velocity = 2 feet per second
Wind Angle = 90° to conductor
Emissivity Coefficient = 0.5
Solar Absorption Coefficient = 0.5
Line Elevation = 600 feet AMSL
Line Orientation = East – West
Time of Day = 2 P.M.
Atmospheric Condition = Clear
Air Temperature = 25 C
Conductor Temperature = 75 C
The emergency rating of the conductor is the conductor thermal rating. The normal rating is 90% of the
conductor thermal rating. No allowance is made for design or operational thermal limits such as
conductor sag or for circuit elements other than the transmission line conductor.
Line Ratings
Unless otherwise limited by equipment ratings installed in the transmission line circuit such as breakers,
current transformers, switches, disconnects, wave traps, jumpers, the normal and emergency rating of a
transmission line is the conductor normal and emergency ratings. Where such equipment has a
manufacturer's continuous current rating less than the conductor normal and/or emergency rating, then
that equipment continuous rating shall be used for the normal and/or emergency rating of the
transmission line.
Transformer Ratings
The normal rating of a transformer is the manufacturer’s highest continuous FA rating at 55C rise.
The emergency rating of a transformer is the manufacturer’s highest continuous FA rating at 65C rise.
Line Constants
Line impedance constants are calculated in a TNMP developed Transmission Line Impedance
Calculation spreadsheet using formulas detailed in the Electrical Transmission and Distribution
Reference Book by Westinghouse (T&D Reference Book). Factors used in the calculations are:
 Conductor characteristic data from T&D Reference Book, Electrical Conductor Handbook,
or manufacturer's data sheets
 Tower or pole and conductor configuration information
 Actual length of line with no allowance for sag
 Earth resistivity = 100 ohm-meters
 Frequency = 60 Hz
 Ground wires are included in zero sequence impedance calculations
Transformer impedance is calculated using data from the manufacturer’s test reports and industry
accepted formulas to convert the manufacturer's test results data to resistance and reactance values on
the required per-unit base.
City Public Service
Line constants
City Public Service uses a modified version of Green and Bowen's
"Calculation of Series Shunt Line Constants" program. The modified version
of this program takes input data describing one or more transmission lines on a common right of way
and calculates self and mutual line constants
required for load-flow and fault current studies.
Assumptions used to make calculations:

Earth resistivity is 100 ohm-meters.
Frequency is 60 Hz.
The conductor names follow the convention, 1272AA(AWG or
kcmil size, and stranding class), as described in the Aluminum Association
Electrical Conductor Handbook Third Edition 1989.
Conductor temperature used for calculating impedance: 50oC.
Typical conductor data: resistance, reactance, size of conductor, used in the calculations.
Data comes from Aluminum Association Electrical Conductor Handbook Third Edition
1989 or Electrical T&D Reference Book Westinghouse Electric Corporation Fourth
Edition Copyright 1964.
Ground wires are included. Use diameter, resistance, and reactance in ohms/mile.
Actual tower configurations are used.
Actual line lengths are used.
Conductor sag is included in the calculation using typical data.
Transformer constants
Impedance is calculated.
In order to calculate transformer impedance, test report results are ratioed to required parameters.
Assumptions used to make calculations:
Transformer test reports.
Frequency is 60 Hz.
Temperature used for calculating impedance: 85oC.
Typical transformer data: resistance, reactance used in the calculations.
Data comes from transformer test reports
Ratings Calculation
Lines - Branches
Ratings are calculated from a program that uses the IEEE Standard for Calculation of Bare Overhead
Conductor. Conductor characteristics are taken from the Aluminum Association Electrical Conductor
Handbook.
Conductor temperature used for emergency and normal for these ratings. 75oC.
Loading levels are tolerated until 100% of rating. Begin taking action at 90% of rating.
Assumptions used to make normal and emergency calculations:
Normal line ratings are calculated using 25o ambient temperature.
75oC conductor temperature.
1.4 mph wind.
Solar emissivity of .5.
Solar absorption = 0.5.
Wind direction S-N or E-W, choice in program.
Elevation is 600 ft above sea level.
Latitude is 30o.
The level of wave trap loading is selected specifically for line rated higher than conductor.
Current transformers are loaded to CT rating multiplied by thermal rating factor.
Switches are loaded to manufacturer's rating.
If these rates are lower than conductor rating, they are the emergency rating for that circuit.
Transformers - branches
Normal transformer ratings are calculated by using the manufacturer’s highest rating either 55 oC or 65 o
C, highest FA or FOA rating.
Basis for rating for transformers is transformer test reports.
What temperature is your emergency and normal used for these ratings?
The emergency and normal temperature used for these ratings is the highest transformer test report
rating temperature.
These loading levels are tolerated until reaching 100%, then take immediate action, prepare for action at
90%
Assumptions used in making normal and emergency calculation are completely from
manufacturer's test reports
Emergency transformer ratings are same as normal ratings

This rating is the only rating used for studies concerning transformers
No other ratings are used for studies.
Lower Colorado River Authority
Line Constants
The LCRA utilizes a database to keep tabulated data and perform calculations for positive and zero
sequence values (R, X, Ro, Xo) and charging values (B). These calculations and some tabulated values
are used for input in a load-flow modeling software (PSS/E). Standard formulas are used and can be
found in the Westinghouse Electrical Transmission & Distribution Reference Book or other similar
textbooks.
The following assumptions are made in the calculations:

Earth resistivity is 100 meters
Frequency is 60 Hz
The conductor names follow the standard convention, such as Drake & Penguin
Typical data (resistance, reactance) from “Southwire Company Overhead Conductor Manual”
Conductor temperature used for calculating impedance: 50°C
Conductor length based on Surveyed Horizontal Plane Distances
Standard Voltage (69kV, 138kV, 345kV, etc.)
Actual tower configurations provide values of conductor, bundling, and ground wire spacing
Mutual effects from parallel circuits are not included as of this time
Ampacity is based on maximum conductor sag allowed based on NESC clearance requirements.
Currently all new circuits are designed for a sag at 200°F. However, a few circuits in LCRA’s system
are limited to a maximum operating temperature lower than 200°F based on clearance requirements.
Ampacity calculations are performed by using the IEEE Standard for Calculating the Current-
Temperature Relationship of Bare Overhead Conductors (IEEE Std 738-1993). There are currently two
environmental conditions with different assumptions. Environ_Cond 2 represents one high altitude
circuit and Environ_Cond 1 represents all other circuits in the system. The following are the
assumptions:
ENVIRON_COND Elevation Azimuth Line Time Ambie Wind Emissivity Solar Atmosphere
(ft) Line Latitude (Military) Velocity absorptivity
nt
1 600 0 30 14 105 2 0.5 0.5 CLEAR
2 5000 90 30 14 105 2 0.5 0.5 CLEAR
Conductor Rating
Planned transmission line loading will be such that National Electrical Safety Code line-to-ground
clearances will be maintained for all anticipated normal and contingency conditions. Transmission
system power flow shall not exceed 100% of the conductor thermal rating. Full conductor thermal
ratings are assigned as shown in the table below. The conductor ratings are based upon a 93.33 C (200
F) average conductor temperature using coefficients of emissivity and absorptivity of 0.5, a 40.55 o C
(105 o F) ambient temperature, an elevation of 600 feet above sea level, north-south line orientation, 30 o
latitude, 2:00 PM solar conditions, clear atmosphere, and a wind velocity of 2 feet per second normal to
the conductor.
TYPICAL CONDUCTOR THERMAL RATINGS

Conductor Conductor MVA Rating MVA Rating MVA Rating
Size Ampacity (69 kV) (138 kV) (345 kV)
1/O ACSR 256 31 not used not used

4/O ACSR 396 47 95 not used
336 ACSR 534 64 128 not used
336x2 ACSR 1068 128 255 not used
477 ACSR 666 81 159 not used
795 ACSR 920 110 220 not used
795x2 ACSR 1840 220 440 1099
1192.5 ACSR 1168 140 279 not used
Auto-transformer Rating
Planned loading on auto-transformers, during normal, single, or multiple contingency conditions, shall
be limited to 100% of the auto-transformer’s nameplate 65 C rise megavoltampere (MVA) rating.
Austin Energy
Line Constants
Austin Energy uses PTI’s Transmission Line Characteristics program (TMLC) to calculate the
line constants. TMLC accepts input data either interactively or from an ASCII text file. The
program requires (1) conductor sag and tower configuration data, (2) conductor characteristic
data, (3) the phase location on the tower.
Assumptions used to make the line constant calculations:

Frequency is 60 Hz
The conductor names follow the standard convention such as Drake, Rail or Puffin, as
described in the Aluminum Association Electrical Conductor Handbook.
Conductor temperature used for calculating impedance: 75C
Typical conductor data used:
Resistance (Rac and Rdc), inductive reactance, capacitive reactance and conductor rating.
Data comes from the Electrical Conductor Handbook and Electrical T&D Reference Book.
The calculation includes ground wires in the calculations.
The actual tower configuration is used in the calculations.
The actual length of line is used in the calculations.
The conductor sag is included in calculation and it is determined graphically.
Transformer Constants Austin Energy uses either the transformer test report data or the
manufacturer specification sheets data.
Assumptions used to make the calculations:

Frequency is 60 Hz
Temperature used for calculating impedance: 75-85C
Typical transformer data: resistance, reactance are used in the calculations
Data comes from transformer test reports
Ratings Calculation
Line Branches
Austin Energy utilizes the ampacity table developed by the BICC Utility Cable Company for the
transmission line ratings. For the equipment at the substation termination, Austin Energy uses
the nameplate ratings for the circuit breakers and the new re-rated ratings for other equipment
such as switches, jumpers, and wave traps.
Assumptions used for normal and emergency ratings.

For ACSR conductors: Emergency rating at 100C, normal rating set at 90% of emergency rating.
For ACSS conductors: Emergency rating at 200C, normal rating set at 90% of emergency rating.
Normal line ratings are calculated using 40C ambient temperature.
Wind speed = 2 feet/second with sun.
Frequency of operation = 60 Hz.
Solar absorption/emissivity = 0.5
Wave traps, current transformers and load switches can be loaded to the normal rating under normal
conditions and can be loaded to the emergency rating under contingency conditions.
The normal rating of the most limiting series element (Rate A) is applied under normal
condition, and the emergency rating of the most limiting series element (Rate B) is applied under
contingency condition.
Transformers Branches
Emergency transformer rating is specified as 100% of manufacturer’s nameplate FA or FOA rating at
65C rise, at an ambient temperature of 20C. Normal transformer ratings are specified as 90% of the
emergency transformer rating.
The normal and emergency ratings are good forever.
The newer 345/138 kV auto-transformers have FA ratings.

The older auto-transformers have FOA ratings.
Under normal conditions, the loading of the transmission lines and transformers should be less than the
normal ratings, while under contingencies, the loading has to be 100% or less of the emergency ratings.
If the loading exceeds the ratings, operational fixes or transmission additions are considered.
South Texas Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Line constants
Standard formulas are used and can be found in the Westinghouse Electrical Transmission and
Distribution Reference Book or other similar textbooks to perform calculations for positive and zero
sequence values (R, X, Ro, Xo) and charging values (B). These calculations and some tabulated values
are used for input in a load-flow modeling software (PSS/E).
The following assumptions are made in the calculations:

Earth resistivity is 100 -meters
Frequency is 60 Hz
The conductor names follow the standard convention, such as Drake & Penguin
Typical data (resistance, reactance) from “Southwire Company Overhead Conductor Manual”
Conductor temperature used for calculating impedance: 50°C
Conductor length based on Surveyed Horizontal Plane Distances
Standard Voltage (69kV, 138kV, 345kV, etc.)
Actual tower configurations provide values of conductor, bundling, and ground wire spacing
Ampacity is based on maximum conductor sag allowed based on NESC clearance requirements.
Currently all new circuits are designed for a sag at 167°F. However, several existing circuits in
STEC’s transmission system are limited to a maximum operating temperature lower than 167°F due to
limiting elements.
Ampacity calculations are performed by using the IEEE Standard for Calculating the Current-
Temperature Relationship of Bare Overhead Conductors (IEEE Std 738-1993).
Conductor Ratings This should not be underlined, but I couldn’t remove the underline.
Planned transmission line loading will be such that National Electrical Safety Code line-to-ground
clearances will be maintained for all anticipated normal and contingency conditions. Transmission
system power flow shall not exceed 100% of the conductor thermal rating. Full conductor thermal
ratings are assigned as shown in the table below. The conductor ratings are based upon 167º F average
conductor temperature using coefficients of emissivity and absorptivity of 0.4, a 40.55 o C (105o F)
ambient temperature, an elevation of 100 feet above sea level, east-west line orientation, 28 o latitude,
2:00 PM solar conditions, clear atmosphere, and a wind velocity of 2 feet per second normal to the
conductor.
TYPICAL CONDUCTOR THERMAL RATINGS
CONDUCTOR RATING CONDUCTOR RATING IN MVA 2-CONDUCTOR

CONDUCTOR IN AMPS 69 kV 138 kV 345 kV BUNDLE
SIZE NORM EMERG NORM EMERG NORM EMERG NORM EMERG 345kV
1/0 ACSR 207 230 25 27 49 55 124 137

2/0 ACSR 243 270 29 32 58 65 145 161
2/0 CU 324 360 39 43 77 86 194 215
4/0 ACSR 306 340 37 41 73 81 183 203
4/0 CU 432 480 52 57 103 115 258 287
266 ACSR 414 460 49 55 99 110 247 275
366 ACSR 477 530 57 63 114 127 285 317
477 AA 582 647 69 77 139 154 348
477 ACSR 603 670 72 80 144 160 360 400
556 AA 639 710 76 85 153 170 382 424
556 ACSR 657 730 79 87 157 174 393 436
795 AA 810 900 97 108 194 215 484 538
795 ACSR 810 900 97 108 194 215 484 538 1080
1033 AA 945 1050 113 125 226 251 565 627
1033 ACSR 954 1060 114 127 228 253 570 633 1270
1272 AA 1089 1210 130 145 260 289 651 723 1430
1590 AA 1246 1385 149 166 298 331 745 828
1590 ACSR 1242 1380 148 165 297 330 742 825 1650
2000 AA 1350 1500 161 179 323 359 807 896
The emergency ratings are based on 25o C ambient, 75o C conductor temperature, 1.4 mph wind, sun.
Normal ratings are 90%of the emergency rating.
Auto-transformer MVA Ratings
1. Normal rating: Manufacturer’s FOA rating at 55o C rise.
2. Emergency rating: Manufacturer’s FOA rating at 65o C rise.
Current Transformer Ratings
1. Normal rating: 90% of manufacturer’s specified rating.

2. Emergency rating: 100% of manufacturer’s specified rating.
TXU Electric
TXU Electric Line Constants calculation

TXU Electric uses the APSEN Line Constants Program for calculating Line Impedance. The ASPEN
program consists of two modules, the ASPEN Construction module and the Lines Construction module.
The Construction Module contains tower configuration data for each right-of-way in a system. This
data consists of tower spacing, sag, bundle separation (if applicable) and conductor type. The Lines
Construction module is where the point-to-point line section is constructed. For each line section the
mileage data is entered and a tower configuration from the Construction Module is referenced for
calculating the impedance. The TXU Electric system consists of 621 lines (breaker to breaker) with
3373 total sections. Calculations are performed with the following constants:
Earth resistivity 100 ohms-meter
Frequency 60 Hz
Conductor Temp 50 °C
Ground wires are included in the calculations
Typical sag is assumed for each voltage level.
22.52 feet for 345 kV
13.33 feet for 138 kV
8.92 feet for 69 kV
Conductor data (resistance, reactance, and outside diameter) is taken from the EPRI Transmission Line
Reference book.
Transformer impedance is calculated when possible using data from the manufacturer’s test reports and
industry accepted formulas to convert the manufacturer's test results data to resistance and reactance
values on the required per-unit base. If actual data is not available, typical data from similar
transformers in the system is used.
Conductor Ratings
Conductor ampere ratings are calculated by the IEEE method detailed in ANSI/IEEE Standard 738-86
Wind speed: 2 feet per second normal to conductor
Line orientation: North – South
Coefficient of emissivity: 0.5
Coefficient of solar absorption: 0.5
Line elevation above sea level: 600 feet
Local sun time: 2:00 PM.
Ambient temperature: 40°C
Conductor temperature: 90°C
Line latitude: 32° north
Atmospheric conditions: clear
TXU Electric does not use a normal rating for transmission lines. Normal loadings up to the emergency
rating are acceptable on a continuous basis. Some TXU Electric transmission lines are designed to
operate with a conductor temperature greater than 90°C. Each line is rated using the ambient
assumptions defined earlier and the maximum conductor temperature unique to that line.
The short-term emergency rating is the maximum current carrying capacity of the conductor for a short
duration with acceptable line clearance. For overhead transmission conductor it is 110% of the
ampacity of the conductor at 90oC if the line has been surveyed and cleared for operating at a higher
temperature for a short duration and the nameplate rating of the switches, breakers and current traps is
greater than or equal to 110% of the conductor rating. For underground transmission conductor the
emergency rating is 300 hours of emergency operation at 100°C.
Line Ratings
The maximum overall rating of a transmission line is the current carrying capability of the most limiting
element in series between the breakers at its two end points. Unless otherwise limited by equipment
installed in the transmission line such as breakers, current transformers, switches, disconnects, wave
traps, jumpers, the emergency rating of a transmission line is the conductor emergency rating. Where
such equipment has a manufacturer's nameplate continuous current rating less than the conductor
emergency rating, then that equipment’s continuous rating shall be used for the emergency rating of the
transmission line.
Transformer Ratings
Both normal and emergency ratings are calculated in accordance with either ANSI/IEEE Standard
C57.92 (1981) or IEEE Standard 756-1984. Both summer and winter ratings are based upon
appropriate daily load and ambient temperature cycles.
Normal ratings are based upon no reduction in normally expected transformer life.
Emergency ratings are based upon the occurrence of two or three long-duration (months) or multiple
short-duration (days) contingencies affecting the life of a transformer. They recognize a hottest spot
limit to prevent bubble evolution and a limitation in the loss of transformer expected life of no more
than 0.2% per daily load cycle. (Tests indicate that bubble evolution may occur in operating power
transformer at temperatures of 140°C and above; however, a maximum emergency hottest spot
temperature of 135°C is used for planning purposes to allow for abnormally high daily loads and/or
ambient temperatures.)
Limiting temperatures in degrees C are as follows:
Maximum Hottest Spot
Rated Rise Top Oil Normal Emergency
55 100 105 135
65 110 120 135
Summer Ambient – 40o C

TMPA Line and Equipment Ratings
Transmission Line Conductor Emergency ratings are based on 25o C ambient, 75o C
conductor temperature, 1.4 mph wind, sun.
Normal ratings are 90% of the emergency rating.
Auto-transformer MVA Ratings

. Normal rating: Manufacturer FOA rating at 55o C rise.
Emergency rating: Manufacturer FOA rating at 65 o C rise.
Current Transformer Ratings Normal rating: 90% of manufacturer specified rating.

Emergency rating: 100% of manufacturer specified rating.
Substation Bus and Equipment Normal Voltage Ratings

69 kV: 65.55 kV – 72.45 kV
a. 138 kV: 131.10 kV – 144.9 kV
b. 345 kV: 327.75 – 362.25 kV
Oil and Gas Circuit Breaker Current Ratings

Normal rating: 90% of manufacturer specified rating.
Emergency rating: 100% of manufacturer specified rating.
City of Garland
Line Constants
Westinghouse T&D Textbook
Earth resistivity is 100 ohms – meter
Frequency is 60 Hz
3% sag
Manufacturers data: resistance and reactance per phase per mile
Actual length of lines
Actual tower configurations
Use ground wires
Conductor temperature 50o C
Use manufacturer actual nameplate data
City of Denton
The city of Denton owns only 69kV transmission lines and no transmission voltage transformers. Little
historical information is available to indicate the exact methodology used in developing impedance date
for the 69kV lines. It appears that the data was developed in the early 1980s using the Westinghouse
method. These values were apparently verified, or at least accepted, by TMPA. The values developed
are still in use in analytical programs. Line impedance data for line construction or line rebuilds will be
developed using the ASPEN program. Evaluation of the potential effect of proposed conductor size
changes indicate that the impedance values in use are within reason. Data for all line sections will be
reviewed in the future and documentation prepared to describe methodology.
Line Ratings
The 50 C conductor ratings are used as the normal and the emergency ratings for existing lines. Almost
all transmission lines are underbuilt with one or two distribution circuits. This limits the amount of sag
that can be tolerated. Specific historical design information is not available to use in evaluating
potential ratings. Studies will be undertaken as needed to determine possible increases in ratings. New
lines will be designed for 100 C operation.
Brownsville Public Utilities Board
Line Constants Line impedance constants are calculated using formulas detailed in the Electrical
Transmission and Distribution Reference Book by Westinghouse (T&D Reference Book). Factors used
in the calculations are:
 Conductor characteristic data from T&D Reference Book, Electrical Conductor Handbook,
or manufacturer's data sheets
 Tower or pole and conductor configuration information
 Actual length of line with no allowance for sag
 Earth resistivity = 100 ohm-meters
 Frequency = 60 Hz
 Ground wires are included in zero sequence impedance calculations
Transformer impedance is calculated using data from the manufacturer’s test reports and industry
accepted formulas to convert the manufacturer’s test results data to resistance and reactance values on
the required per-unit base. If it is not available, PUB will use typical data from similar transformers.
Conductor Ratings
Conductor thermal ratings are calculated using the IEEE method detailed in ANSI/IEEE Standard 738
Latitude = 30 N
Wind velocity = 2 feet per second
Wind angle = 90° to conductor
Emissivity coefficient = 0.5
Solar absorption coefficient = 0.5
Line elevation = 600 feet AMSL
Line orientation = East – West
Time of day = 2 P.M.
Atmospheric condition = Clear
Air temperature = 25 C
Conductor temperature = 75 C
The normal rating is 90% of the conductor thermal rating. The emergency rating of the conductor is the
conductor thermal rating. No allowance is made for design or operational thermal limits such as
conductor sag or for circuit elements other than the transmission line conductor.
Line Ratings
The maximum overall rating of a transmission line is the current capability of the most limiting element
in series between its two end points. Unless otherwise limited by equipment ratings installed in the
transmission line circuit such as breakers, current transformers, switches, disconnects, wave traps,
jumpers, the normal and emergency rating of a transmission line is the conductor normal and emergency
ratings.
Transformer Ratings
The normal rating of a transformer is the manufacturer’s highest continuous FA rating at 55C rise.
The emergency rating of a transformer is the manufacturer’s highest continuous FA rating at 65C rise.
American Electric Power Service Corporation (AEPSC) Line Constants Calculation
Currently American Electric Power Service Corporation (AEPSC)) uses a Transmission Line Constants
program (TLC) that was developed by Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) in 1981 that computes
electrical transmission parameters. Inputs to the program are collected from manufacturer’s test reports
and data collected from the field and used conjunction with industry accepted methods to calculate the
modeling data required in the AEPSC/ERCOT load-flow cases.
AEPSC uses actual transformer test data in calculating the transformer’s impedance. When actual test
data is not available, engineering assumptions and nameplate data are employed to determine the
impedance that will be used in modeling the transformers in AEPSC/ERCOT load-flow cases.
 Input Data / Assumptions

 Operating Voltages 69kV and above
 Actual structure geometry, tower height, including shield wire
 Resistance and reactance are calculated at 50o C
 Actual conductor length – breaker to breaker
 Conductor characteristics geometric mean radius, conductor radius, resistance, reactance, etc. from
 Electrical Transmission and Distribution Reference Book, prepared by Central Station
Engineers of the Westinghouse Electric Corporation
 Transmission Line Reference Book, 345 kV and Above/ Second Edition, prepared by Project
UHV Technical Resource Operation Large Transformer Division General Electric Co.
Pittsfield, Massachusetts; Transmission Engineering Electric Utility System Engineering
Department, Energy Systems and Technology Division General Electric Co., Schenectady,
New York and Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California.
 Manufacturer's provided data is used for the specific conductor's ratings.
 Sag is not included in impedance calculation
 Frequency 60 Hz
 Manufacturer’s transformer test reports
 Earth resistivity – Depending on soil type ranges from 1 – 50 ohms-meter
Calculated Data
 Resistance, Reactance, and Charging at 50o C and various lengths
 Sequence Series Impedance at 50o C and various lengths
 Shunt Admittance at 50o C and various lengths
 Mutual Impedance at 50o C and various lengths
American Electric Power Service Corporation Facility Ratings Calculations
In determining the thermal facility ratings of 69 kV and above, AEPSC incorporates Good Utility
Practice with actual field data to ensure that the transmission system is in compliance with the ERCOT
Reliability Criteria, AEPSC Transmission Planning Reliability Criteria, and North American Reliability
Council (NERC). For additional information concerning the AEPSC transmission reliability criteria
please download AEPSC Transmission Planning Standards Reliability Criteria located on the ERCOT
ESPTO web site at:
ftp://ftp.ercot-iso .com/transtud/Transtud.html
 Transmission Lines
 Existing transmission lines were designed to meet operating standards that were in effect at the
time the line was built. The National Electric Safety Code (NESC) specified the maximum
conductor temperature which maintained acceptable ground clearance while allowing for
acceptable loss of conductor tensile strength. AEPSC Transmission Planning will use thermal
ratings established by AEPSC Transmission Design that are consistent with the NESC design
being practiced at the time the line was built.
 The thermal capabilities are generally assigned as shown in table “Existing Conductors Installed
On System” for existing or future transmission lines. Lines with design constraints, existing or
future, will be rated at actual design limits.
 The circuit thermal capabilities should be reduced to the ratings of the “Most Limiting Series
Element” (MLSE) as described in the NERC Planning Standards IIC.S1/M1 and IIC.S1/M2. This
includes but is not limited to substation terminal equipment; disconnect switches, wave traps, current
transformers, and circuit breakers.
 The emergency ratings for transmission lines are for eight (8) hours.
 Disconnect Switches
Normal and emergency rating shall be 100% of nameplate rating.
 Wave Traps
Emergency rating shall be 110% of nameplate rating.
 Current Transformers
 Circuit Breakers
 Auto-transformers
 The normal rating for auto-transformers shall be its top nameplate rating, including the
effects of forced cooling equipment if it is available.
 The emergency rating for auto-transformers shall be 110% of its top nameplate rating for the
first four hours of emergency and 100% thereafter.
Input Data / Assumptions:
 Transmission Conductors
 Summer
 Wind Speed of 2 fps
 Ambient 40o C
 Normal Rating 85 o C
 Emergency Rating 100 o C
 Winter
 Wind Speed of 2 fps
 Ambient 20 o C
 Normal Rating 85 o C
 Emergency Rating 100 o C
 Auto-transformers
 Transformer ratings are calculated from manufacturer’s test data for continuos operation and
are dependent upon the individual transformer
 Typically the ratings or calculated under these two standards:

 55o C rise
 65 o C rise
AEPSC uses the above describe assumptions, standards, and good utility practice in determining and
applying the facility ratings described in section 1.5.1.4.1 Ratings Definitions for modeling criteria.
Appendix D
Appendix E
Original Data Sharing Requirements
Request
Number &
Subtask
Numbers
Description of Request & Description of Sub-Task
1 Publish a listing of single element contingencies by SSWG bus numbers, that power-flow programs perform that are
historically known to be invalid (or phantom) contingencies from a physical perspective due to modeling limitations.
1.1 TDSPs will provide in house exception files to ERCOT for Data Set A and for the first two years of Data Set B. This means that
exception files for three years will be provided. Only exceptions that are currently known by TDSPs will be provided.
1.2 ERCOT will combine and post the individual files.
1.3 The same legal disclaimer that is used by ERCOT will apply to these files.
2 Publish a listing of the normal and emergency voltage limits that ERCOT Operations personnel will utilize to make
voltage related congestion decisions.
2.1 ERCOT will post voltage profiles and limits as they become available, by 7/1/01.
2.2 ERCOT is in the process of developing limits and guides.
3 Publish a listing of all Special Protection Schemes (SPSs) and Remedial Action Plans (RAPs) that are being used, or are
planned to be used, in ERCOT and post it on the ERCOT web site.
3.1 ERCOT will post all special protection schemes (SPSs) and remedial action plans (RAPs).
3.2 TDSPs will provide ERCOT the SPSs and RAPs.
3.3 ERCOT will provide RAPs.
3.4 ERCOT will post only the remedial action plans (RAPs) that impact CSC or OC congestion. RAPs that are for load serving
reliability purposes only (i.e. transfer a transformer from a primary feed to an alternate feed during an outage of the primary.
3.5 ATC exceptions are currently posted. Informational purposes only, no additional task needs to be accomplished.
3.6 Create one common link, in the base case area of the ERCOT planning page, for data that is to be created or posted from the data
sharing task force.
4 Provide a listing of all double-circuit lines by SSWG bus numbers that are greater than 0.5 miles (as defined by the
ERCOT Planning Criteria) that will be used during planning studies, as well as the official "good weather" and "bad
weather" contingencies
4.1 ERCOT to post double circuit file from the regional planning groups.
4.2 To the extent that TDSPs already have double circuit files, they will be sent to ERCOT to be posted by ERCOT until this task is
superseded by the regional case postings.
4.3 ERCOT to post ESCA contingency "dump" with planning bus numbers of contingencies used for daily operational studies.
4.4 ERCOT translation file is already posted under the Texas Choice web site. This item is for informational purposes only; it requires
no additional action.

5 Provide a listing by SSWG bus number of all special contingencies that should be included in power flow contingency
studies to reflect the actual response of relay protection and sectionalizing facilities in place that constitute a single
element outage (i.e. an auto-transformer connected to the line side of a breaker). The intent of this request is not to
capture all in-line substations that aren't breakered; instead the intent is to capture all currently known special
contingencies, such as the example given above, that impact transmission congestion studies.
5.1 ERCOT Operations intends to utilize "special" outages in its operational model. To the extent that a single element outage takes
out additional elements in the system, these will be modeled in the operational model. An example may be the action of a relay.
5.2 To the extent that these situations are currently known by the TDSPs, they will be reported to ERCOT. An exhaustive study is not
envisioned to be performed to discover these situations; they will be reported as discovered.
5.3 ERCOT will post as described in 4.3 above.
6 Publish an annual transmission plan document that is posted on the ERCOT web site that graphically and verbally
illustrates the electrical connectivity (i.e. one-line representation) and proposed in-service date of all projects.
6.1 ERCOT will work with the TDSPs to develop and post on its web site a transmission project report annually that coincides with the
release of Data Sets A and B. The report will be released in two sections in order to coincide with the release of both Data Sets A
and B.
The report should only describe transmission projects of a commercial nature that can impact either CSC or OC congestion.
TDSPs shall individually determine which projects have significance; however, as a minimum, the following types of projects should
be included
1) Construction of new lines
2) Reconductor of existing lines
3) Additions of auto-transformers
4) Installation of FACTS devices or other devices intended to control the flow on circuits, i.e. series capacitors that are switched
during contingencies or shunt capacitors.
5) Installation of shunt reactive compensation devices (shunt capacitors, static var compensators, synchronous condensors,
etc.)
Projects that can be impacted by the generation dispatch of nearby units whose capacity is 100 MW or greater will be reported.
The intent is to capture for reporting purposes all of the projects that can impact how generation units are dispatched.
The form of submittal to ERCOT shall be determined individually by each TDSP to permit use of documents already generated
internally. The project descriptions as a minimum should describe electrically where planned projects are located (simple one-line
diagrams)
6.2 ERCOT will post the annual reports and updates.
7 Provide a project status report that is updated periodically and documents timing and scope changes to the
transmission plan document that is posted annually.
7.1 Updates will be provided on 3/1 and 10/1 for projects that are listed in request 6 above. The targeted accuracy for the updates is to
be within two weeks, i.e. 1st -15th or 15th - 30th.
7.2 Updates will be posted by ERCOT.

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ERCOT STEADY STATE WORKING GROUP

To Be Approved by ERCOT Reliability and Operations Subcommittee 1

To Be Approved by ERCOT Reliability and Operations Subcommittee 2

SECTION 1.0 – Data Requirements................................................................................ 4

SECTION 2.0 – Load-flow Procedures and Schedules............................................26

SECTION 3.0 – Other SSWG Activities......................................................................34

To Be Approved by ERCOT Reliability and Operations Subcommittee 3

To Be Approved by ERCOT Reliability and Operations Subcommittee 4

1.1.1 Coordination with ERCOT Operations

 Future summer peak planning cases

1.1.4 Load-flow Case Uses

To Be Approved by ERCOT Reliability and Operations Subcommittee 5

To Be Approved by ERCOT Reliability and Operations Subcommittee 6

1.2.1 Areas defined by TSP

1.2.2 Bus Data Records

1.2.3 Bus Ranges

1.2.4 Zone Ranges

1.2.5 Owner IDs

1.2.6 Bus Name

To Be Approved by ERCOT Reliability and Operations Subcommittee 7

1.3.9 Interruptible loads should be included in the total load modeled.

To Be Approved by ERCOT Reliability and Operations Subcommittee 9

1.4.1 Acquisition of Generator Data

1.4.1.1 Coordination with Power Generating Companies

1.4.1.2 Coordination with other ERCOT Working Groups

1.4.1.3 Coordination with ERCOT Operations

1.4.2 Review Expected Load for Area to Serve

1.4.3 Generation Dispatch Methodology

The unit commitment order is as follows:

To Be Approved by ERCOT Reliability and Operations Subcommittee 11

1.4.4 Voltage Profile Adjustments

1.4.4.1 Schedule Voltage for Generator Units

1.4.4.2 Voltage Control

To Be Approved by ERCOT Reliability and Operations Subcommittee 12

1.5.1 Use of Load-flow Data Fields

1.5.1.1 Bus Specifications

1.5.1.2 Circuit (Branch) Identifier

1.5.1.3 Impedance Data

To Be Approved by ERCOT Reliability and Operations Subcommittee 13

kVarsTotalBranchCh arg ing 10

1.5.1.4.1 Ratings Definitions

Rate A – Normal Rating

Rate B – Emergency Rating

Rate C – Conductor/Transformer Rating

To Be Approved by ERCOT Reliability and Operations Subcommittee 14

1.5.1.4.2 NERC Planning Standards

1.5.1.4.3 Most Limiting Series Element Database

1.5.1.5 Branch and Transformer Adjustment Data Record Coordination

1.5.1.6 Complex Admittance

1.5.1.8 Line Length and Ownership

1.5.1.8.1 Mileage and Ownership Data

To Be Approved by ERCOT Reliability and Operations Subcommittee 15

1.5.1.8.3 Practices for Verification

OverheadCircuit 486.5 X p .u . B p .u . ( Miles)

To Be Approved by ERCOT Reliability and Operations Subcommittee 16

4099 4100 4671 4672

Figure 1. Example of circuits needing to use multi-section line modeling.

I, J, ID, CKT1, DUM1, CKT2, DUM2, ... CKT9, DUM9, CKT10

Figure 2. Load-flow model of example circuits.