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    Elp101 Experiment 7

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    arnav.vraju
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    Elp101 Experiment 7

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    arnav.vraju
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    ELP101 EXPERIMENT 7

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    4 views6 pages

    Elp101 Experiment 7

    Uploaded by

    arnav.vraju
    Important

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 6

    ELP101 EXPERIMENT 7

    ARNAV V RAJU
    2023ME21195

    AIM: To analyse the steady-state performance of a single-phase transformer


    and find its parameters.

    APPARATUS REQUIRED:

    1) Single-phase transformer
    2) Single-phase auto transformer
    3) Low power-factor wattmeter
    4) AC ammeter
    5) AC voltmeter

    THEORY: A current I1 induces a flux Φ in a loop of wire. The voltage across this
    loop of wire, V1, is dΦ/dt. When there are N1 turns of the wire, the voltage
    across the loop of the wire is N1 dΦ/dt.

    Flux can be linked with the help of an iron/magnetic core. When the same core
    is shared by another loop of wire, the same flux, ΦΦ is induced through the
    loop. If there are N2 turns of this secondary wire, the voltage induced across
    the secondary, V2, is N2 dΦ/dt

    As long as I is changing with time, V1/V2=N1/N2.

    The concept of a transformer is generalized in a mutual inductance. The


    popular symbol for a mutual inductance is shown below:
    In the above, the mutual inductance is characterized by the following equation-
    set:

    V1(t)=L1 dI1(t)/dt +M dI2(t)/dt


    V2(t)= MdI1(t)/dt+L2 dI2(t)/dt

    When the currents and voltages are sinusoids in steady state, the above pair of
    equations can be reduced appropriately and expressed as phasors:
    V1=jωL1I1+jωMI2
    V2=jωMI1+jωL2I2

    The value of M is related to L1 and L2 as:

    M=k√(L1L2)

    where k is defined as the coupling coefficient.

    A transformer is an example of a mutual inductance and follows the above


    general relationships. The coupling coefficient in an ideal transformer is 1.
    As you observe in the above pair of equations, the mutual inductance can be
    conveniently represented as a two-port network with the help of an
    impedance matrix (Z parameters). In such a case,

    Z11=jωL1

    Z12=Z21=jωM

    Z22=jωL22.
    Further, a convenient representation of a Z-parameter set is a T-network. This
    allows us to model the transformer as a two-port network of the form shown
    below:

    Unfortunately, it is not possible to measure the Z-parameters of the


    transformer using the standard two-port network measurement experiments.
    We will be estimating the two-port parameters of the network using open-
    circuit and short-circuit tests.
    Two approximations are typically used for the characterization of the
    transformer.

    1. The impedance R0∥jX0 is much larger than R1+jX1 and R2+jX2.


    Conversely, R1+jX1 and R2+jX2 are much smaller than R0∥jX0.
    2. The impedances R1+jX1 and R2+jX2 are related as a ratio N21/N22.
    If we know one of the two, the other can be estimated.

    CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND SETUP:


    OBSERVATIONS:

    OPEN CIRCUIT TEST READINGS:

    VOLTAGE CURRENT POWE cos(Φ)(P/ Sin(Φ) IW Imu R0 X0


    APPLIED(V) DRAWN R(W) (V*I))
    (AMPERE)

    80 0.23 16.4 0.89 0.46 0.2 0.11 400 727.27


    90.2 0.26 19.6 0.84 0.54 0.22 0.14 410 644.29
    100 0.29 23.6 0.81 0.59 0.23 0.17 434.78 588.24
    110.1 0.34 28 0.75 0.66 0.26 0.22 423.46 500.45
    119.7 0.4 32.4 0.68 0.73 0.27 0.29 443.33 412.76
    AVERAGE 422.31 574.6

    SHORT CIRCUIT TEST READINGS:


    VOLTAGE CURRENT POWER(W)
    APPLIED(V) DRAWN
    (AMPERE)
    3.24 0.96 10
    6.72 2.03 20
    9.80 2.96 30
    11.60 3.50 40
    13.37 4.00 60

    For 40 W READING:
    Power factor = cos(Φ) = W/(V*I) = 0.98
    R = W*W/I = 3.27Ω
    We know: R1+R2 = R and R1/R2 = N1/N2 = ½
    Hence, R1 = 1.09Ω and R2 = 2.18Ω
    Z = V/I = 3.31 = |3.27 + jX1+jX2|
    Also, X1/X2= N1/N2 = ½
    Hence, X1=0.17 and X2 = 0.34

    Hence, coupling coefficient k = X0/√ (X1+X0) (X2+X0) = 0.9995

    RESULT: We have calculated the parameters of the transformer and its coupling
    coefficient
    PRECAUTIONS:
    1) Ensure all connections are tight
    2) Do not put transformer at high voltages

    READINGS:

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